فهرست مطالب fatemeh bagherian

The primary objective of this research endeavor was to examine the manner in which health behaviors and resilience mediated the relationship between emotional intelligence and social adjustment among Shahid Beheshti University students. The research employed a descriptive and correlational methodology. The statistical population comprised all male and female students enrolled in the first semester of the 2020-2021 academic year at Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran town. A total of 400 students, 222 of whom were female and 178 of whom were male, were selected using available sampling methodologies. The subjects responded to the questionnaires within the anticipated time periods in order to assess the parameters of his knowledge using the following measurement instruments: the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile Questionnaire (HPLP-II), the Emotional Intelligence Shring Scale (EISS), and the social adjustment questionnaire (BAI). Using AMOS version 20 and SPSS version 24 software, the data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling technique by integrating the path analysis and confirmatory factor analysis procedures. The results indicated that the adjusted hypothesis regarding the mediating role of health-oriented lifestyle behaviors and psychological resilience in the connection between social adjustment and emotional intelligence was consistent with the collected data. Hence, drawing from the research findings, one may deduce that interventional educational initiatives, such as the resilience training program, may exert a beneficial influence on the correlation between social adaptation and emotional intelligence by virtue of resilience's mediating function.

Green synthesis is a simple, cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of nanoparticles.The extraction of Prosopis fracta fruit prepared a beneficial material to achieve pure, 1 and 5% cobált doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (Co-Zn NP) via a green and uncomplicated approach. The characterizing features of the obtained product were configured by analyzing the data of XRD, FESEM, EDX, UV-Vis and FT-IR technics. As the existent of superb doped cobált within construction of zinc oxide was certified via the XRD and EDX, the FESEM análysis uncovered the altered morphology of pure ZnO subsequent to the addition of doped cobalt, while displaying the rod-looking framework of Co-ZnO. In coordination to the anti-bacterial results of produced NP towards Streptococcus mutans bacteria by employing the micro-dilution route, the doped NP exhibited a superior antibacterial functionality than pure NP, which signifies the potential role of Co doped ZnO nanoparticles as an economical choice to be applied for oral and dental infectious illnesses.

Consumer nationalism in the age of global changes has a strong relationship with national identity. From the point of view of social identity and based on national identity, the attitude of consumer nationalism in the direction of supporting one's own group against others forms a framework in which a person has a positive attitude towards domestic goods and a negative attitude towards foreign goods as a threat to the national economy. In this research, while using the attitude network analysis method as a new method of cognitive analysis, the opinions, emotions and behaviors of Iranians have been analyzed in the field of consumer nationalism. Sharma's consumption nationalism scale was studied in a sample of 1004 people from all over the country with multi-stage stratified sampling and by telephone survey and the indicators of centrality, betweenness and power of the variables and their relationship with each other were evaluated and compared in the form of network edges. Three behavioral, emotional and cognitive clusters (factors) were observed in the attitudinal network. Desire to buy Iranian goods, pride in Iranian goods and the quality of Iranian goods have the highest centrality in the attitudinal network of consumer nationalism. The effect of gender on the attitudinal structure was investigated and the distinct networks of people's attitude towards consumption nationalism were analyzed based on this.

The sense of meaning in life is an experience that is considered desirable by the anxious human being of today’s society. This has been noted by researchers in the field of mental health due to the effect that having meaning has on people’s satisfaction and welfare. The present study aims to study the phenomenological methods and styles in people’s lives that lead to the experience of meaning. The present study was a qualitative research using latent thematic analysis method. The research performed semi-structural interviews in 5 focus groups with 33 participants and investigated college Student experiences about meaning in life and methods to achieve them. The six phase strategy of Brown and Clark (2006) was used to extract themes. After analyzing the results, one main theme, two themes and three subthemes was extracted. The main theme is “meaning worktool”, the themes are: “mindfulness” and “responsible action”, and the subthemes are: “agency attitude”, “action”, and “continuity”. The results of this study will be able to help make the experience of meaning accessible to individuals, both in the form of education and treatment that can be cited by experts.

Adolescence is defined as a period with multiple and intertwined physical, psychological, and social developments during which risky behaviors increases. Various factors affect the tendency and occurrence of risky behaviors. Time perspective (TP) is defined as the role of time and attitude toward time in affairs and behaviors. Executive functioning skills allow an individual to perceive stimuli from his or her environment, respond adaptively, flexibly change direction, anticipate future goals, consider consequences, and respond in an integrated or commonsense way.

This study aimed to predict risky behaviors based on TP in Iranian adolescents by emphasizing the mediating role of decision making and inhibitory response.

Path analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between components of TP and risky behaviors with mediator variables, decision making, and inhibitory response among 804 high school adolescent students (including 470 males and 334 females) in Sanandaj, Iran. All participants were asked to complete the Iranian Adolescent Risk Scale and Time Perspective Scale and perform 2 computer tasks [i.e., Go/No-Go and Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART)]. SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24 were used to analyze direct and indirect relationships.

There was a significant relationship between the components of TP and the tendency to risky behaviors. Risky decision-making and inhibitory response had a significant effect on 3 aspects of TP in predicting adolescents’ risky behaviors. These effects were both direct and indirect, of which the former effect was created by mediating the decision-making and inhibitory response.

The components of TP, decision-making, and inhibitory response predict risky behaviors in adolescents.

Antibiotic resistance is a global health challenge that affects both individuals and the health system in many ways. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern in isolates from patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a hospital in Qazvin, Iran.

This descriptive and retrospective study was performed on urine and blood samples collected from 1318 ICU patients in the Velayat Hospital of Qazvin (Iran) during 2017-2019. Data were collected from patients’ medical records. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 25).

Based on the findings, 65.2% of the samples were related to urinary tract infections and 34.7% to bloodstream infections. Escherichia coli (68.6%) and Stenotrophomonas (41.0%) were the most common bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections and bloodstream infections, respectively. Moreover, the rate of antibiotic resistance was higher among Acinetobacter, Escherichia coli, Stenotrophomonas, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas isolates.

The rate of drug resistance in isolates from ICU patients is alarmingly high and requires immediate attention. It is recommended to modify antibiotic prescriptions in the hospital based on the results of antibiotic resistance pattern, particularly for treatment of infections caused by E. coli and Stenotrophomonas.

The epidemiology of adolescent self-harming behaviors is important. One of the common concerns today is the prevalence and persistence of self-injurious behaviors among adolescents.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and functions of self-harming behaviors in adolescents.

The present study was a descriptive study. The statistical population of the study was all adolescents aged 15-18 in Sanandaj in the years 2018-2019. Sampling method was Cluster. Using the Klonsky and Glenn Self-Injurious Behaviors and Functions Scale, 1334 subjects (686 girls and 648 boys) were selected. Using Chi-square and Independent T-test statistical method, using SPSS software version 25.

The results showed that the prevalence rate of self-injurious behaviors among girls and boys was 9.6% and 7.1%. Girls self-injurious behaviors were more invisible (Χ2=6.37, P<0.009) and irregular (Χ2=14.36, P<0.001) than boys. The highest frequency of self-injurious behaviors included: self-inflicted cutting, hitting and annoying self-talk. Also, the function of girls and boys self-injurious behaviors was intrapersonal and interpersonal (T=2.18, P<0.05).

The results of this study showed that the adolescent girls had more self-injurious behaviors than boys. And the prevalence of self-injurious behaviors in adolescents is increasing, which should be taken into account.

The present study on subject of the juveniles are affected by conduct disorder is related to whether resilience could associate between conduct disorder with perceived social support, social self - efficacy and emotional intelligence.

This study is descriptive - correlation. It has done at the correction and rehabilitation center in Tehran and its sample was 72 boys. In order to collect the data, Connor - Davidson Resilience Questionnaire, Zimet Perceived Social Support Questionnaire, Kenly Social Self – Efficacy Questionnaire, Schutte Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire and Rating Conduct Disorder Questionnaire (teachers form) have been used.

The results showed perceived social support, social self - efficacy, emotional intelligence and resilience by individual had significant negative correlation with conduct disorder. However, the role of resilience has not been confirmed as a mediator variable in relation conduct disorder with perceived social support, social self - efficacy and emotional intelligence.

Based on the results, it is vital that the people with conduct disorder are taught by training of theorical and pragmatic concepts about resilience. Also, it is necessary that they feel perception of social support, social self – efficacy and emotional intelligence at a high level for decreasing the signs of this disorder.

The research was purposed to study social and cultural components of femininity in Shahrzad’s a thousand and one nights’ stories. The research universe consisted of all Shahrzad’s a thousand and one nights’ stories. The sample included the gendered stories. the research was designed as qualitative in terms of thematic analysis. The femininity concepts based on either effeminate content or the heroine of the romantic, fiction, journey, jinni and fairy, pedagogics, wisdom and virtue stories were reviewed and extracted by implementing the content analysis. The findings indicated that woman was the most crucial subject of a thousand and one nights’ stories; and played a significant role in all the stories. Also the more important point to be discussed was that the narration was attributed to be created by a woman, Shahrzad. Sharzad could express a new narration for femininity by storytelling and not only saved her life but also she could reconcilliated her homeland with femininity. In fact, she brought the femininity from text to context so to be heard.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is one of the serious public concerns. There are several hypotheses and reasons for NSSI. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences between two groups of adolescents with NSSI and normal counterparts in executive functions, behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition system (BAS/BIS) and emotion regulation. In this cross-sectional causal-comparative study, 50 adolescents (girls and boys) having NSSI and 50 normal adolescents were compared. They performed Bart balloon computer tasks (to measure high-risk decision-making), Wisconsin cards (to measure cognitive flexibility), as well as Carver and White Behavioral Activation/Behavior Inhibition scale and filled Gratz and Roomer’s emotion dysregulation scale. Participants who reported NSSI, had higher scores on risky decision making, behavioral inhibition, emotion dysregulation, and lower scores on cognitive flexibility than participants without a history of NSSI. The results support that there is a significant difference between two groups of adolescents with NSSI and normal counterparts in executive functions, emotion regulation and BAS/BIS. The data can also be used to educate, prevent and treat adolescents with NSSI and to promote public health policies

Identifying factors which contribute to young adults’ temptation for substance use is a significant step toward prevention of this social harm. The current study aimed to examine the role of a set of personal and social factors and their interaction in shaping temptation for cigarette smoking and substance use among university students. Participants were 766 students at Shahid Beheshti University who responded to self-efficacy and time perspective measures, as well as questions concerning popularity among family and friends, temptation for smoking/substance use, and social pressure. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of temptation for substance use and smoking. In the first step, demographic variables, in the second step, self-efficacy, time perspective, social popularity, and social pressure, and in the third step the interaction of social pressure with the other predictors were entered. Religiosity, present hedonism, popularity among family, and social pressure predicted temptation for smoking cigarettes. Further, substance temptation was determined by parents’ marital status, religiosity, self-efficacy, social pressure, and the interaction of social pressure with either of the variables gender, perceived morality, self-efficacy, futurism, and present fatalism. As revealed by interactive effects, the effect of social pressure was stronger for men and individuals lower in either self-efficacy, perceived morality, futurism, or present fatalism. Despite the noticeable role of social pressure in shaping temptation for substance use, this effect was moderated by self-efficacy, perceived morality, and time perspective. Therefore, designing interventions targeting these moderators can reduce the harm caused by social pressure.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of childhood death worldwide. Cancers under the age of 18 have been epidemiologically called pediatric cancers (1). Childhood cancer is one of the most common and yet deadly diseases among children. Among childhood cancers, leukemia and central nervous system tumours are the most common and have a larger population of patients and caregivers in this category of cancers (2, 3).Diagnosing and treating the disease will involve the whole family in a series of stressors such as frequent medical visits, invasive procedures, severe side effects and changes in family plans, as well as economic issues (4). Parents are more likely to be challenged to balance the physical and emotional effects of a chronic illness imposed on the family, and the distress they face can put all family members at risk of severely declining quality of life (5) Or put other negative consequences incompatibility (6). Caregiving, especially for children with malignant cancers, is an overwhelming task that exposes the caregiver to a variety of different experiences and situations. The purpose of the present study was to understand the lived experience of caregivers in childhood cancer at the end of life of the patient. 

The research method is qualitative in terms of interpretive phenomenology. The population participating in this study included all primary caregivers of children and adolescents who had been diagnosed with childhood cancer before the age of 18 and have faced with the failure of the therapeutic process. The sampling method was purposive sampling in which 8 caregivers were selected to participate in the research and they were interviewed and analyzed. All interviews were recorded and then transcribed manually and finally analyzed using the interpretive analysis method.

Eight semi-structured interviews with participants in the study were conducted and the analysis of interview data led to the identification and classification of two main themes: Surrounded by unpleasant emotions and encountering special events consists of 11 sub-themes: Experience of disability, Loneliness, Anger and failure, Exhaustion, Overwhelmed with worries, In the difficulty of waiting and ambiguity, Surrender, Facing recurrence, Facing the need to make decisions, Facing the certainty of death, Interacting with a child in the shadow of death.

In the final phase of a childchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s life, the caregiver will be surrounded by a series of negative and unpleasant emotions; on the one hand, they experience a heavy emotional burden, dealing with the childchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s physical condition, and on the other hand, in challenging decision-making processes (20). A caregiver, or more specifically a parent/caregiver, in the final phase of a childchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s life, experiences a variety of negative emotions. the caregiver will experience a strong sense of helplessness and inadequacy(26). Emotions followed by feelings of inability include extreme anger and frustration. As a caring parent, all caregivers strive to maintain hope and improve the childchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s condition (27). The result of these unsuccessful efforts will be an experience of unpleasant feelings such as constant threat and encountering intense ambiguity, or in other words, uncontrollable and unpredictable stimuli that evoke a high volume of persistent anxiety (28).In the last days of the childchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s presence in the hospital, the caregiverchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s fatigue, frustration and feelings of the inability toward the existing condition make the situation extremely exhaustive for the caregiver. The burden of care will be much heavier when the patient is more likely to die. The burnout experience in caregivers can be described by the general adaptation syndrome introduced by Selye (29). Some parts of the surrender that caregivers reported, might be the result of the fatigue caused by constant anxiety.Caregivers pointed to the concept of loneliness in two dimensions; one is feeling lonely and the other is being alone, especially in caregiving tasks. Since the course of treatment in cancer patients will require full-time care, both caregiver and patient are deprived of normal social interactions and experience forced limitations in their relationships. Therefore, Social isolation is one of the consequences of such procedures. The other dimension is related to the deep feelings of loneliness and the lack of being understood by others. For that reason, a distinction must be made between being alone and feeling alone (31). Some researchers have described two components of loneliness, the first of which involves emotional loneliness due to a lack of intimacy or close emotional attachment, and the second is social loneliness (32). In the present study, caregivers complained about the experience of both dimensions of loneliness as well.Another theme that was extracted from the interviews was " encountering special events ". In this context, the sub-themes were about facing new and challenging situations that generally require using more cognitive abilities under the pressure of intensified and unpleasant emotions.caregivers find themselves in the middle of a variety of important and challenging decisions. One of the most difficult decisions to make is whether continuing the treatment or choosing a new type of therapy among the options; A treatment that could be the last hope before the child dies. Due to the ambiguity of the path ahead, one of the needs expressed by caregivers, in this case, is the urgent need for and informing the caregiver of all possible options and their consequences (20).The caregiverchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s interaction with the child in the final phase is one of the most challenging ones. For the parent/caregiver in this period, communication with the dying child will activate two dimensions: The first is interacting with the child while waiting for the last day, and the second is maintaining the quality of the interaction.   Another sub-theme is the experience of recurrence throughout the treatment process. The parent/caregiver reports feelings of frustration, extreme sadness, inability, and loss of control over the situation. Parents as caregivers consider their responsibility to protect their child and the difference between their desire and the existing reality will lead to feelings of severe failure and guilt (35).Furthermore, owing to the high ambiguity of the situation in this phase, providing sufficient and honest information and helping caregivers to make the right decision in difficult situations, is one of the essential services that health professionals should provide to the caregiver. In conclusion, understanding the lived experience of this important group of caregivers will help specialists in cancer treatment teams to have sufficient knowledge for managing and supporting caregivers and provide higher quality services.

Due to some features and extensive developments of this period, there is a possibility of high-risk behaviors by adolescents. Accordingly, recognizing high-risk behaviors and how to express them is important. The aim of this study was to identify what and how high-risk behaviors in adolescents engaged in high-risk behaviors.

The method of this research was qualitative and phenomenological, which described what and how adolescentschr('39') life experiences. The study population was 15- to 18-year-old adolescents in Sanandaj with a current and past history of high-risk behaviors. Data were collected through convenience sampling method and in-depth interviews with 14 people (8 boys and 6 girls) and were analyzed using descriptive phenomenological analysis.

The analysis of participantschr('39') experiences in the "what" section of high-risk behaviors led to the identification of two main themes (harming and norm-breaking) and five sub-themes (personal injury, family injury, social harm, legal norms and religious values) as well as in the "areas of high-risk behaviors" section led to the identification of three main themes (individual, family and social factors) and twelve sub-themes (excitement, curiosity, hedonism, courage, family turmoil, the absence of a parent, a history of risky behavior in the family, parental neglect, the role of friends, lack of motivation, limited environmental happiness and media influence).

Based on the life experiences of adolescents engaged in high-risk behaviors, a combination of several factors together causes high-risk behaviors by adolescents. This study involves important topics for counselors, teachers and officials of educational institutions and families.

In this research, Cu-phthalocyanine coated hybrid magnetic nanoparticles have been prepared in a simple method and evaluated as an efficient catalyst in the preparation of mono- and bis-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidinones and mono- and bis-2-amino-4H-pyrans from the condensation reaction of 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid or 4-hydroxycumarin with malononitrile and mono- and bis-aldehydes under ultrasonic irradiation. The catalyst could be easily recovered in the presence of the external magnetic field and reused five times without significant loss of activity and mass. The magnetic nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) spectra, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The results showed the spherical structures of hybrid magnetic nanoparticles and the average size is about 37 nm.

Without understanding the existentialist-humanist approach, one cannot know Frankel, the Analysis of Existence, and the Logotherapy. So, in this descriptive-analytic study conducted after studying various books and articles, firstly, we reviewed the three waves of psychology, namely psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism. Secondly, the theory of "Abraham Maslow's self-actualization" and "Carl Rogers` person-centered approach" as two significant theories of humanism were discussed not only as a social movement but also as the third wave in psychology. Then, the concepts of Frankl's theory of "Analysis of Existence" and his model of treatment of "Logotherapy" were described in detail, as well as its strengths and weaknesses. Finally, a comparative overview of these three theories was presented in the conceptual and therapeutic dimensions. In conclusion, Maslow's theories of self-actualization and Karl Rogers` person-centered theory as well as the method of Frankl, everyone in a specific way, have attempted to give the power of spirituality, freedom, power of choice, and responsibility to the person who is captivated by unconscious conflicts or external stimuli to make a meaningful life.

Trait theory is one of the major theories in personality psychology, which is described with summarizing, predicting and explaining behavior, and is developed by the efforts of two groups of psychologists: The first group, with a clinical approach, has been theorized about the traits, and the second group considered the experimental method as the basis for achieving the traits. The purpose of this descriptive-analytic study conducted after studying various related books and articles is to introduce and compare these approaches, with emphasize on the views of the three great psychologists, Allport, Eysenck and Cattell, and the big five-factor model of personality traits, as a theory that has been developed over the past two decades and has been researched and supported by researchers more than other theories. Despite the clinical and research implications of this theory, there are some limitations and criticisms about it. Therefore, the use of this approach in explaining the development of personality in addition to positive points requires consideration of the limitations and criticisms imposed on it.

Effective communication in nursing is one of the requirements for having proper recognition of patient care and treatment progression. Considering that, spiritual intelligence can affect some human behaviors such as amnesty, humility, and wellbeing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spiritual intelligence training on communication skills of nurses.

This is a semi-empirical research study of pre- and post-test kind along with control group. Accordingly, 94 nurses were selected by availablemethod and were then randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control. Both groups completed the demographic characteristics form and the questionnaire of Queendom communication skills. The experimental received 12 sessions of spiritual intelligence training within two months. One month later and immediately after the intervention, both groups completed the questionnaires for another time. The control group received no training. Data were analyzed using SPSS16 and descriptive and inferential statistics.

Comparing the total mean scores of nurses’ communication skills before the intervention, we observed no significant statistical difference between the two groups (P = 0.41). The total mean scores for communication skills and two components of listening and regulating affections after the intervention were significantly higher for the experimental group (P = 0.001, P = 0.001, and P = 0.03, respectively). The experimental group received significantly higher changes mean score before and after the intervention compared to the control group (P < 0.05) (116.83; 120.11; 118.98).

According to the results, although spiritual intelligence has only improved the total score of communication skills and listening skill, we expect that effects of SQ on creating communication skill need more time and practice.

The purpose of this study is to determine the quality of individual economic decision making under risk and uncertainty. The research method is a quasi-experiment with single group and a post-test. The total population of the students of Shahid Beheshti University in 97 was 8.700 and due to non-normal distribution, we should use non-parametric Wilcoxon test, with sample of 180. The tool used to investigate the role of cognitive biases that prospect theory in economic decision-making was predicted was a multi-dimensional task we built which measured 31 problems in 5 sections that through phenomena such as risk aversion, loss aversion, ambiguity aversion, reference dependency, probability weighting and so on in shows irrationality in economic decision–making. Higher score means more irrational according to neoclassical economics. The median of scores was 25 out of 31 scores. In other words, more than 80% of participants received grades above 50% (or 15.5 points) (p <0.05). These findings fully supported the prospect theory that first two cognitive psychologists proposed as a correction to the expected utility theory. The prospect theory can explain, and can predicts, and intends to dissolve the gap between economy and psychology. The present research is an initial step in showing the significant role of psychology and cognition in economic decision-making and emphasize the importance of psychology in explaining economic tendencies and findings especially in our country, as the founders of the economy have expressed many centuries ago.

 Academic procrastination is an unreasonable delay in the submission of academic assignments, which is very common. This research was designed to develop and study the effect of a mindfulness-based educational package on reducing academic procrastination.   The educational package based on mindfulness for reducing academic procrastination was designed by using mindfulness-based techniques and the relevant literature of academic procrastination considering the effective constructs, including self-efficacy, test anxiety, self-esteem, and perfectionism. In a quasi-experimental study, 36 subjects were selected. In order to study the effect of the educational package on students, the experimental and control groups were put into pre-test, post-test, and follow-up categories.   Mixed ANOVA revealed the effectiveness of the provided educational package on improving mindfulness (F=20.87; P<0.001) and reducing academic procrastination (F=44.67; P<0.001) whose effect was significant.   Based on the results, self-efficacy, test anxiety, self-esteem, and perfectionism of the participants in the post-test and follow-up were significantly different from the pre-test. The findings of this study are consistent with the findings of previous studies. These results are applicable to clinical and educational practitioners.

Background & Objective

In today's world, where many mothers are employed and have little time for their children, children's relationships with adults have become more critical. As far as can be said, their existence has been indispensable to prevent the vacuum in human and emotional relations. Strangely enough, some children tell their grandparents that children care about these relationships. Grandparents can significantly compensate for this lack of human relationships around the child. Relationships with children and grandchildren are usually more prominent in women's lives than men's. As the number of older adults in the international community, and in particular Iranian society in recent decades, has been increasing steadily, and this upward trend will increase significantly in the coming years, as well as the stereotyped perceptions of children. Now, considering what has been said and since Iran is a multi-ethnic country, the present study was conducted to investigate the differences in attitudes toward aging among children of Farsi, Kurdish, Baluchi, and Turkish population.

The present study was a causal-comparative study. The population of this study included all children living in Isfahan (Fars), Sanandaj (Kurdish), Zahedan (Baloch) and Tabriz (Turks) in 2018. In this research, 800 people selected using an available sampling method. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire of attitude towards old age. Two-way variance analysis used for data analysis.

Findings showed that there is a significant difference between children of different ethnic groups in attitude toward old age (p<0.001). The results of Shafa's follow-up test showed that the attitude of Fars ethnicity was more positive than other ethnicities, Kurdish ethnic attitude was more favorable compared to Turk and Baluch ethnicities and Turkish ethnicity's attitudes toward Baloch ethnicity. The attitude of Baloch ethnicity has been worse than other ethnic groups. Also, the results showed no significant difference in attitude toward aging in each ethnic group between boys and girls (p<0.001).

Overall, the study's results showed that children's attitudes to the elderly are influenced by factors such as gender, the level of interaction with the elderly, and the type of their parents' views. Many scholars believe that the attitudes of aging phobia and anti-aging in modern cultures are more than traditional cultures, and believe that the aging period is associated with vulnerability and dependency and that it is passed down from generation to generation. It is also related to social issues.

Studies in the context of social impact on decision-making and cognitive biases are very limited and rare, especially in our academic research. The group effect, the peer effect, and awareness of the choice of others on the Internet are rarely considered. Is awareness of the previous group majority of individuals making the will change the participants' responses? Can such changes relate to the decision-making of others? the research population was all student of universities of Tehran, and the sample was 180 student with convenience sampling. The social effect deduced from the changes in decisions before and after subjects' awareness of the most popular choices of previous participants. Although the subjects can maintain their choices. The non-normal distribution of data made us use non-parametric tests like Chi-Square, Wilcoxon, and Mann Whitney. The effect of the decision-making was significant (more in favor of irrational economic decision-making). People faced to conformity booster problems change four problems on average, and in conformity reducer problems changed 3 answers on average (significantly 7 out of 31 problems). Participants just by observing a sign changed their overall 23 percent of all questions in line with the related kind of conformity (p <0.05). Women showed more intense tendency to conform, and "risk aversion" and "ambiguity" in general were more prone to it (p <0.05). Based on the findings of this research, social conformity was effective in changing cognitive biases and heuristics in economic decision-making, especially when increases those biases.

Academic procrastination is an irrational desire to delay educational homework, and it is a widespread phenomenon. Therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the cognitive-emotional model of academic procrastination with regard to the role of mindfulness, time perception, and mediating role of self-efficacy, exam anxiety and perfectionism.  The present study is a correlational study. The statistical population of this study consisted of all students of Shahid Beheshti University. The study sample consisted of 200 students were selected by convenience sampling method. The data were collected using Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students (PASS), Test Anxiety Scale (TAS), Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), Self-efficacy Scale (SES) and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). In order to test structural relations in the proposed model, the method of Structural Equations Model (SEM) was used. The results showed that the modified conceptual model was confirmed with CFI=0.90 and RMSE=0.058. The relationship between the academic procrastination and mindfulness is negative and significant (P<0.001). Generally, there is a difference between the modified model with the conceptual model in the indirect effect of the test anxiety through reduction of self-efficacy on academic performance and the effect of time estimates on mindfulness. Based on the results, mindfulness-based methods are proposed to reduce academic procrastination due to the role of self-efficacy and test anxiety. In general, the results of the present study are in line with the set of conceptual efforts in the area of academic procrastination studies.

Time perception is considered as an important subject in cognitive psychology, which is essential for our understanding regarding brain mechanisms underlying human cognition and disabilities. Deficits in time perception have been found in people with both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dyslexia, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. The present study aimed at developing and evaluating the Time Perception Software with a sample including 152 Iranian students. The computerized time perception task was designed based on time estimation, reproduction, production and time comparison method. In order to verify the reliability of the task, 30 students which were participated in the test sample repeated the test after one month. The content and construct validity were used in order to examine the validity of the task. The construct validity of the time perception task was verified by analyzing the confirmatory factor analysis using the Amos 24 software. In the modified model, the comparison factor was eliminated (CFI=0.965). The highest correlation was observed in the time estimation of 11 seconds with a correlation coefficient which was equal to 0.935 (P=0.001), while the lowest correlation coefficient was observed in the time production of 17 seconds with the correlation coefficient which was equal to 0.679 (P=0.001). The internal consistency of the task indicated that the time perception task had a near-optimal validity and its reliability was at the optimal level with the Cronbach’s alpha which was equal to 0.67. In order to conclude, The Time Perception Software appeared to be reliable and valid for assessing and measuring time perception in the Iranian students. This software can be used in future research investigations.

Le Salon du Wurtemberg de Pascal Quignard, écrit sous forme d’autobiographie fictive, représente un véritable voyage dans le temps et dans la mémoire. Pourtant il a renouvelé visiblement les lois du genre auquel il appartient si bien qu’il est parfois considéré comme une «antibiographie». Dans ce roman, les souvenirs obsessionnels ne cessent de hanter le personnage. Parallèlement, le narrateur fait une tentative pour s’arracher à ce temps multiplié. La présente étude se propose d’analyser la manière dont le narrateur procède à la représentation du monde romanesque et de déterminer les manipulations qu’il effectue dans les structures temporelles. Nous serons ainsi en mesure de préciser les mécanismes qui ont déclenché cette répétition et de connaître l’aboutissement de la tentative du narrateur pour y remédier. La narratologie, qui porte essentiellement sur le «discours narratif» est bien placée pour étudier le rôle de ce sujet interposé entre l’histoire et le texte. Elle nous permet d’examiner les rapports qu’entretiennent les deux temporalités (celle de l’histoire et celle du récit), et de découvrir la cause de cette répétition ainsi que ses conséquences sur la manière de la représentation du monde romanesque.

L’aspect psychanalytique de l’écriture romanesque chez Pascal Quignard a été signalé à maintes reprises par les critiques littéraires. Le Salon du Wurtemberg qui bénéficie plus que les autres romans quignardiens d’une ample élaboration romanesque, pourrait bien illustrer cette «fictionalisation de la cure psychanalytique» chez cet écrivain. Le narrateur de ce roman se retourne comme malgré lui vers un passé obsessionnel qu’il espère conjurer par l’écriture. La présente étude se propose d’analyser, en recourant à la narratologie, les techniques narratives mises en œuvre par le narrateur quignardien, ainsi que l’adaptation de ces dernières à l’objectif du narrateur qui est de faire cesser le retour interminable d’un passé traumatique. Selon Freud, l’abréaction du refoulé exige la «réconciliation» de l’analysé avec ses souvenirs traumatiques. L’étude du mode narratif du Salon du Wurtemberg nous permettra de préciser le degré de cette réconciliation chez le narrateur. En effet, portant sur la manière de représentation du monde romanesque, le mode narratif détermine la distance à laquelle se tient le narrateur par rapport à ce qu’il raconte. Ainsi, par l’étude du mode narratif, nous serons en mesure de préciser si le narrateura réussi à évoquer entièrement et sans détours ses souvenirs obsédants.