fatemeh keykhaei

Due to the limitation of water resources, proper use of water is necessary, and the use of appropriate irrigation methods in fields is an appropriate strategies to use water. Water stress can affect crop yield in the field. Therefore, the correct method of irrigation and management of water consumption is one of the basic issues in farms. The deficit irrigation strategy with the water requirement supply approach can be considered as a practical and efficient technique to ensure more crop yield, without compromising the physiological processes and yield. Therefore, the scope of this research is to estimate the amount of water consumed and the amount of evapotranspiration of the bean plant with the aim of evaluating the field conditions and comparing it with Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods.

The present study aims to determine the amount of water use and evapotranspiration of bean using Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods and based on the inverse solution of the yield production function in Markazi Province and at the Khomin Bean National Research Station at an altitude of 1930 meters above sea level with a length of 49 degrees and 57 minutes of latitude and 33 degrees and 39 minutes of latitude were implemented in 2016 and 2017. In this experiment, the irrigation treatment including furrow and drip-tape as the main factor and, the values of water requirement including 100, 75 and 55% of water requirement as a sub-factor and in the form of split plots in the form of randomized complete blocks design were done in three replications. Cultivated variety was of native type and its planting time was on the 10th and 9th of June respectively in the first and second year. Drip irrigation tapes were placed on the stacks and irrigation was carried out in the same way until the seedling was fully established in the stage of emergence of the third three leaves.

The highest seed yield with an average of 2683 kg/ha was obtained in the furrow irrigation method and by providing 100% of the water requirement. In evaluating evapotranspiration, the root mean square error (RMSE) in Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods were 0.160, 117.8 and 0.185 mm respectively and the root mean square normal error (RMSEn) were 0.448, 0.330 and 0.518 percent respectively. The index of agreement or compatibility (d) in Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods were 0.295, 0.600 and 0.081% respectively. In the investigation of irrigation water amounts, the root mean square error (RMSE) in Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods was 156.7, 117.5, and 181.3 mm, respectively, and the root mean square normal error (RMSEn) was 0.446, 0.335 and 0.516 percent respectively. The index of agreement or compatibility (d) in Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods were 0.324, 0.602 and 0.118% respectively.

In general and according to the statistical results, Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods had an acceptable estimate of the amount of irrigation water and the amount of evapotranspiration in the furrow and drip conditions under different amounts of water requirement. Therefore, they can be used as appropriate tool in the estimation of water use in the studied area.

This study aimed to estimate the spatial distribution of soil properties including field capacity (FC), permanent wilting point (PWP) and  total available water (TAW) using ordinary kriging (OK) and random forest (RF) in agricultural lands of the southern Sistan Plain, covering an area of approximtely 147000 hectars. FC, PWP, and TAW and soil texture components were measured for a total of 200 surface soil samples (0-30 cm). Performance evaluation of the two methods based on the percentage of normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) revealed that the conventional OK with 5% less error in estimating FC, 3% less error in estimating PWP, and 5% less error in estimating TAW performed slightly better than RF. Comparing Bias values showed that OK underestimates both FC and PWP and overestimates TAW, while RF overestimates all three parameters. Spatial distribution maps of FC, PWP, and TAW produced by OK model showed that the highest amount of FC (23%) and TAW (14.4%) were in the west and northeast of the region, which had heavier texture and lower altitude from the sea level. In the southern and southeastern regions, which have lighter soil texture, the amount of available water was less compared to the western and northeastern regions. In the RF model, the most important variable extracted from satellite images was Digital Elevation Model  (DEM), and all three features had higher values in areas where DEM was lower. It seems that the flatness of the study area and the inadequacy of auxiliary variables caused the lower accuracy of the RF method.

Due to the importance of determining the behavior of plants in water shortage conditions, it is necessary to determine the coefficients of plant sensitivity to water at different stages of plant growth. Water shortage in the Sistan plain is a serious and important issue, so that the lack of water supply to the Helmand border river, which is the only source of water supply in the region, leads to the destruction of agriculture. The low possibility of increasing new water resources and the need to increase agricultural production from limited water resources in this region requires the use of appropriate scientific and technical methods to increase the productivity of agricultural water consumption. Also, changing the pattern of cultivation and replacement of high-income crops in recent years in arid areas has received much attention from farmers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of water stress on the behavior of garlic in dehydrated conditions to calibrate the production function of this plant to obtain yield response coefficients in conditions of water shortage.

In this study, garlic plant was implemented in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in 1398 and 1399 in Sistan and Baluchistan province. Treatments were applied based on stress levels compared to control 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60 and 70% of water requirement. This station is located 20 km southeast of Zabol city at latitude 61 degrees and 41 minutes and latitude 30 degrees and 54 minutes in Sistan region. The altitude of the station is 483 meters above sea level, the average annual rainfall is 55 mm and the annual evaporation rate is 4500 to 5000 mm. This region has a very dry climate with very hot summers and mild winters. The area of ​​the experimental plot was equal to 750 square meters was selected for planting garlic of Chinese cultivar before planting the bed was reinforced with animal manure and after growing based on soil fertilizer test, 300 kg of potassium phosphate, 200 kg of triple phosphate and 100 kg. One kilogram of urea was added to the soil. Then plow and disc and finally leveled. On the 24th of October, grooves were planted with a shovel at a distance of 20 cm and a depth of 5 cm to plant garlic of Chinese cultivar, and garlic tubers were planted at a distance of 8 cm on the rows. Then, based on the obtained information, the two functions of Tafteh and Raes production were investigated and yield response factors were determined during the growing period.

Comparing the two methods used the highest yield of garlic in the study was 8240 kg / ha, for the production of which 833 mm of water was used. The data of the first year were used to calibrate the yield response factors of garlic and after calibrating the two production functions of Raes and Tafteh, the values ​​of the yield response factors of garlic were presented. This coefficient was different in the range of 0.5 to 1.2 in different periods of garlic plant growth, the change curve was presented. Evaluation of Rice method in the second year with root mean square error of 1302 kg / ha and normalized value was about 23%.

In the method of Tafteh the mean root mean square error was 485 kg / ha and the normalized value was about 11%. Therefore, the method of Tafteh is recommended in determining the yield of garlic under water stress conditions.

One of the strategies to reduce water losses in agriculture is proper irrigation scheduling, which is based on accurate estimation of crop water requirement. In order to determine the evapotranspiration rate of three rose varieties, a one-year study was conducted in a hydroponic greenhouse equipped with drip irrigation system in Arak Plain using drainage type lysimeters. Reference evapotranspiration was also determined using a drained micro-lysimeter with grass. The results showed that the total amount of reference evapotranspiration in the greenhouse was 1608 mm. Also, the total evapotranspiration value of Utopia rose during this growth period was 1423 mm, Dolcevita rose 1480 mm and White rose 1313 mm. The annual average of daily evapotranspiration of rose varieties was 3.8 mm/day. Due to rose bushes being perennial, the crop coefficients did not have four growth stages and, therefore, the average coefficients varied between 0.7 and 0.96 in 10-day intervals. The results also indicated that the average crop coefficient of rose varieties was 0.81 over a year and the average amount of applied irrigation water was 20573 m3.ha-1.year-1 for approximately 75000 rose plant /ha.

More than 96% of the world's freshwater (excluding snow and glaciers) is groundwater which has turned this essential resource into the most important reservoir of freshwater on the planet. Nowadays, exploitation of groundwater resources has been developed for agricultural, industrial, and drinking uses. Due to the water shortage crisis, various solutions have been proposed. Exploring and using unconventional waters such as deep waters is one of these solutions. Groundwater resources are strategic assets of a country in which deep water resources are also included. In this paper, a review of deep water resources including quantity and quality, depth, spatial distribution, and the extraction cost of these resources has been discussed.

Nutrition might play a role in the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Since dietary patterns associated with MS risk have not been well studied, this study was performed to evaluate the relationship between MS risk and major dietary patterns recognized by factor analysis in a sample of MS cases in Iran. Methods and Material: A 168-item food frequency questionnaire was used to assess the previous year’s dietary intake of 68 MS cases and 140 matched controls by age and sex, aged 20-60 years, who were admitted to hospital between January-March 2012. Factor analysis was used to define the major dietary patterns and the relationship between dietary patterns and risk of MS was assessed by multivariate logistic regression.

Two major dietary patterns were identified in the study population; Healthy dietary pattern and Western dietary pattern. A significant inverse relationship was seen between dietary pattern 1 and the risk of MS (OR: 0.30, CI: 0.09-0.47, P value

The results shown that following a Healthy dietary pattern was related to a reduced risk of MS and following a Western dietary pattern was marginally related to an increased MS risk, but further research is needed to establish a causal relationship between them.

Neonatal screening is a preventive medical measure to screen infants shortly after birth for treatable metabolic disorders and endocrinopathies. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the accuracy of laboratory samples in the screening programs for metabolic diseases in Mashhad city, Iran with international guidelines.
This observational study was conducted on all the patients referring to the health centers of Mashhad, Iran during two weeks. In total, 220 infants were enrolled in the study and divided into three groups of health center 1, 2, and 3. A checklist was prepared based on the international guidelines to evaluate the neonatal screening procedures.
In total, 220 neonates aged 3-14 days (90 girls and 130 boys) were enrolled in this study. Mean weight and height of the neonates was 3215.90±485.12 grams and 49.85±2.04 centimeters, respectively. In all the cases, mode of nutrition was breastfeeding, and sampling was performed within 36 hours after birth. Neonates had no history of corticosteroid administration, catecholamine administration, parenteral nutrition, and blood transfusion. Heels of the neonates had no contact with the filter paper, and the samples were dried away from direct sunlight and heat. Two of the health centers used disinfectants and dried the heels of infants afterwards prior to drawing the samples.
According to the results, the studied health centers followed the protocol properly. However, two of the health centers used disinfectants in such way that we were not sure whether the heels of the neonates were dried completely

Well designed monitoring networks are essential for the effective management of groundwater resources but the costs of monitoring well installations and sampling can prove prohibitive. The challenge is to obtain adequate water quality and quantity information with a minimum number of wells and sampling points, a task that can be approached objectively and effectively using numerical optimization methods. Unfortunately, aquifer systems tend to be complex and monitoring can be very expensive, particularly when it requires the installation of a dedicated network of monitoring wells. In recent years, the challenge has been to design monitoring networks that are both efficient and cost effective. With regards to groundwater monitoring systems, where the challenge is to maximize the availability of good quality data while minimizing the number of sampling sites and thereby limiting costs, optimization techniques clearly have a potentially valuable application. In this paper we use a site in northern Iran to test the ability of GA, when used in combination with Kriging, in comparison with PSO to lower the cost of a monitoring network by reducing the number of monitoring wells without compromising the quality of the interpolated data. The results of the optimization showed that the number of observation wells in the Astaneh aquifer monitoring network could be reduced by 26% from 57 to 42 without a significant loss of information. The root mean square error (RMSE) for the final optimized network in GA was 0.2025 m, that in PSO 0.3222 m. A comparison of RMSE values determined using the GA algorithm with those calculated using PSO algorithm technique showed good agreement and provides strong support for more efficient GA approach.

Nowadays, groundwater level estimator models have important roles in development and management of water supplies for agriculture. The analysis of the data obtained from quality and quantity monitoring of groundwater resources is related to the environmental factors and spatial continuous variation is an important common characteristic. For a quantitative description of the distribution patterns of the environmental variables, in addition to the determination of the amount of factor, geographical location of the observations data must be considered. Since the accuracy of the estimator models depends on the quantity of the measured input data, an optimization process is necessary to provide an adequate number of data points like the monitoring wells. Therefore, it is necessary to design and develop a monitoring network in the management programs of groundwater resources. The results of various studies have shown that making use of a geostatistic technique, especially the Kriging method, the groundwater resources could be predicted and monitored with a good performance. Also, the distribution conditions of the observation data and its adequacy can be studied with this method. However, monitoring investigation in Iranian watersheds has been carried out extensively. The subject is very important because in those country plains that are fertile and have the potential to grow various crops depending on the climate, the groundwater level monitoring networks must be well managed. Arak unchained aquifer with an area of 1946 square kilometers has 1458 deep wells and 1554 semi-deep wells. The purpose of this research was to prepare a methodology to investigate on the adequacy of groundwater level monitoring wells in the Arak Plain using the Kriging geostatistical method and the evaluate its advantages with respect to statistical methods. To analyse the data, 45 wells were selected from the Arak Plain. First, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was carried out for data normality. Then, the best semivariogram of the Kriging method was determined based on R2 and RSS. For accuracy evaluation of the monitoring network model, statistical analysis m,measures including the interpolation error, cross validation, and time variation. According to results of R2 and RSS, an experimental variogram in the kriging method was best model. Also, nugget/sill is 0.22 that indicated spatial correlation was high. Based on the interpolation error, in borders of the Arak plain, uncertainty was high due to the lack of observation data. It indicates that the monitoring network needs further development to make it denser in this regions. Based on cross validation, in wells 6, 29, 35 and 36, the difference between observation and estimation data is high, showing that uncertainty in those regions has increased. Therefore, observation data in those regions are important and more wells are necessary. Because Meyghan wetland is located in the center plain, management programs should be considered in monitoring network. It is possible to eliminate 5 observation wells from the middle of the Arak plain, while 5 other wells are needed in the east and northeast of the region. Also, time variation analysis showed that in 10 monitoring wells, short time scale measurement is not needed and it suffices to carry out seasonal scale estimates for groundwater level monitoring.