fatemeh taslimi

A post-colonial criticism approach is considered as comparative literature and cultural studies to analyze the colonial feedback in literary contexts and explore the component of the post-colony in the literature. This theory deals with the conflict between Eastern inferior and Western superior thought foundations and tries to show the results between colonialism and the colony. Ahmad Saadawi, the writer of “Frankenstein in Baghdad” novel, is among those authors who has put a high priority on struggling against colonialism. He depicts the consequences of the occupation of Iraq by the U.S. Army and his writing is considered as a complex allegory of tribal violence in Iraq following the U.S. invasion. Therefore, the analysis of this author’s thoughts is significant in postcolonial literature. The present result reveals that how the author could present the political, social, and economic effects in Iraq in a fictional novel by turning into the anti-colonial perspective. The author illustrates the feeling of chaos in his land and creates an imaginary character that has a fragmented identity. Saadawi endeavors to presents the effects of colonialism in its modern form by making this imaginary creature that aims towards the establishment of justice. This study written as the perspective of post-colonial criticism using the descriptive-analytical approach investigates the components of post-colonialism, such as Western centralization, moral issues, and identity fragmentation. Besides, this study highlights the reliance on beliefs and religion to achieve a former identity to oppose the belief in the superiority of the Western race and anti-colonialism.

Literary sociologists pay little attention to aesthetic and formalistic thoughts in a literary work. However, figures such as Brecht, Adorno, Horkheimer and Marcuse have shown a tendency toward formalistic methods; they reconciled formalism with Marxism in their works. Marxism insists on social and referential content in a text, while formalism has its insistence on the self-referentiality of a text and its literary form. The mentioned literary sociologists go far beyond these boundaries; they share an interest in a storywriter who does not look at the society directly. In such point of view, the text becomes more readable and also the social problems will be depicted even better. Although Marcuse has shown tendencies for content-related aspects in his early works, he adds ‘form’ and ‘aesthetics’ to such aspects in his later works. Throughout his works, he suggests us to be free from hardworking, struggle against oppression, leave our spurious needs and avoid being one-dimensional people. Doing so, one can become free and accomplish their true wills such as love. Such content and theme must be presented in a work artistically, by using metaphors, symbols, and strange points of view, in order not to be vulgarized. Bijan Najdi’s short story “Horse-pouring Day”, exposes the reader to the captivity of a horse, its habit of being a captive, and alienation. The mentioned exposure is not presented directly and simply but in an artistic and formalistic technique.
This article analyzes the short story “Horse-pouring Day”, from the short story collection The Leopards Who Have Run with Me, employing sociological and aesthetical theories, specifically Marcuse’s thoughts.

Correlation of osteoporosis (OP) with type 2diabetes mellitus (DM) is not as clear as type 1 DM. The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of OP and osteoporotic fractures in post- menopausal women with and without type 2 DM in Sari, Iran. Eighty post-menopausal women with type 2 DM and 80 non-diabetic controls enrolled in this study. Bone mineral density was determined with dual energy X-ray absoptiometry of L2-L4 in spine and femoral neck. Vertebral fracture was reported by a radiologist on thoraco-lumbar x ray. Hip and wrist fractures were determined by patients self-report and ascertained by radiographs. T test, X2 and Fisher's exact tests were used for data analysis. The mean age of diabetic women with and without osteoporosis was 69±2.7 and 69.3±5 years, respectively (p=0.01). Diabetes duration, HbA1C and BMI were not statistically different between two groups. Diabetic complications and anti-diabetic agents, or age and duration of diabetes were not different in diabetic patients with OP or osteoporotic fracture.The mean of T-score in lumbar spine was -1.65±1.3 in diabetics and -2.11±1.3 in controls (p=0.03). T-score in femoral neck was not significantly different. In diabetic patients, the prevalence of osteoporosis was 27.5% at lumbar spine and 17.5% at femoral neck and in controls were 46.3% and 27.5%, respectively (p=0.04 and 0.1). Fractures were less common in diabetics (18.8% vs. 32.5%, p=0.04). This study showed that osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures is less common in post-menopausal diabetic women compared to non-diabetic subjects.