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In Iran, women more than men suffer from depressive and anxiety disorders. Comorbid generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depression disorder (MDD) is the most common form of comorbidity involving depression and anxiety. One of the essential problems of this comorbidity is more symptom severity in comparison to MDD and GAD alone, and this might lead to higher illness severity and chronicity. Common interventions for GAD and MDD are cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), transdiagnostic psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy. However, these two disorders are typically treated separately, and there is a dearth of information on tackling them in comorbid conditions. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of CBT, transdiagnostic psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy on depressive and anxiety symptoms in women with comorbid MDD and GAD.

In this study, a single case study using multiple baseline design with follow–up was implemented. Individual baseline acted as control periods. Following individual baseline, treatments were delivered weekly, with each treatment session lasting up to 50 min. On completion of treatments, the patients were followed up for 1 and 3 months. Six women with comorbid MDD and GAD who came for treatment to counseling centers and psychiatrist's office in Marivan City, Iran from the beginning to the end of autumn 2019, were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned in three treatment groups. All patients met the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM–5) criteria for MDD and GAD. The inclusion criteria were as follows: having signs and symptoms of both disorders (MDD and GAD), being older than 18 years, and having consent to participate in the research. The exclusion criteria were unwillingness to continue the treatment, not completing the research questionnaires, and identifying any new disorder at each stage of the treatment. The study measures included Beck Depression Inventory (BDI–II) (Beck et al., 1996) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (Beck & Steer, 1990). CBT and transdiagnostic psychotherapy consisted of 12 sessions, one session per week. Pharmacotherapy, consisted of a combination of Alprazolam and Sertraline presented. The obtained data were analyzed with reliable change index (RCI) and recovery percentage. Leeds reliable change indicator software was used to calculate the reliable change index.

Results showed that symptoms of depression and anxiety significantly were reduced by all three treatments. Improvements of patient's anxiety were 57% in CBT, 50% in transdiagnostic, and 63% in pharmacotherapy. According to Blanchard and Schwarz's (1988) criteria, the recovery percentage of all patients was higher than 50. Therefore, the improvements in anxiety symptoms have been significant in all six patients. Also, the RCI was higher than the Z value (1.96), so with 95% confidence, we can say that the improvement was due to therapeutic interventions. In the follow–up phase, improvements in anxiety were maintained and improvement percentage of CBT, transdiagnostic, and pharmacotherapy were 50%, 51%, and 60%, respectively. Based on results, improvements in depression symptoms for CBT, transdiagnostic, and pharmacotherapy were 64%, 55%, and 56%, respectively. These results were maintained in the follow–up phase at 57%, 52%, and 50%, respectively. As seen, all improvement percentages in the intervention and follow–up phase were above 50 and therefore, based on Blanchard and Schwarz's criteria, these results were clinically significant. The RCI was greater than 1.96, in the intervention and follow–up phases indicating that improvements in depression symptoms were statistically significant.

Although all three treatments caused significant improvements in anxiety and depression symptoms, pharmacotherapy was slightly more effective in treating anxiety and CBT was slightly more effective in treating depression. Based on these results, when treating comorbid GAD and MDD, if the symptoms of anxiety are more severe, pharmacotherapy is preferred and if the symptoms of depression are more severe, CBT is preferred.

Sustained Attention (SA) failure is one of the main characteristics of Specific Learning Disorders (SLD). Recent studies have reported a positive effect of Cognitive Rehabilitation (CR) and Neurofeedback (NFB) on SA in SLD. Thus, the effectiveness of CR and NFB is well understood. This preliminary study aimed to compare the effects of CR and NFB on SA among the elementary school students with SLD, using a randomized controlled clinical trial.

In this preliminary randomized controlled clinical trial, 53 eligible students with SLD (based on DSM-5) within the age range of 7 to 10 years were randomly assigned in the NFB (n=18), CR (n=18), and control group (n=17). All the participants were evaluated for SA using the continuous performance test (CPT), at the time of entry to the study, and one month later. The intervention groups participated in 20 sessions of CR and 20 sessions of NFB, while the control group was evaluated without any intervention.

A total number of 24 boys and 36 girls in four groups (n=15) completed the study. The Mean±SD age of the participants in the CR, NFB, and control groups were 8.66±1.48 years, 8.40±1.73 years, and 8.53±1.63 years, respectively. Results showed a significant difference in the variables of the CPT between the study groups (P<0.05). Also, the CPT scores of the CR group were higher than that of the NFB group (P<0.001). 

This study supports that CR is more effective than NFB on SA in students with SLD.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of cognitive rehabilitation, neurofeedback and cognitive - behavioral play therapy on working memory in elementary school students with specific learning disability. The statistical population of this quasi -experimental study included all elementary students with specific learning disability in Tabri city, of whom 60 elementary school students with a learning disorder diagnosis in Tabriz Learning Center in 2016-2017 were selected through purposive method and using randomly were replaced into three experimental groups and one control group (n = 15 per group). In all four groups of N-Back as pretest and post-test completion. 20 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation, 20 sessions of neurofeedback and 8 sessions of cognitive - behavioral play therapy were conducted in experimental groups.The results of the covariance analysis showed that cognitive rehabilitation, neurofeedback and cognitive - behavioral play therapy on working memory in elementary students with specific learning disorder, do not affect. Also, there was no significant difference between the effect of cognitive rehabilitation, neurofeedback and cognitive - behavioral play therapy on working memory in elementary students with specific learning disorder (P<0.001). Therefore, more research is needed to make a definitive conclusion in this regard.

Crime in any way is created following one kind of emotional turmoil through that the person acts to confront or decrease his/her mental pressure. Therefore the aim of this study was to compare the spiritual intelligence, spiritual well-being and social support between delinquent and normal teenagers of Khoramabad.

Statistical population included all male teenagers imprisoned in correctional institution in Khoramabad (n=21) were selected using census method and equivalent to them, 21 normal teenagers were selected among male high schools of Khoramabad through purpose-based sampling method. Dehshiri et al.’s spiritual well-being questionnaire, Abdolahzadeh et al.’s spiritual intelligence questionnaire and Vax, Filips et al.’s social support questionnaire were used to evaluate variables. Multivariate variance analysis (MANOVA) was used to compare two groups in terms of above-mentioned variables.

The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference between delinquent and normal teenagers' spiritual intelligence, spiritual well-being and social support.

Regarding the findings of the present study, indicating that the delinquent teenagers have lower spiritual intelligence, spiritual well-being and social support than normal teenagers; therefore, in consulting activities with delinquent teenagers, it is necessary to work on these people in order to increase their spiritual intelligence, spiritual well-being and social support. Moreover, it is essential to try to improve these three variables with the aim of preventing the delinquency in family and school education.

Aims and This study aimed to evaluate the structural model of the relationship between pain disposition, catastrophizing, fear of pain and pain adjustment in patients with Chronic musculoskeletal pain.
314 Patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain wete selected using convenience sampling method among clients of pain clinics in Isfahan, based on pain specialist diagnosis. They participated in the research by filling out six questionnaires: Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire(CPSEQ), Life-0rientation Questionnaire(LOQ), Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale(CDRS), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Tampa Scale Kinesiophobia (TSK) and VanKroff Graded Chronic Pain Scale (CPG). Data was analyzed using structural equation modeling method.
Findings: Pain disposition had a significant reverse effect on catastrophizing; besides catastrophizing had significant direct effects on fear of pain and the latter had the same effect on pain adjustment (P The results of this research show that pain disposition plays a role of Protection against catastrophizing, fear of pain, pain intensity and inability.

Pain a phenomenon that is experienced by everyone during life. Psychological factors have a key role in continuation of chronic musculoskeletal pain. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of cognitive – behavioral therapy and model – based therapy in reducing pain intensity of the patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Therefore, in a quasi- experimental study with control group and follow up, 45 patients with diagnosis of chronic musculoskeletal pain by convenience randomly selected in private clinics and hospitals of Isfahan city and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The participants were evaluated for pain intensity in three phases of pretest, posttest and follow up. Each experimental groups experienced 10 sessions of psychotherapy. While the control group did not receive any intervention. Analysis of mixed variance showed that there were significant differences between experiment groups (cognitive – behavioral and model- based) and control group (waiting list). But there were not significant differences between cognitive – behavioral and model- based therapies in the reducing pain. This research showed that cognitive – behavioral and model- based therapies can be effective treatments in reducing chronic musculoskeletal pain patients.

Physical and psychological problems for people who are directly and indirectly involved in the war, including veterans and their spouses. Given the important role of depressive rumination in the initiation and persistence of depressive, The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of life skills training on the frequency of depressive rumination in the spouses of veterans.
subjects and The study was a pretest - posttest single group. The sample consisted of 20 women in the age range 39 to 58 years. After the announcement of a special life skills training classes for spouses of veterans at Arak health house, In the first session, participants responded to rumination Inventory. Life skills during 10 sessions of 2 hours was taught by two instructors. Finally, at the last session, the participants responded to rumination inventory.
Results showed that the between pre-test and post-test in components Uncertainty, rumination, depression rumination Results, There was significant difference. In addition, based on the findings, the relationship between employment status and depressive rumination was not significant.
Life skills training leads to achieve self-awareness and control of emotions and the right way to deal with stress makes, Through this mechanism can be reduced depressive rumination. However, future research can investigate impact of life skills on metacognitive beliefs.

Nowadays, fear-avoidance model is the best model for the assessment and treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain in which, the role of the pain vulnerability (neuroticism, experiential avoidance and negative affect) is not well defined. The purpose of present study was to evaluate the structural pattern of the relationships between the pain vulnerability, catastrophizing, fear of pain and pain adjustment (pain intensity and inability) in the framework fear-avoidance model.
Patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain were selected from hospitals and private clinics in Isfahan city, Iran, during 2015 using convenience sampling method. They participated in the research by filling out six questionnaires: NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Tampa Scale Kinesiophobia (TSK) and Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCP). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling method.
Findings: Pain vulnerability had significant direct effects on catastrophizing and catastrophizing on fear of pain and fear of pain on pain adjustment (P The results of this research showed that pain vulnerability could predict pain adjustment in the framework fear-avoidance model. Therefore, reducing pain vulnerability can reduce pain intensity and inability in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain.

The Neuropsychological performance in patients with anxiety disorders has received much less attention. The present study set out to compare one of the executive performances that means shifting function in two groups of social anxious and normal. Also, The aim of the present study was to investigate performance in this function both of processing efficacy and performance effectiveness.
In this causal-comparative study, recruited 24 patients with social anxiety disorder and 24 non patients in multi-stage cluster sampling method and were implemented tests of Connor Social Anxiety Scale, Self-reported mental effort scale, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, The results were analyzed with SPSS software and MANOVA test.
The results showed significant differences between the two groups in both components of performance in the shifting function namely processing efficacy (P The group of social anxious in compare with normal group showed deficient in the shifting function of working memory. The deficiency observed were related to cognitive models of anxiety disorders specially Attentional Control Theory.

Attention and concentration on loneliness feeling predictor variables in the elderly are an introduction to successful treatment of loneliness feeling and decreasing its serious consequences. The purpose of this study was the role of communication skills, social support and disability in predicting loneliness feeling of the elderly. This is descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of this study were all elderly in Tehran at 2016. In this study, 400 elderly who living at home were selected by random cluster sampling from different areas of Tehran city. The revised UCLA loneliness scale (Russell, 1980), Interpersonal Communication Skills (queendom, 2004) Social support questionnaire (Winefield, Winefield, & Tiggemann, 1992), and Stanford Health assessment questionnaire 8-item disability index were used to collect information. In order to analyze obtained data Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multiple Regression method were employed. Statistical results indicated the negative significant Correlations between communication skills and social support with loneliness feeling and a positive significant correlation between disability with loneliness feeling. Multivariate regression analysis showed that 48 percent of the variance in loneliness feeling of the elderly is explained by the communication skills, social support and disability. The results of this study had significant implications about the importance of communication skills, social support and disability variables in the loneliness feeling of the elderly.