firouzeh gholampour

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease with life threatening complications such as diabetic retinopathy, renal failure and cardiovascular disease. Metformin, Glibenclamide, Acarbose, Empagliflozin, Sitagliptin and Repaglinide are the most common drugs for reducing the blood glucose. The blood glucose-lowering drugs have side effects such as severe hypoglycemia, liver cell damage, lactic acidosis, permanent neurological defects, gastrointestinal disorders, headache, and dizziness. Hence, it is necessary to use safe and effective strategies for reducing blood glucose in the management of diabetes and related diseases. Therefore, in the recent years, medicinal plants have been used all over the world due to their wide therapeutic effects. Basil (O. basilicum) is one of the medicinal plants with anti-diabetic property. This article aimed to review of the Basil effects on the type 2 diabetes.

O. basilicum has significant role in the control of diabetes through different mechanisms. These include: inhibition of glucose production in the liver, increasing glycogen synthesis, decreasing gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, stimulation of insulin secretion by the pancreas, and inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes. Therefore, Basil and its biologically active compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids and polyphenols act as potent anti-diabetic agents.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious and lethal infectious disease with a potential threat to global healthsecurity. Kidney is a multi-organ that has been affected by COVID-19. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in the different cell populations of kidney including podocytes, proximal tubular cells and so on shows a possible association between renal parenchymal cells involvement and direct Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) invasion to kidney parenchyma at an early stage of disease. Considering the importance of the kidney, this review article highlights the recent findings about the influence of COVID-19 on kidney functions.The main manifestations of the renal complications include proteinuria, elevated plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, hematuria and less frequently, acute tubular injury (ATI) and Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), direct infection of tubular epithelial cells and podocytes, reduced density of kidney, inflammation and edema of the renal parenchyma. The potential pathogenic mechanisms of kidney involvement in COVID-19 patients include direct infection of tubules, dehydration, cytokine-induced systemic inflammatory immune response, organ crosstalk, and drug-induced cytotoxicity.In accordance to clinical manifestations of COVID-19 and the prevalence rate of SARS-CoV-2 in public health, we need to pay more attention to the regularly monitoring of renal function and treatment strategy against the infection of SARSCoV-2 to the renal tissue.

Ischemic acute kidney injury is associated with an inflammatory reaction.

In the current study, berberine was assessed for its effect on the functional disorders and histological damages of testis induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R).

Twenty-eight adult male Wistar rats (260-300 gr) were equally divided into four groups (n= 7/each): sham and I/R groups which received distilled water as well as berberine (BBR) and BBR + I/R groups which received berberine (15 mg/kg/day) orally seven days before the surgery. In both groups of sham and BBR, renal arteries were not clamped. Renal I/R was induced by occluding right and left renal artery for 45 min followed by a 24 hr reperfusion period. Blood samples were taken for determining the plasma levels of creatinine, urea nitrogen, FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), and testosterone. Then the rats were killed under deep anesthesia and the left testis was immediately isolated and preserved.

The renal I/R injury led to testicular histological damages accompanied with increased plasma levels of creatinine, urea nitrogen, LH, and FSH, as well decrease of plasma testosterone concentration at the end of 24 hr reperfusion (All p< 0.001, except for FSH p< 0.01). Berberine diminished histological damage to the testis and attenuated the increase in plasma creatinine, urea nitrogen, LH, FSH, and decrease in plasma testosterone concentration in the BBR + I/R group (All p< 0.001).

These results suggest that ischemic acute renal failure induces functional disorders and tissue damages in testis of rat, which was improved through the administration of berberine.

Renal ischemia/reperfusion (RIR) is considered as one of the most prevalent reasons of acute renal failure. As renal failure is progressed, renal gluconeogenesis and insulin clearance are decreased. Berberine is the most important alkaloid of Berberis vulgaris. It has anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. The goal of this study was to assign the effect of RIR on the pancreas and to define the effect of berberine on the pancreatic damages induced by RIR. Male rats were allocated into four groups (n=7): sham (no intervention), Ber (berberine, 15mg/kg/day), I/R (subjected to 45min bilateral renal artery occlusion), Ber+I/R (berberine, 15mg/kg/day). After 24h, blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and eventually pancreas tissue samples were kept for subsequent histological examination. The ischemic challenge of kidneys resulted in pancreatic vascular congestion, which was associated with decreased plasma level of glucose as well as increased plasma insulin, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels at the termination of reperfusion period. In Ber+I/R group, pancreatic vascular congestion and decreased plasma level of insulin were improved concomitant to increase in plasma creatinine and urea nitrogen being smaller than those of the non-treated rats. RIR injury has some roles in the development of tissue damages and probably functional disorders of the pancreas in rats. Furthermore, berberine has an ameliorative effect against organ injury induced by RIR in rat.

Copyright is a new issue in law which has changed a lot along with economic, industrial and cultural developments of human community. The term “copyright” is generally mentioned about the most important actions done related to literary and artistic works. A great deal of international cooperation has been done about copyright among the countries. One of the organizations active in this field is the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). On the other hand some issues emerge in the field of world trade which are connected to intellectual property and involve the organizations related to this category such as World Trade Organization (WTO). In this paper the concept and history of intellectual property law and especially copyright has been explained. Rules and regulations being developed among the countries to support copyright in WIPO and WTO and the relationship between these two organizations have been reviewed. WIPO and WTO are two originations that have a great role to support copyright in international arena. WTO due to the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) which is the most important agreement of this organization and also WIPO due to management and implementation of several treaties such as Bern Convention, have done a great deal to support copyright. In this paper, rules and regulations of copyright in these two international organizations have been reviewed through descriptive-analytical methods. The purpose of present thesis is to know more about the rules and regulations to support copyright in WIPO and WTO and also the effects and results of this support.

CYP17A1 and CYP19A2 enzymes are key proteins in constructing and regulating steroid hormones such as cortisol, testosterone and estrogen. But the effect of exercise on these two proteins in ovary tissue has not been investigated yet. The purpose of present study was investigating the effect of swimming training on CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 gene expression in ovary tissue of healthy Wistar rats.

20 two months healthy Wistar rats, mean weight of 180±20 gr were selected and divided to two groups of exercise (n=10) and control (n=10) randomly. Exercise group performed swimming five days in a week for 6 weeks. Statistical test of Mann-Whitney was used for data analysis.

CYP17A1 and CYP19 gene expression increased significantly in exercise compared to control group (P=0.05).

regarding the role of CYP17 and CYP19 in steroid hormone synthesis, probably six weeks of swimming can be an important non pharmacological intervention for treatment of ovulation and infertility problems

We investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the protective effects of remote ischemic per-conditioning (rIPerC) on renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in male rats.
I/R treatment consisted of 45 min bilateral renal artery ischemia and 24 hr reperfusion interval. rIPerC was performed using four cycles of 2 min occlusions of the left femoral artery and 3 min reperfusion at the beginning of renal ischemia. The animals were given normal saline (vehicle), NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or L-arginine. Following the reperfusion period, renal functional- and oxidative stress- parameters, as well as histopathological changes were assessed.
In comparison with the sham group, I/R resulted in renal dysfunction, as indicated by significantly lower creatinine clearance and higher fractional excretion of sodium. This went along with decreased glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) activity in the I/R group, increased malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and histological damages. In comparison with the I/R group, the rIPerC group displayed improved renal function, increased activity of GPX and CAT enzymes, and decreased MDA level. However, these effects were abrogated by L-NAME injection and augmented by L-arginine treatment.
According to the results, the functional and structural consequences of rIPerC against I/R-induced kidney dysfunction, which is associated with reduction of lipid peroxidation and intensification of anti-oxidant systems, is partially dependent on NO production.

Iron is an essential element for living organisms. Iron overload can have detrimental effects on health. This study pertains to the protective role of berberine against ferrous sulfate-induced hepatic and renal functional disorders and histological damages in rats.
The rats were divided into four groups (n=7): Sham, Ber (10 mg/kg/day for 14 days, by gavage), FS (ferrous sulfate, 30 mg/kg/day for 14 days, intraperitoneally), FS Ber (ferrous sulfate, 30 mg/kg/day for 14 days; berberine, 10 mg/kg/day for 11 days from fourth day of ferrous sulfate injection). After 24 hr, blood, urine, and tissue samples were collected.
Compared with sham and Ber groups, administration of ferrous sulfate resulted in liver and kidney dysfunction as evidenced by significantly higher levels of serum hepatic markers and bilirubin, and lower levels of serum albumin, total protein, triglyceride, cholesterol, and glucose, as well as lower creatinine clearance and higher fractional excretion of sodium. This was accompanied by increased malondialdehyde levels and histological damages. Berberine treatment significantly reversed the levels of serum hepatic markers, renal functional markers and lipid peroxidation marker in the FS Ber group. Furthermore, it restored the levels of serum total protein, albumin, glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol with a decrease in bilirubin concentration in the blood. All these changes were corroborated by histological observations of the liver and kidney.
Berberine protects the liver and kidneys against ferrous sulfate-induced toxicity by reduction in lipid peroxidation and ability to chelate iron.

Iron overload in the body is related with toxic effects and threatens the health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective role of hydroalcoholic extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) against ferrous sulfate-induced hepatic and renal functional disorders and histological damages in rats.
The rats were divided into four groups (n=7): Sham, Sham G.E (ginger extract, 400 mg/kg/day for 14 days), FS (ferrous sulfate, 30 mg/kg/day for 14 days), FS.E (ferrous sulfate, 30 mg/kg/day for 14 days; ginger extract, 400 mg/kg/day for 11 days from the fourth day of ferrous sulfate injection). After 24 hr, blood, urine and tissue samples were collected.
Compared with Sham and Sham G.E groups, administration of ferrous sulfate resulted in liver and kidney dysfunction as evidenced by significantly higher levels of serum hepatic markers and bilirubin, and lower levels of serum albumin, total protein, triglyceride, cholesterol and glucose, as well as lower creatinine clearance and higher fractional excretion of sodium (p In conclusion, ginger extract appears to exert protective effects against ferrous sulfate-induced hepatic and renal toxicity by reducing lipid peroxidation and chelating iron.

This study investigated the effect of berberine on renal dysfunction and histological damages of the lung induced by renal ischemia/ reperfusion at an early stage. There were four experimental groups of adult male rats (n=7). Seven days before induction of ischemia، the Ber+I/R group received oral (by gavage) berberine (15 mg/kg/day) while the I/R group received distilled water. Renal arteries were not occluded in the sham group and Ber+sham group، and they were administered distilled water and berberine (15 mg/kg/day)، respectively، by gavage 7 days before surgery. Renal ischemia was induced by occlusion of both renal arteries for 45 min followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis، and finally lung samples were preserved for light microscopical examination. The 45 min ischemia/24 h reperfusion resulted in renal functional disorders and histological damages to the lung، which were associated with increased plasma levels of creatinine، blood urea nitrogen (BUN)، lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALK) during reperfusion period. In the Ber+I/R group، renal functional disorders and histological damage to the lung were improved، which was accompanied by less increase in plasma creatinine، BUN، LDH and ALK than those of the non-treated rats. Berberine has an ameliorative effect on renal as well as pulmonary injuries following renal ischemia/reperfusion in rats.

Orexins are novel neuropeptides that are localized in neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. They are implicated in a wide variety of physiological functions. Orexin peptides and receptors are found in many peripheral organs such as kidneys. It has been demonstrated that exogenous orexin-A can induce protective effects against ischemia–reperfusion injury in many organs. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of orexin-A on the hepatic dysfunction and histological damage induced by renal ischemia/ reperfusion at an early stage. Pentobarbital anaesthetized rats were prepared for measuring renal functional variables. Ischemia was induced by bilateral renal artery clamping for 30 min followed by a 1 h reperfusion period. In orexin-treated rats, it was infused at 500 pmol·kg−1·min−1 (i.v.) from the beginning of pre-ischemic (pretreatment) clearance period. The liver was examined using light microscopy. The renal ischemic challenge resulted in hepatic functional and histological damages, which were associated with decreased creatinine clearance during the reperfusion period. In orexin-treated rats, the functional and histological damages to the liver were improved along with the decrease in creatinine clearance being smaller than those of the non-treated rats. Orexin-A exhibited an ameliorative effect against renal ischemia/reperfusion-induced lesions in the liver.

Ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute renal failure causes excretory functional disorders of nephrones. Ischemia/reperfusion injury increases iNOS expression in the renal tissue. Inhibition of iNOS expression and its activity can ameliorate ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal injury. The aim of this study was to determine the role of iNOS on progression of renal functional disturbances over the immediate post-ischemic reperfusion period. In this experimental study, renal hemodynamic and excretory functions were evaluated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. First, a 30-min control clearance period was taken. Then following bilateral renal artery clamping for 30 minutes, four consecutive 30-min clearance periods were taken during reperfusion, while saline or L-NIL as a selective iNOS inhibitor was infused. In plasma and urine samples, Cr and sodium concentration levels were measured. Renal ischemia for 30 minutes decreased glomerular filtration rate and urine osmolality during reperfusion and increased urine flow and sodium excretion. L-NIL did not change the glomerular filtration rate and urine osmolality prior to ischemia but it improved them during reperfusion and there were progressive increases in urine flow. Additionally, L-NIL lowered ischemia-induced rises in sodium excretion. iNOS had a considerable role in the development of disorders in hemodynamic and excretory renal functions during early hours after ischemia.