ghazanfari

Vibration analysis of the plate is an important topic in high-speed train body design. Because of the dynamic loads on plates which are used in the wagon body of the train, vibration analysis and determination of the amount of deflection and bending of the structure is important in wagon design. A plate which is used in the high-speed train is composite plate. Composite plates are considered because of many advantages relative to the other plates, such as low weight, high strength and cost-effective. In this paper, the nonlinear free vibration analysis of the used plate in the wagon body of high-speed trains has been presented. First, a three layers sandwich plate used for car body of high-speed trains has been transformed into a single layer equivalent orthotropic plate. Von-Karman theory and the Galerkin method have been employed to solving the equations of motion of the equivalent orthotropic plate. The nonlinear natural frequencies of the first four modes of the system have been determined using the numerical and variational iteration methods (VIM). Then the effect of different parameters on the value of nonlinear frequencies of the first four modes has been studied. The Difference lower than 0.1% is observed between the determined natural frequencies by VIM, with initial condition limited to zero, and natural frequencies determined by linear vibration. The results show that natural frequency is increased by increasing elasticity modulus of the face, the thickness of the core and the thickness of the face of the sandwich plate. In addition, because of nonlinearity of plate vibration equations, natural frequencies of composite plate are increased by increasing initial condition.

Controlling surface properties, such as wetting, plays an important role in the research and development of various industries. Even though wettability has many applications in diverse technologies, such as painting, filtration, printing, porous media saturation, medicine, climate, soil, plant biology, and oil recovery enhancement, the effect of roughness pattern on contact angle and wetting needs more attention. In this study, application of the Cassie---Baxter equation for calculating the apparent contact angle of drops with different sizes on the rough surfaces is investigated. To do this, the free energy equation is analyzed on a rough and chemically homogeneous surface to study the Cassie-Baxter equation along with line tension and roughness. The contact angle calculated by using the surface fraction approximation of Cassie-Baxter for rough pattern surfaces has been compared with the values obtained from the developed numerical method. Moreover, the concept of length fraction proposed by Jaroslaw and Miller is discussed, and a numerical method is established to compute its value. To do this, spherical drops of different sizes are simulated on an artificial rough surface consisting of an array of cubic roughness. The line and surface fraction occupied by the drop are calculated and compared with the Cassie-Baxter approximation of surface fraction. Furthermore, the difference in advancing contact angle obtained by the numerical method and Cassie-Baxter model are compared. By using a developed numerical method, the length fraction and surface fraction can be computed for a wide range of drop sizes and roughness dimensions. The length fraction and surface fraction obtained in this work show oscillation behavior around the Cassie-Baxter approximation. When the drop radius tends to infinity, both values of surface and length fraction are equal to the Cassie-Baxter approximation. The results of this work help analyze predict the apparent contact angle value for a wide range of drop sizes on rough surfaces for wettability determination.

Nowadays, one of the most important issues in the metropolises of all around the world is using the modern public transportation systems, research and development in this field which indicates the importance of using these types of systems in most countries. One of the most attractive innovation in urban transportation system is using intelligent taxis and improvement in online ordering systems; while in the metropolis of Tehran, the use of smart taxi and optimization of the network coverage is one of the important issues of the municipality. Therefore, in this paper, a new model based on two different strategies for ordering taxis in Tehran is presented for the first time. First, using the concept of the trip chain, a model called trip chain network is presented in accordance with Tehran's situation. After identifying the demand points, a density-based spatial clustering applications with noise (DBSCAN) is used to evaluate the proposed model. To improve the performance of the algorithm and set its parameters, the design of experiment method (DOE) was used and then cluster centers were designated as intelligent taxi stations. The results show centers of these clusters are the best feasible points for developing intelligent taxi stations in Tehran and 53.12 percent of the points obtained as proposed stations of smart taxis are matched with the current situations. Also, the proposed model can provide the maximum usage of taxis and reduce the wasting time for passengers to access the taxi by striking an equilibrium approach between supply and demand.

Eating disorders include a range of illnesses associated with weight gain or weight loss. Studies show that this disorder begins in the middle to late adolescence (14-18 years old) and is also more prevalent in female sex. The purpose of this study was designing and testing a model of antecedents of eating disorders symptoms in undergraduate female students of Isfahan University in 2017. In this descriptive study, 497 undergraduate female students of Isfahan University in 2017 were selected by multistage sampling method and responded to five research scales. In the research proposed model, eating disorder beliefs, perfectionism, self-esteem and body image concern were considered as the antecedent variables. To test the research conceptual model, structural equation modeling was applied using maximum likelihood estimation method. The results of the analysis showed that the fit indices for the research model were in an acceptable range. Also, these results showed that all direct paths in the research model were statistically significant (p≤0.05). The results of studying the indirect paths of the research model were also statistically significant (p≤0.05). The results showed formation of eating disorder symptoms through cognitive and personality variables in an Iranian sample. Therefore, in preventing and planning for the treatment of these patients, it seems necessary to attend to the set of these factors.

Contact angle measurement of a drop on surface is known as a common method for determining the surfaces wettability. Although the drop contact angle measurement on horizontal surface is fully-described, but contact angle measurement for the asymmetric drop on inclined and specially curved surfaces, mainly is analyzed by tangent line method, suffers from inadequate accuracy and speed. The main objective of this study is to introduce an effective algorithm for determining the contact angle of drops on inclined and curved surfaces without using fluid parameters such as density and drop volume. For this purpose, real and artificial image of drops are used. The developed method uses side view image of drops and creates the binary matrix of the image by using the Otsu method. Then, the solid-fluid-fluid interface is detected and the contact angle is calculated by means of determining the derivative at the three phases contact point. One problem which contact angle measurement faces with is determination of the location of  three-phase contact point, instead of calculating the derivative based on just one pixel, averaging of several pixels are used to reduce effect of this problem. In order to validate the proposed method, real images of the drops of four different fluids on the calcite surface, as well as artificial images created with the aid of graphic software with a specific contact angle, are used. The results show the accuracy of the proposed method for contact angle measurement of the symmetric and asymmetric drop on horizontal, inclined and curved surfaces.

Heart disease is one of the major causes of morbidity in the world. Currently, large proportions of healthcare data are not processed properly, thus, failing to be effectively used for decision making purposes. The risk of heart disease may be predicted via investigation of heart disease risk factors coupled with data mining knowledge. This paper presents a model developed using combined descriptive and predictive techniques of data mining that aims to aid specialists in the healthcare system to effectively predict patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). To achieve this objective, some clustering and classification techniques are used. First, the number of clusters are determined using clustering indexes. Next, some types of decision tree methods and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are applied to each cluster in order to predict CAD patients. Finally, results obtained show that the C&RT decision tree method performs best on all data used in this study with 0.074 error. All data used in this study are real and are collected from a heart clinic database.

The aim of this study was to investigate the surface free energy on the surface of calcite rock and also on the surface of aged calcite in Surfapore Nanofluid using a contact angle measurement. For this purpose, calcite surfaces were prepared by cutting to an approximate size of 3×3×0.4cm3 and grinded and polished to achieve different roughnesses. The purity and roughness of the samples were determined by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Using the static contact angle on the surface of calcite and calcite aged in the Nanofluid, surface energy determined by three methods of geometric mean, arithmetic mean and Zisman plot showed surface free energy between 30-40mN/m, and polar forces overcome dispersion at calcite surface. After aging calcite surface in the Nanofluid, surface energy reached less than 12mN/m. This surface free energy reduction indicates an increase in the contact angle of the fluids on the aged calcite surface in the Nanofluid. The results of this study will help to better understand the surface properties of calcite in the presence of Nanofluid, as well as how to change its wettability to gas wet conditions, taking into account the static contact angle.

Rumination in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the cognitive risk factors for suffering from mood disorders. On the other hand repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a non-invasive method is applied for treatment of MDD. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of rTMS on reducing rumination in patients with MDD. In the present randomized clinical trial study, from among the patients with MDD referring to Atieh Clinical Neuroscience Center in Tehran from December 2016 to September 2017, the number of 64 subjects were selected through convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into two groups of experiment and control. The experimental group during 10 sessions, received 10 rTMS on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with a frequency of 10 Hz and on the same site of cortex at the right site at 1 Hz for two weeks. The control group also received sham rTMS. The patients were first screened using a structural clinical interview and then Ruminative Response Scale was performed before and after the treatment. The data also were analyzed using chi-square test, independent t-test and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Bilateral rTMS caused a significant reduction in rumination (p=0.033) and brooding (p=0.005) compared to the control group. There was observed no significant change in pondering in the two groups (p>0.05). According to the results, rTMS can be considered as a possible treatment for rumination reduction in patients with MDD.

Aridity as a spatial concept and drought as a temporal concept have always been studied in different aspects as two distinct categories. However, both concepts indicate anomalies from normal condition. Several indices have been introduced to examine each of these concepts using one or more hydrological cycle’s components. Meanwhile, soil moisture and changes in its spatial and temporal variations can be considered as one of the most important factors in detecting the drought and determining the areas of drought. Due to difficulties including cost and time consuming measurements, soil moisture has not been used so far. In this study, the intensity and the persistence of drought in Kerman province were evaluated using soil moisture from the output of NASA Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS). For this purpose, the new GLDAS based Aridity and Drought Index (GADI) was used, which realized the drought and aridity in each region simultaneously. The soil moisture time series in four soil layers were derived from NOAH land surface model for the years 1953 until 2017. GADI were employed to map aridity and drought conditions. The results showed that the severity of drought increased in lower soil layers. The low percentage of soil moisture in the lower layers indicates that lower layers had not been fed from rainfall as a result of sever evaporation losses. This also shows the existence of long-term droughts in these layers.

Transportation of clinical samples and long-term recoverability of fungal strains are critical to epidemiological studies. In addition, the study of fungi often requires the use of living pure cultures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the methods used to preserve culture collections of dermatophytes, consisted of storage in sterile distilled water, cryopreservation with glycerol, preserving in tryptic soy broth (TSB), and freezing mycobiotic agar. in this experimental study, ninety-two dermatophyte isolates belonged to 10 species were tested. The freezing protocol was done in 4 forms of sterile distilled water, cryopreservation with glycerol, freezing mycobiotic agar, and preserving in TSB. The viability of the dermatophytes species was assessed after 3 years at morphological (macro and microscopic features), physiological (Using Dermatophyte Test Medium; DTM, urease test media, and the hair perforation test), and genetic levels by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The survival rate was 84 out of 92 water stored fungal strains (91.3%) and 81 out of 92 mycobiotic agar stored strains (88.0%) and 75 out of 92 glycerol 40% stored strains (81.5%) and 43 out of 92 TSB stored fungal strains (46.7%). Overall, more than 88% of the strains survived in the distilled water storage and freezing mycobiotic agar, methods, while storage in TSB had the least success in the maintenance of dermatophytes. The procedure to preserve cultures in sterile distilled water is reliable, simple, and inexpensive.

Aim: The present study aim was to determine effectiveness of couple therapy based on the Choice Theory on conflict resolution styles and quality of couple’s relationship.
This quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest and control group, with follow-up. Among 78 couples who referred to a family counseling center in the city of Mashhad in the fall of 1395, 25 couples who scored a high score based on the cut-off 115 in the Sanai Marital Conflict Questionnaire of 2008 were selected, 20 couples were selected. The research in strumpet was the Straus and Rosbult Conflict Behavior Questionnaire 2009 and Fletcher, Simpson & Tumas Relationship Quality Questionnaire 2000, and experimental group received eight, 90-minute sessions of Couple Therapy Based on Choice Theory (Duba, Graham, Britzman & Minatra, 2009). Data were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA.
Findings: The results showed that this intervention was based on women's conflict resolution styles (P= 0.001, F=26.8, 73.5, 1.26) and men (P= 0.001, F=0.63, 0.93 & 0.32) had effect on the quality of the relationship between women (P= 0.001, F= 1.47) and men (P= 0.001, F= 0.58), except for positive behavior either and has remained steady at the follow-up stage.
Since this intervention leads to the promotion of relationships, awareness of responsibility and reality in couples, it can be used as an effective intervention for conflict resolution and improving couple's relationships.

Almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.), as an important nut crop, requires chilling during winter to develop fruiting buds but late winter frost and early spring chilling may make damages to the reproductive tissues of this tree and therefore leads to reduction in the rate of productivity. Abiotic stresses such as cold stress affect plant development and production through alteration of the gene expression pattern. Since MiRNAs are known to play important roles in the regulation of stress responses via interacting with their target mRNAs, in this study, for the first time, two miRNAs with conserved sequence in different plants and associated with cold resistance, pdumiR398b and pdumiR477a-3p, were evaluated in almond. In this research, the expression study carried out on ovary and anther tissues of almond under zero and -2 °C cold stresses and control condition for 10°C in cold sensitive Sh12 variety and cold tolerant H genotype. Expression of pdu-miR398b and pdu-miR477a-3p under -2C in ovary and anther tissues in Sh12 cultivar was up-regulated while they were down-regulated in anther tissue of H genotype. Target genes of miRNAs were predicted by bioinformatics tools. There was a negative correlation between Pdu-miR398b and its predicted target gene PduDUF1639 under both cold stress treatments in Sh12 variety. Also decrease of Pdu-miR477a-3p expression in cold resistant genotype was in concomitant with over-expression of its predicted target genes, PduAAE7 and pduABC transporter. Different expression of Pdu-miR398b and Pdu-miR477a-3p and their predicted target genes in sensitive and cold resistance cultivars can be a reason that they are associated with cold stress in plant.

Aims: Wet-cupping as a therapeutic method has been recommended to be done on certain days based on authentic sources of traditional medicine in Iran. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between amount of exited blood during wet-cupping with patient's individual conditions and the time it was performed.
Instruments & In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 391 men who were referred to a cupping center in Saveh city in the spring of 2016, were selected by simple sampling and wet-cupping in the position between the two scapula was performed. The research instrument was a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, date of reference (day, month and year), age, height, weight and amount of exited blood during the wet-cupping in gram. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software and using chi-square test, paired t test and one-way analysis of variance.
Findings: The means of age, weight and body mass index were significantly related to the mean of amount of exited blood during wet-cupping (p0.05), but the amount of exited blood was higher in people with previous history of wet-cupping than those without previous history (p Individual characteristics such as age, weight, body mass index, cause of referral and previous history of wet-cupping affect the amount of exited blood during wet-cupping, but the time of wet-cupping (day and month) does not affect the amount of exited blood.

Aims: Oppositional defiant disorder that occurs in pre-school or early school-age children and in pre-adolescent stage has a widespread impact on the child, family, teachers and society. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of mindful parenting education program on reducing the anxiety and parent-child conflict and increasing the self-agency of parenting in mothers who have oppositional defiant disorder daughters.
This semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group was performed during 2015-2016 academic year in 34 mothers of primary school girl students of Noorabad City, Iran, who were suffering from oppositional defiant disorder. The samples were selected by purposeful clustering method and were randomly divided into 2 test and control groups (each had 17 members). The research tools were Child Behavioral Logbook and Teacher Report Form, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Conflict Strategy and Parent Self-efficacy Questionnaires. Mindfulness-based parenting educational program was conducted for the experimental group one 2-hour session a week for 2 months. Data were analyzed by SPSS 23 software using MANCOVA test.
Findings: The average of total anxiety, parent-child conflict and parental self-efficacy scores were higher in the experimental group in posttest. After controlling the effect of pre-test scores, there were significant differences between the test and control groups in terms of all variables (p Mindfulness-based parenting educational program reduces the anxiety and parent-child conflict and increases the parental self-efficacy in mothers with oppositional defiant disorder.

Aims: Inefficient attitudes and low quality of life correlate with many behavioral disorders and problems. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of self-compassion trainings on inefficient attitudes and quality of life in persions with amputations due to the land-mine explosions.
In the controlled pretest-posttest experimental study, 40 men with amputations due to the land-mine explosions, who were under the protection of the Martyrs Foundation of Gilan-E-Gharb Township, were studied in 2016. The subjects, selected via simple random sampling method, were randomly divided into two 20-person groups including experimental and control groups. Data was collected by the inefficient attitudes and quality of life questionnaires. Eight 1-hour compassion-training sessions were conducted in experimental group for two months, while control group received no intervention. Data was analyzed using multi-variable covariance analysis test.
Findings: At the posttest stage, the pretest scores having been controlled, the mean scores of inefficient attitudes were significantly lower in experimental group compared to control group (p The self-compassion trainings improve the inefficient attitudes and quality of life in persons with amputations due to the land-mine explosions.

wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf.) trees have social and economic importance due to resin exploitation and its great role to supply livelihoods for forest dwellers of Zagros regions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf.) to resin exploitation. In this research, biometrical indices of wild pistachio trees (collar diameter, total height, trunk height, trunk height to total height ratio, crown height and crown area) were used to assess the impact of resin exploitation on wild pistachio trees.
Two stands including an abandoned stand (resin had been exploited in the past, but resin exploitation had ceased for the last 22 years (1991-2013) with an area of 4.8 ha and an utilized stand (undergoing resin exploitation) with an area of 9.6 ha, with similar physiographic conditions were selected in the villages Bivandbala and Bivandpaeen, Javanroud, Kermanshah province. In the two selected stands, a full callipering was performed. We recorded the tree species and collar diameter for all trees with collar diameter larger than or equal to five cm. Moreoveræ total height, trunk height and crown diameter were measured in wild pistachio trees as well.
The results showed that the mean of biometrical indices of wild pistachio such as collar diameter, total height and crown height in diameter classes were significantly different between the two studied stands. The value of studied quantitative variables was higher in abandoned stand expect collar diameter. Trunk height, trunk height to total height ratio and crown area did not show any statistically significant difference between the two studied stands.
Resin exploitation is an important source of income for forest dwellers in the northern Zagros. The traditional resin exploitation method is ecologically and economically inefficient. To improve the livelihood of forest dwellers, it is necessary to replace the traditional method with a scientific method which is economically and ecologically sustainable. In addition to the traditional resin exploitation, the absence of regeneration of wild pistachio is a threatening factor for existence of these stands. The main objective for a policy maker should be ensuring the sustainability of wild pistachio stands and the continuity of resin exploitation income for the next generations. Therefore, it is necessary for conservation authorities to make the prerequisite of seed regeneration, maintenance and warranty of regeneration establishment in wild pistachio stands instead of attaining interest and toll for issuing resin exploitation contracts.

In sheet forming processes, using Forming Limit Diagrams (FLDs) in study of formability and designi die is very important. One method to achieve the curves of FLDs that has validate and appropriate results is Marciniak–Kuczynski model. This model is a way to predict the local necking. In the present study, FLDs were achieved by imposing the theoretical Marciniak–Kuczynski model in two different finite element model and using Abaqus. In the first model, the theory of Marciniak–Kuczynski was imposed to finite element of Nakazima test and in second one (Flat), the theory of Marciniak–Kuczynski was simulated. The input data for these simulations was obtained from tension tests in three different directions. After comparing the results of Flat and Nakazima finite element model with empirical results, the FLD obtained from the finite element of Nakazima test was valid and less than 10 percent below the empirical FLD. Bending is the reason of difference between FLD obtained from Flat model and empirical one.

Elderly’s quality of life can be easily threatened by different factors. Therefore, it is crucial to have enough information about elderly’s quality of life and its influencing factors so that actions could be taken to improve their quality of life. Therfore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between Memory Self-efficacy and Hope with Quality of Life in older adults.
The present research is a Functional and cross-sectional study. For this purpose, the sample of the research is included 120 elderly adults who older than 60, selected with convenience sampling method. The participants completed the Lipad Quality of Life questionnaire, Memory Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and Snyder Hope Scale. To conduct the necessary descriptive and inferential statistical operations, SPSS (Version 19) was used. Mean, standard deviation and Pearson correlation coefficient were utilized to analyze the data in the descriptive statistics section, and in inferential statistics section, simultaneous multiple regressions were used to predict quality of life.
The results show that quality of life has a positive and meaningful relationship with Memory Self-efficacy (P Self-efficacy and hope is an important factor for maintaining quality of life in the elderly. Therefore, understanding the memory self-efficacy and hope and strengthen these factors, can be an effective method to enhance the quality of life of elderly people.

Omega-3 fatty acids and their ratio to omega-6 fatty acids have a significant impact on community health and reduction of cardiovascular diseases, arthritis and diabetes.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of canola oil and lysine on performance, meat fatty acid composition and blood lipid parameters in broiler chicks.
A total of 240 day old Ross broiler chicks were used in a 3×2 factorial arrangement with canola oil (1, 3 and 5%) and lysine (recommended, and 25% more than recommended by Ross manual) in a completely randomized design with 4 replicates and 10 birds per each. At 42 d, two birds were randomly selected and slaughtered. Then, fatty acid profile of breast meat was determined.
The weight gain of chickens fed diets containing 5% canola oil were greater than those birds fed on other diets (P It can be concluded that diet containing 5% canola oil and recommended lysine level, improves weight gain, but have no any effects on unsaturated fatty acids of breast meat in broilers.

This review presents a brief outline of our current knowledge of the structure and chemical composition of the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), originating from the surface of Gram negative bacteria including their outer membrane proteins and lipopolysaccharides. Moreover, the functional roles and applications of OMVs in medical research such as OMV-based vaccines, OMV adjuvants properties, OMV carriers in conjugated vaccines as well as in drug vehicles and delivery systems are discussed. Finally, new applications of these macromolecules as biotechnological tools are briefly presented.

Direct household spending for health care can be estimated as the largest component of household expenditure after food costs. The purpose of this study is Inequality in health expenditure and impoverishment impacts resulting from it in Kerman.
This is a cross-sectional study. For sampling the Quota sampling method was used. To explore the possibility exposure of households with impoverishment health expenditures and its relationship with Predisposing variables the Chi-square test and Pearson cross-tabulations were used in Excel and Stata and for determining the concentration index the Gini Coefficient was used.
The study revealed important variables such as Household economic status, head of household sex, head of household education and existence of persons over 65 years had a key role in impoverishment health expenditures. Concentration index in exposure with impoverishment health expenditures was -0.69 and for health expenditures was -0.385.
Inequality in health expenditures depend on some predisposing variable that were shown in this study and with improving socio-economic variable can reduce the inequality in health expenditures and their impoverishment effects.

The emotional schema model emphasises on mind rumination and other emotional schemas in depression. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Emotional Schema Therapy (EST) on severity of depression and rumination in people with major depression disorder.
This was a randomized controlled trial study using pre-test and post-test-follow up with the control group. Among all patients with major depressive disorder visited in Imam Hossein hospital and Rahyar clinic of Tehran, 32 patients were selected through inclusion or exclusion criteria and convenience sampling then they were randomly assigned into two equal groups; experimental (16 persons) and control (16 persons). Experimental group experienced 14 weeks of emotional schema therapy, while the control grouprecieved no treatment intervention. Revised Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) and ruminative response scale (RRS) were used in base lines, post-test and follow up as the assessment instruments. Data were analyzed by mixed analysis of variance via SPSS19 software.
The results of this research showed that the means of depression and rumination in the experimental group were reduced significantly in comparison with the control group in post-test and follow up (P The study findings proposed that Emotional Schema Therapy can be used as an effective intervention in order to reduce the depression and mind rumination in people with major depressive disorder.

The aim of this study is to determine microfacies and diagenetic processes of the Mobarak Formation with the age of early Carboniferous in Valiabad section, at Karaj-Chalus road. The thickness of the formation at this section is 339 m and consists of limestone with intercalations of shale and marl. According to lithological characteristics, the MobarakFormationis subdivided into 8 rock units and is disconformably overlain by the Lalun Formation and underlain by Dozdeband Formation. Thirteen microfacies have been recognized on the basis of depositional texture and petrographic analysis. These carbonate facies belong to four major sub- environments including beach/tidal flat, lagoon, barrier/sand shoal and open marine. The formation deposited in a homoclinal carbonate ramp.

Educational equality is newly considered in social, political and economic system of the nations. Many conventions, treaties & statements in the world emphasizing these rights have been determined and issued. This issue has been considered in politic, economic and social development plans of Iran. Explaining this issue in undeveloped areas such as Ilam province can provide improvement opportunities in developmental plans. So, this study was done to investigate the issue of equality or inequality in educational system of Ilam as one of the under-developed areas in Iran.
This evaluative research was carried on the base of Ilam population and housing census in 1390. The population of Ilam including 503840 subjects was studied. Gender equality in education was assessed with Gender parity index presented by UNESCO and the international institute for educational planning. data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 through descriptive statistics.
Analysis of gender in equality in educational system of Ilam province showed that this index is worse than the country index baseline in junior high school (0.90 to 0.96) and high school (0.84 to 1.01), gender inequality was against girls. In senior high school (1.38) inequality was against boys. Gender equality has been achieved in higher education level (0.99). According to Ilam's counties, Abdanan city had the best gender equality in educational system especially in senior high school. But this index was inappropriate in other cities. There was a large difference in terms of the desired status.
Conclusion Given the rural context of Ilam province and the importance of male gender, the inequality against girls during junior high school and high school is justified; because decisions are made inside the family structures in those periods. This status will be reversed in the senior high school. Totally, it is expected that policymakers in education attempt to remove deprivations of the girls, because having equal opportunities ensure them to have a growing healthy society which is based on, a national believes as well as the new social conditions.

Dietary essential oils may be used as alternatives to antibiotics and its might improve poultry performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of coriander essential oil on growth performance, carcass characteristics and immune system in broiler chickens. Two hundred day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were allocated to 5 treatments, 4 replications with a completely randomized design during 42 days of age. Experimental treatments consisted of control treatment (basal diet) or basal diets containing different levels of coriander essential oil (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) and 600 mg/kg flavophospholipol antibiotic. Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were measured weekly. Results in total period showed that highest feed intake was observed in antibiotic compared with 100 and 200 mg/kg coriander essential oil treatments (P<0.01). Also, the highest weight gain at antibiotic and at the level of 300 mg/kg coriander essential oil treatments compared with control and at the level of 100 mg/kg coriander essential oil was observed (P<0.01). At final, the best feed conversion rate was observed at coriander essential oil and antibiotic treatments (P<0.01). Highest carcass and thigh proportional weights and lowest gastrointestinal proportional weights of broilers were observed at coriander essential oil and antibiotic treatments compared with control treatment (P<0.05). Immune system parameters were unaffected by dietary supplementation of experimental treatments. The results demonstrated that addition of the coriander essential oil to the feed as well as antibiotic had a significant effect on growth performance and carcass characteristics at 42 days of age.