فهرست مطالب ghodratolah heydari

This study investigates the effective factors in land-holders use of 4 tree species including: Acer velutinum, Quercus castaneifolia, Carpinus betulus, Diospyrus lotus and 4 species of shrubs including Mespilus germanica, Prunus cerasifera , Celtis australis and ALbizia julibrissin to feed livestock and determine their nutritional value in livestock places of forest regions around Javaherdeh village in Ramsar city of Mazandaran province at the end of leaf growth stage. In order to perform sampling in a stage vegetative growth was done randomly. Then the green leaves which were dried in the open air and sized were transferred to the laboratory. The aim was to determine forage quality including: parameters of crude protein (CP), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), potassium (K), insoluble fibers in acidic detergent (ADF), insoluble fibers in neutral detergent (NDF), Dry matter content (DMD), metabolic energy (ME). This research was conducted in a completely randomized design and the analysis of laboratory data in SPSS software and the analysis of information obtained from the questionnaire using Friedman test was used to perform statistical analysis of collected data. The results showed that the Albizia julibrissin species due to the amount of metabolic energy (11.25), dry matter digestibility (77.97), crude protein (22.77), crude fat (5.26), insoluble fibers in neutral detergent (52.44), have a higher forage quality than the other seven species. The findings indicate that the nutritional value of Albizia julibissin has been associated with its greater utilization by ranchers, it shows the importance of local knowledge in this field.

Carbon sequestration was monitored and predicted in rangeland ecosystems of Noorrud watershed. For this purpose, the land cover status of the years 1988, 1998, 2008 and 2018 were investigated on the basis of Landsat satellite images. Rangelands were segmented on the basisi of distinguished vegetation cover. Field sampling method was used for rangelands. For other land uses however, the default data of the International Climate Change Committee (IPCC) were used. Sampling points were marked on the maps and by designing a systematic-random sampling system, three 100m long transects were established on each already marked sampling area. Ten plots were put alongside of the each transect. In each plot, the percentage of vegetation cover and its biomass was estimated. To measure soil carbon at each sampling points, a soil profile was dug and soil samples were taken from a depth of 0 to 30 cm. samples dried in the open air and transported to the laboratory to determine carbon sequestration by walk-block method. By using the IDRISI Terrset software carbon sequestration measured based on ton per hectar and their distribution were mapped for each year. The results showed in the best rangelands S1 the land have decreased by 10374 hectares and in the poor ragelands S3 it have declined by 3.10253 hectares. On the otherside the lands classified as medium (S2) had an increasing trend (10758 hectares). Also, the amount of carbon in good, medium and poor rangelands is 111.45, 81.63 and 50.39 tons per hectare, respectively. The results also showed that carbon sequestration has been decreasing in the course of the study. So that its amount decreased from 9905729 tons in the whole area in 1988 to 8860803 tons in 2018. Meanwhile, the highest rate of decrease was related to the period 2008 to 2018 (562125 tons).

Produced ash and coal from fire influence the soil and few studies about these effects are available. Then this study performed to investigate the effect ash and coal on hydrological, physical and chemical soil properties in Charat rangeland that had a history fire formerly. Systematic-random sampling was implemented in two plant types Astragalus gossypinus and Artemisia aucheri using 6 transect and 4m2 quadrates 60 and plant and soil samples were obtained. Experimental treatments were prepared including control soil, composition soil and ash manually and also with artificial rain, composition soil and coal manually and also with artificial rain in the laboratory and were measured characteristics of the texture, saturation moisture, pH, organic matter, field capacity, wilting point, available water and retention capacity. ANOVA results for mean comparison soil, ash and coal properties had shown that ash had the percent of silt and pH more than soil and organic matter and bulk density lower than soil. Also the results of multivariate analysis for indication of effects treatments had shown that manual composition of ash and coal into soil had increased field capacity and available water while composition soil and coal with artificial rain had no significant effect on them.

In this study, indices of some nutritional elements, namely calcium, magnesium, and sodium in the vegetative and flowering phonological stages for two species Agropyrum intermedium, Scariola orientalis as the dominant types of the studied area were measured. At least10 plants were randomly selected for each sample. Plant samples from1cm above the soil surface, including leaves and stems in the vegetative stage as well as leaves, stems, and flowers were clipped at the flowering stage. At each stage, three replicates of each sample (at least 10 plants per replication) and from each species 2 kilograms were clipped and then dried in laboratory conditions. The samples were then analyzed to determine the species metal ions. Duncan’s test using SAS software was run to analyze the data, which showed that in samples calcium, magnesium and sodium increased more significantly in the vegetative stage than in the flowering stage. The results indicated that determining the nutrient content of forage, detecting the nutrients imbalance, and timing the animals grazing can improve animal nutrition in rangelands and support valuable rangeland plants. Moreover, adding supplements to rangelands and forage can compensate for mineral elements deficiency.