فهرست مطالب gholam reza garmaroudi

Satisfaction of patients is among the top priorities of health‑care providers. Meeting with families is essential for patients who are admitted to various wards, although it has been restricted for many reasons such as its impact on physiologic indicators. This present research study aimed to exploring the influence of scheduled meetings on physiological indicators of hospitalized patients satisfaction facing acute myocardial infarction in the intensive care unit.

This study was a nonrandomized clinical trial with a control group conducted in the cardiac care unit ward of Hamadan’s Ekbatan Hospital. Sixty patients with acute myocardial infarction were chosen through convenient sampling and assigned to intervention (planned meeting) and control (routine meeting) groups in a nonrandomized manner. Data were collected by a researcher‑made questionnaire of patient satisfaction and the observatory checklist of physiologic indicators and then analyzed in IBM SPSS Statistics v23.

The total mean score of satisfaction did not significantly differ between the two groups (P = 0.921). The satisfaction of patients for “the conduct of visitors” was significantly higher in the intervention group (P = 0.005). During the study, no meaningful difference was found between the two groups for physiologic indicators (P > 0.05), while these indicators, except for blood O2 saturation, were meaningfully increased in the control group during routine meetings (P < 0.05).

Planned meetings did not promote total satisfaction of patients with meetings, but improved some aspects of satisfaction, such as the conduct of visitors. The planned meeting is recommended as an alternative for a routine meeting, as it did not affect the physiologic indicators of patients in the intervention group.

Exercise self‑efficacy has been identified as one of the primary determinants of physical activity in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, assessment of exercise self‑efficacy is important to be measured with valid and reliable scale to provide tailored interventions.

The English version of the exercise self‑efficacy scale was translated into Persian using a forward‑backward translation approach. Factorial validity was conducted using the expletory factor analysis (EFA) and the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). In addition, construct validity was performed using convergent and known‑group validity. Reliability was evaluated by internal consistency and test‑retest reliability. Participants were recruited from two hospitals (MS clinics).

Expletory factor analysis identified a single factor structure which explained 64.7% variance in exercise self‑efficacy scale (EXSE). CFA supported a single factor structure with a good model fit. Average variance extracted = 0.60 and composite reliability = 0.93 values confirmed the convergent validity. The known‑group validity was verified with significant differences between subgroups. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient = 0.93 and intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.85 supported reliability of EXSE scale.

Our findings provided sufficient evidence of validity and reliability for EXSE scale in people with MS. This measure can utilize by researchers and health‑care providers in studies and clinical practice as a robust measure to assess exercise self‑efficacy and to develop interventions in people with MS.

Orofacial cleft is one of the most common congenital malformations of craniofacial region. Otitis media with effusion causing conductive hearing loss is a considerable challenge for many children with cleft lip and palate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of hearing disorders and associated malformations in these patients. The research population consisted of patients with cleft palate, between years 2012 and 2014, who were referred to Children’s Medical Center and Vali-e-Asr hospital in Tehran, Iran. Otoscopic examination, tympanometry, pure tone audiometry and echocardiography were performed for each patient. Among patients with cleft palate, 73% suffered from hearing disorders. There was no relationship between prevalence of hearing loss and sex, presence of other congenital anomalies and degree of cleft, but middle ear diseases were significantly higher in children younger than 2 years. Among patients with cleft lip or palate, 10% suffered from cleft lip, 63% suffered from cleft palate and 27% suffered from cleft lip and palate. There was at least one congenital anomaly in 53% of patients. This study demonstrates high prevalence of otitis media with effusion and conductive hearing loss in patients with cleft. However, audiologic problems are alleviated when patients become older.

Social health as an aspect of general health is an approach that refers to healthy social interactions and its close relationship with other dimensions of health including physical and mental health. Therefore, the functional unit in this approach is on individual level, in multiple interactions with layers with other people among the family, school, workplace, neighborhood, residence place, and ultimately the community. This study aimed to investigate the concept and areas of social health of the workplace, its protective factors and risk factors from the perspective of the personnel and managers in a health center in eastern Tehran. This study was conducted through focused group discussions with main stakeholders including staff in the headquarters and front line of a health center in Tehran based on the qualitative research methodology. Sampling method was based on the purposive sampling including 20 participants arranged in three groups. In order to analyze data, framework analysis was employed consequently. In this research, the concept of social well-being of the work environment is defined as indicators of healthy social behaviors, free of violence environments, lack of stress and insecurity, calmness in the workplace, personnel recognition, common organizational goals, job security, benefits, creativity and job satisfaction. Positive organizational values (organizational culture), positive (vertical) organizational relationships, proportionate expenditure, mental health, support of supervisors, interest in the work and the proportion of job duties with salaries and benefits as protective factors and environmental pollution, high levels of job responsibility, feelings of discrimination and injustice, unskilled managers, and instrumental attitudes towards employees have also been identified as the most important risk factors for the social well-being of work environments. The study showed that social health is an independent concept and is characterized by unique characteristics such as employee recognition, corporate organizational goals, job prospects, job security, job satisfaction, and creativity. Healthy social behaviors, an environment free of violence and stress, are also common indicators of social health in work environment and other environments including the family environment, school, community, and community. In general, it could be concluded that the necessity of changing the nature and concept of work from a crop-based approach to a health-oriented approach is the most important result of this research.

Adolescence is known as a stressful period in the process of growth which they experience a lot of emotional, physical and cognitive changes at the same time. It is important to develop life skills in this age group. The goal of the study was whether life skills training affect the social and coping skills and aggression in high school students. A total of 100 high school students entered the study using a pretest-posttest assessment. All received life skills training (including coping skills, social skills and aggression control) during four sessions that each lasted 120 minutes. To compare the results before and after life skills training, four questionnaires including the individual characteristics of the study samples, the aggression test, the social skills test, and the coping skills checklist were used. Life skills training had a positive and significant effect on social and coping skills. The results also showed there was a significant decrease in aggression among students. It is necessary to implement life skills training programs for a better and comprehensive development in students. Moreover, considering the formation of personality at an early age and the current situation of society, learning these skills at an early age seems more desirable.

This study aimed to design and assess a comprehensive questionnaire about the violence against women in an Iranian population. This study was a sequential exploratory mixed method.. According to the results of the qualitative Research and the revising of texts ,the primitive instruments were designed. Face validity ,content validity (by measuring content validity toward content validity index)and construct validity(by analysis of exploratory factor) were used to determine the validity of instruments and therefore internal consistency and test-retest method were used to determine reliability of instruments.In face validity 7items were excluded due to a score less than 1.5.In content validity by taking the 0.79 cut-off point to assess content validity index and 0.59 cut-off point to 34 items were elimented. And thus the number of items reduced to 58. validity by exploratory factor analysis was performed. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a six-factor model items including: Social factors undermining family stability, unhealthy life skills of couples, improper and insufficient teachings to couples , unhealthy treating of wives toward their husbands, Family support paradox, immediacy. These six factors explained 75% of variance violence against women. therefore internal consistency and test-retest method were used to determine reliability of instruments(α=0.987), (ICC=0.992).
Considering that all validity and reliability indexes of the questionnaire are reported in an appropriate level, violence against women’ questionnaire can be used as a valid and reliable questionnaire in measuring domestic violence in Iranian married men. However ,future research is recommended to evaluate usability of the study in other cultural settings.

Reviewing the reproductive health indicators (RHIs) provides the possibility of periodic health system performance evaluation to achieve balanced development. This study aimed to determine the trend of ten reproductive health indicators changes during 2002-2011, and examining their relationship with the Human Development Index (HDI).
In this ecological study the trend of ten reproductive health indicators from five selected provinces of Iran were mapped. Then the relationship of these ten indicators with HDI was investigated using non parametric Spearman's rank correlation coefficient in SPSS v. 20.
There was a statistically significant direct and strong correlation between the percentage of childbirth by a trained person and HDI (r= 0.9, p=0.037).
In our study, it can be expected that the provinces with similar reproductive health indicators, likely have similar HDI.

Mental health plays a vital role in psycho-social development of an individual in various periods of life, particularly during adolescence. Addressing the mental health problems of adolescents is considered as a global health promotion and disease prevention priority. The aim of this study was to assess the mental health status of adolescent boys and determine the role of contextual factors and life skills in predicting mental health of the students in 2016 and present n appropriate model.
This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 550 secondary male school tudents, selected by cluster random sampling, in Ray County, Iran. Data were collected using a standard valid General Health Questionnaires (GHQ-28) and a life skills questionnaire and analyzed using the SPSS software 22.0, the statistical tests being Chi-square and logistic regression.
Analysis of the data showed that 46.9% of the students were suspected of having mental health problems, the rest (53.1%) having no disorder. The most common disorder (56%) was in the social functioning. As regards life skills, the proportions of the students with a low, moderate and high life skills were 35.3%, 32.5% and 32.2%, respectively. Statistically significant correlations were found between mental health and its four dimensions on the one hand and the independent variables, namely, self-awareness, decision-making and age on the other.
The findings indicate a fairly moderate prevalence of mental disorders among the students and demonstrate the role of life skills training in promotimg mental health in adolescents and the youth.

It is generally assumed that menopause and other age-related physiological changes can significantly decline the quality of life of the elderly. The aim of this study was to compare the quality of life of the elderly members of a supportive community (Jahandidgan Organization Health Center) with the non-members of the supportive community.

This study measured the level of the quality of life in 344 elderly people using the original Lipad Life Quality questionnaire for the elderly. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics, and chi-square test, t-test and one-way ANOVA were used.

The means for the quality of life in elderly members of supportive community and non-members were 63.9 ± 12.6 and 62.8 ± 12.5, respectively, so there was not a statistically significant difference. The quality of life of older adults was significantly correlated with the level of education, their housing status, and diseases (p<0.05).

The quality of life of the elderly is not only influenced by demographic variables, but it is also affected by various social, economic, cultural variables, and diseases. Hence, the social participation of the elderly is needed to be investigated and taken into account by policymakers.

This study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of medication discrepancies and its related factors using medication reconciliation method in patients admitted to the emergency department of Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospitals.
In this cross-sectional study, 200 adult patients with at least one chronic disease that used two regular prescription medications were included in 2015. After 24 h of admission, demographic data and patient's home medications were collected. Medication discrepancies were assessed through comparison of a best possible medication history list with the physician's orders.
Out of 200 patients (mean age, 61.5 yr; 86 males, 114 women), 77.5% of patients had one or more medication discrepancies. The most common discrepancies were medication omission (35.49%), change (14.22%) and substitution (10.97%), respectively. The relationship between number of comorbid conditions (P=0.025), regular home medications (P= A medication discrepancy occurs commonly at hospital emergency department. Understanding the type and frequency of discrepancies with using structured medication reconciliation process can help clinicians to prevent them.

Arbitrary use of antibiotics has caused resistance to antibiotics to become a major health problem. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on the health belief model on reduction of arbitrary use of antibiotics in women referred to health units under coverage of South Tehran Health Center
This study was a randomized controlled trial including 396 patients, conducted in 10 randomly health centers allocated as intervention or control groups. The data were collected using questionnaires. The educational intervention included holding educational classes, distribution of pamphlets, hanging posters/flyers, and sending SMSes. The content of education was based on health pattern constructs as regards effects of arbitrary use of antibiotics. Before and after the intervention, the questionnaires were completed by the subjects and the resulting data analyzed using the SPSS software and appropriate statistical tests.
Analysis of the data showed statistically significant differences between mean scores of the health belief model components (knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers) and practice in both the intervention and control groups before and after the educational intervention (p Considering the self-reported increased awareness and decreased practice in the intervention group, it seems that the health belief model is an appropriate model for reducing arbitrary use of antibiotics.

Bullying is considered a serious health problem in primary schools, high schools, and universities. It can have negative effects on both the bully and who is bullied. The negative consequences of it include depression, anxiety, drug abuse, etc. These consequences can be devastating in many areas of the person’s future life like his/her relations with other people. The current study aims at investigating the factors that students and teachers believe can affect bullying.
A qualitative design based on content analysis approach was used to collect the data and analyze the perspective of 72 Iranian students, 12 teachers, and 9 parents chosen by a purposeful sampling strategy in Gonabad. Semi-structured interviews were held in order to collect the data. Sampling was continued until the data saturation. The data were analyzed using a qualitative content analysis approach by MAXQUDA 2010 software.
In this study, five factors associated with bullying were identified. The factors include ‘psychological factors’, ‘family factors’, ‘school factors’, ‘socioeconomic factors’, and ‘the influence of the media’. The first factor includes four sub-factors of psychiatric disorder, pride and arrogance, jealousy, and imposing will and opinions on others. The second factor includes four sub-factors of family violence, wrong parenting, siblings’ bullying behavior, and parental employment. The third factor includes four sub-factors of not paying attention to the students’ inappropriate behaviors, discrimination against the students, teachers’ behaviors, and peer influence. The fourth factor includes three sub-factors of the lack of patience, neighbors’ influence on our behaviors, and poverty. And the fifth factor includes two sub-factors of the influence of social media and the Internet, and violent video games.
Bullying has different aspects and, therefore, we should pay attention to its psychological causes, family problems, school problems, and social and economic factors, etc. we should pay more attention to the lack of patience as a religious-mental variable which seems to be closely linked with a behavioral issue.

Pedestrians are the most vulnerable road users. In many cases, pedestrian-vehicle crashes are often the result of their risky road crossing behaviors. So, this qualitative study aimed to explore the reasons for risky road crossing behaviors among young people.
Methods & Materials: The current study was designed as a qualitative content analysis. Twelve males and females who had a car-accident were purposefully selected with maximum variation sampling. Data were collected and analyzed by semi-structured individual interviews.
Conformity with the masses including “conformity with peers and conformity with the public space of society”, and anomie emerged as the most important social reasons for young pedestrian’s risky road crossing behaviors.
According to the results of this study, young pedestrian’s risky road crossing behaviors are affected by conformity with the masses and peers and as well as anomie so that risky behaviors have been commonplace and inevitable and a part of their lifestyle.

Various theory-based interventions (TBIs) have been done to prevent STI/HIV. The current study aimed at reviewing the TBIs for STI/HIV prevention in Iran.

We systematically searched 6 English and Persian electronic databases to identify TBIs conducted for STI/HIV prevention in Iran. General searches were conducted using PubMed MeSH terms. Articles were included if they were interventional and conducted using models and theories, aimed at reducing the risk of STIs, were quasi-experimental or experimental, and if their full text was available.

Overall, 1042 studies were found. Finally, 13 original studies met our inclusion criteria. The findings indicated that HBM and TPB were the most frequently used theory/models. High school students and drug abusers were the most common target groups in the included studies.

The results revealed that the majority of the conducted TBIs contained a methodological weakness. Conducting randomized controlled trials is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the TBIs.

Recent data has proven that the WHO (world health organization) cut-off for obesity is not applicable to the Asian population. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of lean NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) in the capital of Iran and extract probable predictors for this growing health issue in this population.
This is a population-based cross-sectional study on apparently healthy subjects over 18 years of age. The participants were interviewed for baseline demographic and clinical information. They were subsequently referred for physical examination and blood sampling. NAFLD was diagnosed using abdominal ultrasonography by a single expert radiologist.
Of 927 eligible participants who entered the study, 314 were lean; BMI (body mass index) The prevalence of NAFLD in lean subjects in a sample of Iranian population is 17.52%. Hypertriglyceridemia, higher SBP, and higher BMI especially over 23.2 are independent factors associated with the presence of NAFLD in lean subjects.

This study was conducted to assess the quality of life as an outcome of health services among high school students in Tehran, Iran.
This cross-sectional study included 1500 high school students in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using the health-related quality of life questionnaire “KIDSCREEN-27” and analyzed using SPSS software version 23. The level of significance was set at p The quality of life amongst the participants was found to be moderate. The highest and lowest scores were for the parents’ relations and physical and psychological wellbeing dimensions, respectively. Based on multivariate linear regression, gender was a statistically significant predictor of the physical wellbeing dimension. Further analysis of the data showed gender and choosing a family to live with to be statistically significant predictors of psychological wellbeing dimension, while maternal education and choosing a family to live with were statistically significant predictors of parents’ relations and autonomy dimension. Finally, father’s job and choosing a family to live with were predictors of peer and social support and school environment dimensions, respectively.
The quality of life of the participants was moderate, which is not acceptable. It is recommended to design and implement intervention programs to improve the quality of life of high school students with an emphasis on physical and psychological wellbeing dimensions.

Sex education is an important health issue among adolescents. Mothers are the most reliable source of information for adolescents’ sex education so they should be equipped with proper knowledge, attitude, and practice to be able to educate their children properly. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of group education on knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers of adolescent girls as regards sex education in Tehran, 2015.
This was a randomized controlled trial including 30 mothers of adolescent girls randomly assigned to an intervention and 30 in a control group. The knowledge, attitude, and practice of mothers about sex education of their adolescnt girls were determined using valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaires. Based on the results, the intervention group, then, attended three educational sessions (active learning, group discussions) of 45-60 minutes duration each. The control group received only educational pamphlets. Three months after the intervention outcome variables were measured in both groups. Data were analyzed by the SPSS-22 using the Chi-Square, exact Fisher and T-tests.
There were no statistically differences in the knoweldge, attitude and practice of sex education between the two groups at baseline (p>0.05). After the intervention, the mean scores of the study variables increased significantly (p0.05).
It can be concluded that group education could bring about significant changes in the knowledge, attitude and practice of the mothers of adoloscent girls as regards sex education.

The present study was conducted to validate the international version of the resilience scale (CYRM-28) among adolescent youth students.
The first original scale was translated into Persian language by two experts. Then an integrated version of the two was translated to the language of the original version again; then it was ensured that the content of the Persian and English version's was matched. The Persian version scale was filled in by 412 high school students (270 males and 142 females) in Tehran, who were selected as a random cluster. Regarding the clear scale structure to assess the validity, construct validity was used (confirmatory factor analysis) using the LISREL software version 8.8. In addition, scale reliability was examined using the two methods of internal correlation coefficient and test-retest.
Findings: Fit Index confirmed the resilience scale's fit ness in confirmatory factor analysis. In examining the reliability using the internal correlation calculation method (Cranach’s alpha), the value of each sub-scale item, as well as that of total questions was higher than the standard value of 0.7 to confirm the tool's reliability. In examining the reliability using test-retest method, correlation coefficient of each sub-scale in two steps was at an acceptable level and significant.
The present study confirmed the three-factor structure of CYRM-28 scale, including the individual sub-scale's relationship with the primary caregiver and contextual factors in the Persian version of the scale. This study showed that the reliability and validity of the Persian version of CYRM-28 was suitable for measuring the resilience of Iranian children and youth.

With increasing age, the prevalence of chronic diseases increases. Since health‑promoting behaviors (HPB) are considered a basic way of preventing diseases, especially chronic diseases, it is important to assess HPB. This study examines the validity and reliability of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP‑II).
This is a cross‑sectional study which is conducted on 502 elderly individuals aged 60 and over in Tehran, Iran. In order to determine the validity, content and construct validity were used. The content validity index (CVI) was used to assess the content validity and to assess construct validity, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and item‑total correlations were employed. For reliability, test‑retest analysis was used, and the internal consistency of the HPLP‑II was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha. For data analysis, SPSS‑18 and Amos‑7 software was used.
The mean age of the subjects was 66.3 ± 5.3 years. The CVI for the revised HPLP‑II and all its subscales was higher than 0.82. The CFA confirmed a six‑factor model aligned with the original HPLP‑II. Pearson correlation coefficients between the revised HPLP‑II and their items were in range of 0.27–0.65. Cronbach’s alpha of the revised HPLP‑II was obtained as 0.78 and for their subscales were in the range of 0.67–0.84. Intraclass correlation coefficient was obtained 0.79 (95% confidence interval: 0.59–0.86, P The Iranian HPLP‑II scale is an appropriate tool for assessing HPBs of the Iranian elderly.

Healthy lifestyle is a major strategy to promote current and subsequent health status. The aim of this study was to assess the status of health‑promoting the lifestyle and its determinants among students.
A stratified random sample of 500 students in a university in the city of Sabzevar, Iran participated in this cross‑sectional study. Health‑promoting lifestyle was measured using Walker’s health‑promoting lifestyle profile II.
There was a significant correlation between all domains of health‑promoting the lifestyle. The highest score among the domains was for an interpersonal relationship (70.8%), and the lowest score was for nutrition (53.6%), and physical activity (53.4%). Significant differences were found in physical activity by gender (P ≤ 0.05). There were significant differences in health responsibility, spiritual growth and body mass index by marital status (P Since one out of five students in this study were overweight/obese, health program planning to promote lifestyle, especially physical activity and nutrition among students is recommended. Our findings may be helpful for faculty administrators, curriculum planners, and health educators in designing guidelines to structuralize a healthier campus and to develop health promotion programs supporting healthy choices among students.

This study aimed to determine the effect of education on health belief model on preventive behaviors of domestic violence among female secondary school students in Tehran. 242 female students in high schools of Tehran were divided randomly into two groups (intervention and control). Data collection tool were a questionnaire composed of demographic information and health belief model structures before the intervention, a pre-test was performed, and then based on the results of a training program about domestic violence, and intervention was conducted in intervention group. 3 months after the intervention, the same questionnaires were given to fill out. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and Chi-Square, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests. The results showed that scores of knowledge (P=0.324), attitude (P>0.05) and practice (P=0.758) in both intervention and control groups were not significantly different before training, but after training, knowledge scores and in the case of health belief model scores of perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers and performance significant difference was observed (P<0.001) but in the case of operation (P=0.837) and efficacy (P=0.262) the difference was not significant statistically. The results of this study showed the effect of education on health belief model on awareness, perceptions, attitude and practice of students about domestic violence about preventive behaviors. A training program based on this model for female students in all academic courses was proposed to be implemented.

Self-efficacy is one of the main contributing factors in adoption of healthy behaviors Measure of self-efficacy measurement is important in health planning and interventions. Current study examined the reliability and validity of Selfe rated Abilities for Health Practice Scale for Health Practice Scale (SRAHPS) in the Iranian elderly. This is a descriptive study - applied that conducted on 310 elderly in Tehran. The applied instrument was SRAHPS questionnaire. Forward-Backward method used for the translation. CVI index and factor analysis were used to assess the content validity and construct validity, respectively. Ten percent of study population selected for test-retest reliability and have been interviewed following two weeks. Internal consistency of the questionnaire was tested by Cronbach's alpha and SPSS-18 software used for data analysis. The mean age of the participants was 67.1±5.9 years. Content validity Index of the questionnaire and all of its domains were greater than 0.82. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a four-factor model explaining 63.89% of the variation. Confirmatory factor analysis also showed fitness of good. Cronbach's alpha for the instrument and its subscale was ranged between 0.73 to 0.84. The ICC for the instrument 0.76 and for its subscale ranged between 0.76 to 0.84. The present study showed that the SRAHPS questionnaire has acceptable reliability and validity for the assessment of self-efficacy in the Iranian elders.

because of a dramatic rise in mental disorders among all age groups such as elderly, paying attention to the elderly mental health and identifying their mental disorders such as depression and dementia is really essential. Thus, there is a need to valid screening measures for common conditions in aged population. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) in the elderly. in the first, Persian version of BDI-II was prepared using Forward-Backward method. After this, the BDI-II and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) were administered to 233 subjects over the age of 60 selected by stratified random sampling in Qom City, Iran. The BDI and GHQ-28 were examined at about a two-month interval. Twenty-four elder were withdrawn during the retest of BDI-II, so that the retest conducts to 209 subjects. Finally, data was analyzed via SPSS-18. 12.9% of study population had major depression; %24/9 and% 45/1 of were rated as middle a mild depression, respectively. The BDI showed significant positive internal consistency (Alpha=0.92) and test–retest reliability (r=0.64), Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC=0.81), convergent validity with GHQ-28(n-209) was significantly positive(r=0.80) Conclusion this study indicated that the Iranian version of the BDI-II is valid, reliable and appropriate instrument for screening depression in elderly.

Aim: School bullying is a worldwide problem and crosses national boundaries. Students involved in bullying have a greater chance of developing emotional and behavioral disorders, as well as a higher risk of engaging in criminal behavior later in their lives. This study aims to examine the prevalence of bullying behavior and some of its associated factors among male middle school students in Tehran, Iran.
Overall, 1803 middle school students, aged 11 to 15, were enrolled in the study between January and March, 2012. Bullying behavior of and on participants was evaluated using Persian version of the revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ).
Findings: More than 55% of students reported being involved in bullying behaviors in school, either as a victim (51%), a bully (31%) or both a bully and a victim (18%). The most common subtypes of bullying were verbal (61.3%), physical (47.6%), and indirect (50.3%) bullying. In a regression analysis, the number of student's close friends, their age, their father's education level and home atmosphere were the only significant predictors of bullying behavior.
The prevalence of bullying among Iranian middle school students is highly concerning; hence, implementation of a comprehensive, school-based anti-bullying program is an urgent need because students, who are involved in bullying behavior, are at higher risk for developing psychosocial disorders and engaging in criminal behavior later in their lives.

There is no documented evidence regarding elderly day care centers in Iran. This needs analysis study was conducted to investigate the demand for elderly day care centers in Tehran. This cross-sectional study was conducted recruiting 210 participants aged over 60 who were members of the elderly retirement centers in Tehran in 2012. Data were gathered by Kansas state university questionnaire and analyzed using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. About 80% of participants were men with the mean age of 67. 5±5. 23 years. Results showed that male (P<0. 001)، married (P=0. 01) and literate elderly (P<0. 001)، and those living in rental homes (P<0. 001) expressed a greater need for elderly day care centers. There was no statistically significant relationship between the lifestyle (P=0. 051) and income (P=0. 08) of the participants and demand for elderly day care centers. Given the rising population of the elderly and their high demand for day care centers، it is necessary to establish well-equipped day care centers for this group of people. Also، these centers may reduce the burden of care for the aged people on public services and family care givers.