gholamreza dehbozorgi

Nail biting is a common behavior in children that may be connected to some environmental factors like parental problems or parenting styles. The purpose of this study was to compare marital satisfaction, parenting style, and attachment style in parents of children with and without nail biting. 

This research was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The population consisted of all pre-school and primary school students with nail biting behaviors in Shiraz in 2015. To select a sample (284 parents), 10 schools were selected from each area of Shiraz by cluster sampling and then 40 pre-school and primary school students were selected from each school by convenience sampling. Afterwards, their parents were asked to complete ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (Olson, 1989), Baumrind's Parenting Styles Questionnaire (Baumrind, 1972), and Revised Adult Attachment Scale (Collins & Read, 1996). Data were analyzed by T-tests and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) by using SPSS Version 24 Software.

Results demonstrated that there was no significant difference between mothers of the nail biting and control groups in terms of marital satisfaction, parenting style, and attachment style at P>0.05. Also, no such a difference was found between the fathers.

Based on the results of this study, it can be suggested that nail biting behavior may be directly or indirectly influenced by some variables that deserve further investigations.

To evaluate the effectiveness of a Cognitive-Behavioral therapy (CBT) for suicide prevention in decreasing suicidal ideation and hopelessness in a sample of depressed 12 to 18 year-old adolescents who had at least one previous suicidal attempt. In a clinical trial, 30 depressed adolescents who attempted suicide in the recent 3 months were selected using simple sampling method and divided randomly into intervention and wait-list control groups. Both groups received psychiatric interventions as routine. The intervention group received a 12 session (once a week) of CBT program according to the package developed by Stanley et al, including psychoeducational interventions and individual and family skills training modules. All of the patients were evaluated by Scale for Suicidal Ideation, Beck's hopelessness Inventory, and Beck's Depression Inventory before the intervention and after 12 weeks. There were significant differences between the two groups regarding the scores of the above mentioned scales after 12 weeks. Fifty-four to 77 percent decreases in the mean scores of the used scales were observed in the invention group. There were no significant changes in the scores of the control wait-list group. The differences between pre- and post-intervention scores in the intervention group were significant. CBT is an effective method in reducing suicidal ideation and hopelessness in the depressed adolescents with previous suicidal attempts.

This is a parallel, three group, randomized, controlled clinical trial, with outcomes evaluated up to three months after randomization for children and adolescents with chronic nail biting. The current study investigates the efficacy of habit reversal training (HRT) and compares its effect with object manipulation training (OMT) considering the limitations of the current literature. Ninety one children and adolescents with nail biting were randomly allocated to one of the three groups. The three groups were HRT (n=30), OMT (n=30), and wait-list or control group (n=31). The mean length of nail was considered as the main outcome. The mean length of the nails after one month in HRT and OMT groups increased compared to the waiting list group (P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively). In long term, both OMT and HRT increased the mean length of nails (P<0.01), but HRT was more effective than OMT (P<0.021). The parent-reported frequency of nail biting did show similar results as to the mean length of nails assessment in long term. The number of children who completely stopped nail biting in HRT and OMT groups during three months was 8 and 7, respectively. This number was zero during one month for the wait-list group. This trial showed that HRT is more effective than wait-list and OMT in increasing the mean length of nails of children and adolescents in long terms.

Some chronic diseases like cancer, and its side effects such as depression, are considered as stressful life events. But, these reactions are not the real results of the mentioned disease and depend on the pressure compensatory factors, like social support, and the performance of confront methods with stress, such as religious coping. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relation of depression, religious coping, and social support in the women with breast cancer. In our research, 240 patients with breast cancer were selected randomly (without considering of the disease stage) and were assisted with self report questionnaires (Beck depression test, religious coping, and social support). The correlation between religious coping and depression was significant and negative (-0.61; P < 0.01). Also, the correlation between depression and social support was significant and negative (-0.84; P < 0.01). But the correlation between social support and religious coping was significant and positive (0.62; P < 0.001). The results showed that as the score of religious coping and social support decrease, an increase in the depression score is observed and vice versa. Corresponding to the Beck depression test, 34.2% of the patients had moderate and severe depression. This research showed the effective role of social support and religious coping in decreasing depression score in the women with breast cancer which should be considered in therapeutic counseling services. Incidentally, the high rate of depression prevalence in these patients should be highlighted for the people in charged.

Psychological factors have been suggested to play a role in the maintenance and etiology of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), but its exact cause is complicated and multifactorial. This study aimed to compare anxiety and depression between patients with TMD and matched healthy individuals. A total of 150 individuals including 75 TMD patients and 75 healthy volunteers were included in this case-control investigation. The participants were matched according to age, sex, occupation and socio-economic status. In order to collect demographic and general health information, all subjects were asked to fill-out questionnaires. Symptoms of anxiety were measured with the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scale and symptoms of depression with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scale. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, independent sample T-test and two-way ANOVA with SPSS software. The mean score for BDI was 15.2 in the case and 8.36 in the control groups, which showed a significant difference. BDI was not significantly different between males and females. State and Trait scores were significantly higher in the TMD patients as compared to the controls. A significant difference was not observed in Trait anxiety between the two sexes but men revealed significantly higher State anxiety scores than women. These findings indicate that depression and anxiety were more prevalent among TMD patients in comparison to the normal population. Therefore psychological consultation for both men and women with TMD should be considered in the treatment plan.