gholamreza esmaeeli djavid

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a demonstrated therapeutic method for basal cellcarcinoma (BCC), which is the most common human cancer. Here, we present a case report about systemic PDT with chlorine e6 as a photosensitizer (PS) for BCC treatment. 

Case Report:

A 78-year-old man was diagnosed with a history of a 4-year nodular BCC in the nasal area. The patient was under control and treatment for hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Chlorine e6 was injected intravenously at a 0.08 mg/kg dosage in 500 cc normal saline within 20 minutes. Three hours after injection, laser irradiation was performed with a wavelength of 665 nm, a dosage of 150 J/cm2, and an irradiance value of 150 mW/cm2. His nodular BCC was completely cured without any side effects after one session of PDT with chlorine e6.

Systemic PDT with chlorine e6 as a PS may be safe and effective in removing BCC lesions due to the data obtained in a two-month follow-up.

NIR Laser application in bacteria is often focused on mortality and antibiotic efficacy. The literature records on this point are absolutely diverse from mortality in different degrees to immortality and even viability enhancement. The aim of this study is to investigate 808 nm laser effects on E.coli-DH5α viability and Growth with CFU, MTT and FCM assays. To obtain the purpose, bacteria in LB media put on with 808nm laser on 100 and 200 J/cm2 dosages and were investigated and compared by CFU, MTT and FCM assay. CFU assay results after 24 hours incubation were not significantly different between laser treatments and control. (P=0.06). In contrast, MTT assay results after 1 hours from laser treatment indicated significant deleterious effects in 200 J/cm2 laser treatment compared with control(P=0.006). On the other hand, FCM assay results of laser treatments with using of PI and Triton X100 not only approved MTT assay results but also revealed some dose dependent changes on bacteria ranging from increase membrane permeability to lethal damages. As a conclusion of the results in these method assays, we can state that these different laser doses produce diverse effects on viability and growth in E.coli-DH5α. Consequently the laser treatments could be planned for antibiotic purposes or enhancing gene transformation process.

An important challenge in neurobiology is to stimulate a single neuron, especially in deep areas of the brain. The optogenetics methods need a surgical operation to convey light sources to targeted cells. Nowadays, non-invasive tools such as sonogenetics with the ability to modulate and visualizing cellular and molecular processes have attracted much attention. The study of the biological functions of living organisms always requires tools for monitoring and imaging dynamically. Current sonogenetic approaches use ultrasound as a non-invasive tool to precisely control cellular function. In general, sonogenetics includes the development of mechano-sensitive proteins, approaches for introducing their genes to specific cells, targeted stimulation, and finally, reading the outcome. Hence, to prepare a short review of emerging technology sonogenetics, we summarized the introduction of sound waves, the mechano-sensitive proteins commonly used in sonogenetics, and potential therapeutic applications of sonogenetics for biological research and medicine. This short review would beneficiate in the translation of sonogenetics from present in-vitro and in-vivo investigations to clinical therapies.

Non-clinical cardiovascular drug safety assessment is the main step in the progress of new pharmaceutical products. Cardiac drug safety testing focuses on a delayed rectifier potassium channel block and QT interval prolongation, whereas optogenetics is a powerful technology for modulating the electrophysiological properties of excitable cells.

For this purpose, the blue light-gated ion channel, channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), has been introduced into isolated primary neonatal cardiomyocytes via a lentiviral vector. After being subjected to optical stimulation, transmembrane potential and intracellular calcium were assessed.

Here, we generated cardiomyocytes expressing ChR2 (light-sensitive protein), that upon optical stimulation, the cardiomyocytes depolarized result from alterations of membrane voltage and intracellular calcium.

This cell model was easily adapted to a cell culture system in a laboratory, making this method very attractive for therapeutic research on cardiac optogenetics.

Cervical and ovarian cancers are well-known causes of death among women in developing countries. There are various technologies to treat cancer cells, but the polyphenolic compound is a natural one and has an anti-cancer effect. Sinensetin is one of them and is found in Orthosiphon stamineus and citrus fruits. Since combination therapy is more effective than drug treatment alone, in this study, we investigated combination therapy using sinensetin and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to enhance treatment.

The cancer cells purchased from Pasteur Institute, Iran, were cultured. The cells were treated with various concentrations of sinensetin (0.1-1-10-50,150 μg/mL for 24 hours), wavelengths of laser therapy (660 nm) and power density (3 J/cm2) for different times)30, 60, and 90seconds) separately. Furthermore, sensitivity of cells to sinensetin, LLLT and combined therapy was determined by clonogenic assays. To measure DNA damage and repair at individual cell level used comet assay. To examine the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species used 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) as an intracellular probe. To analyze data we used SPSS software and comparison between groups was used (ANOVA) and t test statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17 software. Data are presented as means – standard error of mean. The level of statistical significance was set at a two-tailed P value of 0.05. All tests were performed in triplicate.

Our results demonstrated that the doubling time for CHO is more than Hella cells, with 20.7 and 27.7 h for each cell respectively. The pretreatments (first LLLT, then sinensetin) can decrease the viability of both cell lines more than the first treatment (sinensetin + LLLT). In the clonogenic assay, the pretreatment of cells with LLLT and Sinensetin significantly reduced the surviving fraction of both cell lines. MTT results showed that pretreatment with LLLT and Sinensetin can increase cell death compared to Sinensetin and LLLT alone. Production of ROS within the cell was enhanced with LLLT + sinensetin.

Our result indicated that combined therapy with LLLT and Sinensetin can treat CHO and Hela cells better than the other groups.Combination treatment with sinensetin-LLLT and the other treatment means, sinensetin and LLLT alone, did not change the cell viability significantly.

 Understanding the associations among different disorders remarkably improves their diagnosis and treatments. Celiac disease is the most complicated and prevalent form of immune-mediated diseases. On the other hand, inflammatory bowel diseases lead to inflammation of the intestine with an unknown cause. Although inflammatory bowel diseases have been often thought of as an autoimmune disorder, they can be triggered by whatever that can lead to the inflammation in the whole bowel. Henceforth, both aforementioned diseases are related to autoimmune attacks and cause a sort of inflammatory event, which exploring trade-off among them supposedly will lead to discovering important genes and, in turn, to the possible common therapeutic protocols. In the current study, we aimed to determine the correlation between the common genes in celiac disease and inflammatory bowel diseases.

 314 and 851 genes correlated with celiac disease and inflammatory bowel diseases respectively extracted from DisGeNET were subjected to an in-silico data analysis framework to mine prognosticates genes and the associated pathways.

149 shared genes between these diseases regulated by highlighted transcription factors NFKB1, IRF1, STAT1, HSF1, GATA3 were characterized as discriminating molecules, which by further screening were enriched in pathways mostly involved in apoptosis, T cell activation, and cytokine, chemokine, and interleukin signaling.

We observed that the identified common genes were associated with a wide range of pathogenic mechanisms underlying these diseases.

Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has been investigated to cope with the increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. PDI employs nontoxic photosensitizers (PSs), which localize in the microbial cells and are activated by a specific wavelength of visible light. The main purpose of this study was to explore the PDI effect of methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue O (TBO) on Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and clinical isolate of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli.

Effect of PSs concentration (12.5, 25, 50 µg/ml) and laser irradiation time (10, 20, 30 min) on lethal photosensitization was investigated.

Methylene blue (50 µg/ml) photosensitization using red laser light (163.8 J/cm2) was able to achieve reductions of 53.1% and 37.6% in the viable counts of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and clinical isolate of MDR Escherichia coli (using starting concentrations of 104–105 CFU ml-1). TBO at 50 µg/ml, 46.8 Jcm-2, exhibited 0.7 log killing for MDR E. coli and 1.7 log killing for E. coli (ATCC 25922).

In our study, the selected MDR isolate was more resistant to TBO-PDI-mediated killing than its ATCC reference strain. Therefore, the PDI efficacy of TBO may be affected by the antibiotic resistance mechanism that presented in MDR isolate.

Due mainly to the extensive use of antibiotics, the spread of drug-resistant bacteria is one of the most worrying threats to public health. One strategy can be used to overcome potential shortcomings might be the inactivation of these organisms by photodynamic therapy. In this study, we have investigated whether multidrug-resistant wound-associated organisms (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and ESBL-producing Escherichia coli) are sensitive to lethal photosensitization using the dye methylene blue (MB) coupled with laser light of 660 nm.

Effect of photosensitizer concentration (25, 50, 100 µg/ml) and laser light dose (27.3, 54.6 and 109.2 J/cm2) on lethal photosensitization was investigated.

All species were susceptible to kill by photodynamic inactivation. The bactericidal effect was not dependent on the concentration of methylene blue; but it was dependent on the light dose. Methylene blue photosensitization using red laser light (109.2 J cm-2) was able to achieve reductions of 99.03% and 98.95% in the viable counts of S. aureus and S. epidermidis (using starting concentrations of 104–105 CFU ml-1). Kills of 92.23% were obtained for E. coli (initial concentration 104–105 CFU ml-1) photosensitized by the red light (109.2 J cm-2).

These findings imply that methylene blue in combination with red light may be an effective means of eradicating multidrug-resistant bacteria from wounds.

This RCT was designed to evaluate the analgesic effect of single-session of NACLT on major recurrent aphthous stomatitis (maRAS).

Five patients, each with two discrete major aphthous ulcers, were included. One of the ulcers was randomly allocated to be treated with CO2 laser (1 W of power in de-focused continuous mode) and the other one served as a placebo. Before laser irradiation, a layer of transparent, non-anesthetic gel with high water content was placed on both the laser lesions and the placebo ones. The patients graded their pain on a visual analog scale up to 4 days post-operatively.

The reduction of pain scores was significantly greater in the laser group than in the placebo group in all follow-up periods (p <0.001). The procedure was not painful, and anesthesia was not required. There were no visible side effects after NACLT and during follow-up periods.

Our results suggested that irradiation of CO2 laser through a layer of transparent gel with high water content (NACLT)could reduce pain in maRAS immediately and significantly, without any visible side effects.

Diabetes Mellitus is a common metabolic disorder around the world. Chronic foot ulcers are one of the debilitating complications in patients with diabetes. Several studies have shown that bacterial colonization and bacterial load can affect healing process in these patients. In this study, the effect of low level laser therapy on bacterial load of diabetic foot ulcers was evaluated.

In this pilot study, patients with stage I and II Wagner chronic diabetic foot ulcer (more than 3 months) were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned in two laser and placebo groups. Laser parameters used in laser group were wavelength 670 nm, output power 30 mW, fluence 10 J/cm2. Bacterial load assessment was done through post debridement wound fluid collection. Three samples from 3 different sites of each wound were collected on day 0, 7, 14 after beginning of treatment.

Single and average intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for 32 samples were 0.7 and 0.873, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between laser and placebo groups before and aftertwo week-treatment according to bacterial count.

Our findings showed that post-debridement wound fluid could be used asa reproducible and noninvasive method for detecting bacterial load accurately. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of low level laser therapy on growth of bacteria in clinical conditions.