فهرست مطالب gholamreza sabzghabaei

Increasing the volume of municipal solid waste on a global scale and the consequently environmental challenges followed by the lack of appropriate waste management systems in some societies, increase the importance of using environmental friendly waste management systems in different region of the world. The followed aim of present study is to use the life cycle assessment methodology to investigate different ways of disposal and refining of municipal solid waste in Omidieh city.

For this purpose, in line with the goals and scope defined in the life cycle process, three scenarios as: landfill, compost and landfill, compost, recycling and landfill were defined and life cycle inventory was performed using the IWM-2 model. In the last stage, the environmental impact assessment of each scenario investigated as six categories based on ISO14042 guidelines framework.

 The findings of present study indicate that by processing the different fraction of municipal solid waste with compost and recycling, not only can reduce the volume of landfill waste significantly, but also can minimizing the environmental effects of municipal solid waste for third scenario compared to the other two scenarios.

The results of the life cycle assessment process performed in present study clearly shows the suitability of third scenario for neglecting the environmental effects of municipal solid waste management system in Omidieh city.

Life cycle assessment is a well-known and accurate way to compare the environmental effects of various activities, including the management of agricultural systems.

the present study was reviewed during the crop years 2011-2017. for this purpose, environmental impact analysis, iSO 14040 method was studied in four steps and six impact groups per functional unit equivalent to the production of one ton of lettuce, cabbage and bell peppers.

for this purpose, the highest values of environmental index and resource depletion index were related to lettuce and bell pepper products with values of 0.172 and 0.578, respectively. caps with values of 0.001 and 0.424, respectively, had the highest potential for environmental damage. therefore, in order to manage the amount of fertilizers used, the source of nitrogen supply as well as the time of use must be in accordance with the needs of the crop and agricultural soil to reduce nitrogen losses in any way and also adjust the equipment used to apply fertilizers.

it is ensured that the fertilizer is properly and well placed in the soil and replacing part of it with organic and non-chemical resources in agricultural ecosystems in order to reduce environmental pollution in dezful is necessary and inevitable.

The development of urbanization and the growing population of cities and consequently the large increase in the volume of municipal waste, has made solid waste management an important problem in urban planning. Waste is an inevitable product of any society and waste management is one of the main needs of that society. The present study in 2021-2022 has used the life cycle evaluation approach and SWOT matrix in order to select the best scenario of Behbahan city’s waste management system.

The study area produces an average of 120 tons of waste per day, of which 91% of waste is collected during the day and 9% at night. Per capita waste production is more than 900 grams per person. The share of waste production for each sector is as following: the residential sector is 76%, commercial 7%, industrial 5%, educational 2%, horticulture 6% and office and services 4%. 75% to 83% of residential waste is perishable materials and according to the analysis, about 79% of Behbahan city’s waste are perishable materials. Life cycle evaluation was carried out for the 5 following scenarios: 1- Recycling, compost and unhygienic landfill 2- Recycling, compost and sanitary landfill 3- Recycling and unsanitary landfill, 4- Recycling, incinerator and sanitary landfill 5- Recycling, anaerobic compost and digestion, incinerator and sanitary burial. Life cycle logging was done using IWM-2 model. Also, SWOT model was used to analyze the performance and status of gaps. It was considered to identify the threats and opportunities in the external environment of a system and to identify its internal strengths and weaknesses based on municipal waste management in order to assess the situation of the study area. Required data were collected by reviewing sources, preparing a questionnaire and field visits.

In this study, the third scenario is the current situation in the region and in terms of toxic emissions and ecological indicators, among all scenarios, it is the most environmental hazardous. Energy consumption in the first and fifth scenarios was higher than other scenarios due to unsanitary burial. The third and fifth scenarios have the most and the least role in methane production, respectively. According to the ecological index, the scenario of recycling, compost and anaerobic digestion, incinerator and sanitary burial is the best scenario. The third scenario is the worst-case scenario with the highest pollution load. The most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats according to the SWOT model are the use of appropriate urban transport machinery, lack of information about recycling and compost and landfilling of hospital and industrial waste with municipal waste, respectively. The implementation of the compost project was achieved using new technologies, abiding existing environmental laws and regulations and considering the proximity of municipal waste disposal to rural and residential areas.

The results obtained from the life cycle and the SWOT matrix can only be presented to decision makers through an environmental point of view. In order to make comprehensive decisions, economic and social factors must also be combined with environmental factors in evaluation and decision-making. Therefore, life cycle impact assessment methods and different models that exist to perform this assessment can be used to select and compare different waste management options and provide the best and most effective option for implementation, both ecologically and economically.

Life cycle assessment is a method for assessing the environmental impact of crop production. The aim of this study was to investigate the environmental effects of cabbage production in Dezful county using life cycle assessment during the 90-96 crop years.

Out of 260 people in the statistical population the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 52 people. Relevant information was collected through face-to-face referral and presentation of a questionnaire from the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture and Farmers of Dezful.Based on the method presented in ISO14040, the LCA was calculated in four steps: defining the objectives and scope of study, life cycle auditing, impact assessment and integration and interpretation of results.Depletion of water resources, fossil resources, phosphate resources and potash resources. After normalization and weighting, environmental index and resource depletion index were calculated.

The final index of the groups of the effects of global warming, acidity, depletion of water resources, fossil, phosphate and potash were calculated as 0.0011, 0.1010, 0.0021, 0.002, 0.1175 and 0.0093, respectively. Environmental index (Eco-Index) and resource depletion (RDI) were 0.0111 and 0.1309,respectively. Acidity groups and sources of phosphate depletion had the highest potential for environmental damage in the form of environmental impact groups to depletion of resources, respectively.

Managing the optimal use of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers and replacing them with various organic fertilizers, as well as the use of biofertilizers can help reduce the negative environmental effects of cabbage production in Dezful county.

In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the effects of pesticides on non-target organisms. Residues from the use of chemical pesticides have polluted the environment and put the health of humans and birds at serious risk. The main purpose of this study is to review and analyze the studies on the effects of organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate pesticides on birds, humans and the environment.

The method of data collection in this study includes library and documentary review and content analysis of studies conducted in this field.

The three main groups of chemical pesticides are organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate. Organochlorines were not used in different countries for a long time due to their long-term stability in the nature. But some of them, such as Aldrin, Lindane and Endosulfan, are still used in developing countries. Most organochlorines inhibit gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in the brain and affect the central nervous system. Organophosphates and carbamates do not accumulate in the food chain and are less stable, thus replacing organochlorine with high stability. Both organophosphate and carbamate pesticides inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.

Chemical pesticides, including organochlorine, organophosphate, and carbamate, cause endocrine disorders in humans and birds, as well as behavioral changes and compromise the immune system.

The study was conducted to evaluate the environmental effects of the production process of two types of the most important legumes (beans and lentils) in Yasuj.

The location of bean and lentil farms in Mokhtar village was 5 km from Yasuj city, which was studied in the 2016-2017 crop year. Necessary information was obtained through questionnaires, interviews with farmers, referring to the Agricultural Jihad in Yasuj and statistics of the Agricultural Jihad Organization. The life cycle assessment method was used to assess the environmental impact according to ISO 14040 standard. The study groups included global warming, acidification, land eutrophication, depletion of fossil resources, depletion of phosphate resources and depletion of water resources

The results showed that the value of the final index of all the affected groups (except for fossil fuel depletion) in the bean production process was higher than the value of lentil production indices and the final index of the effect of depletion of phosphate resources had the highest value among the affected groups. .The )ECO-X  (Environmental Index for Bean  0.634 and for lentil 0.061 was calculated .also The Resource Drain Index (RDI) was also obtained for bean 1.14 and for lentils 0.661.

fuel consumption and chemical inputs  had significant effects on environmental pollution, which can be achieved by using low-tillage and non-tillage methods while saving energy and playing an important role in soil organic matter and improving its fertility.

The imbalance between water supply and demand in the country has challenged water resource management, especially in the agricultural sector. In this regard, international trade in agricultural products and the displacement of water in them, which is called virtual water, can be one of the ways of water management. In this research, the study of water ecology and virtual water indexes in rice and wheat production in Khuzestan province have been investigated. To estimate the net blue product requirement (CWR), the amount of vegetation factor (Kc) and root depth of products are used by the FAO standard software (CROPWAT.8). An interview method and a questionnaire were used to obtain information from farmers in the area. For this purpose, 152 people were sampled by Cochran formula. The "top-down" method was used to calculate the ecological footprint of the region. In this method, the water ecological footprints of each area, including two components of internal water ecological footprint (WFi) and external water ecological footprint (WFe) were investigated. The results of the study and comparison of wheat and rice plants in different plains of Khuzestan province indicate the high potential of the province in producing wheat needed by the province and its excess export to the province. Also, the results showed that rice cultivation in Khuzestan province, except in very limited areas in Haftgel and Baghmalek parts, is not economical due to the high consumption of water. Therefore, in agricultural development plans, it is necessary to prevent the cultivation of rice.

The use of environmental impact assessment methods is one of the important tools in environmental management studies and the reduction of potentially harmful environmental factors in sensitive areas such as wetlands to achieve sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of spatial composition and distribution of Miankaleh International Wetland and also to evaluate the efficiency of land features measurements to assess environmental effects.

For this purpose, first Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images of ETM + and OLI sensors related to 2001 and 2016 were prepared. Then, by performing the necessary processing and preprocessing, the land use map was prepared and the raster maps were entered into FRAGSTATS 4.2 software was performed.

According to the results, it can be said that the water zone of the wetland (which is the most important part of the wetland) and consequently the wetlands of the wetland have a large area and has not become fine and stained, but during the study period Deleted part of its domain. The use of vegetation and man-made lands has also disrupted the natural environment by creating new spots and fragmentation. Agricultural use has not been in the form of spots and the increase in its area has been in the form of large spots.

According to the stated results, proper management in the wetland environment is not implemented. Because the current management of Miankaleh wetland is a hardware and old management, also due to the location of this wetland in two provinces, it does not have an integrated management and the management plan is scattered and multiple. As a result, by creating an integrated and coherent management plan, the problems of this wetland can be overcome to some extent. The present study well showed that land use measurements are a suitable tool for assessing environmental impacts in the shortest time.

Wetlands are sensitive and valuable ecosystems but today their safety and their sustainability have been harshly influenced by various natural and human factors. Using environmental risk assessment is an important tool in studies of environmental management and recognition and reduction of the potentially harmful environmental factors to achieve sustainable development. This research was conducted to identify and assess the risks and grading of environmental sustainability of the international wetlands of the southern coast of Iran in the provinces of Khuzestan and Hormozgan. Accordingly, to identify and prioritize the risks  the Delphi methodology, to prioritize and calculate the weight of the indicators the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) process, and the ELECTRE technique were used to rank the wetlands based on unfavorable environmental conditions. The results showed that 27 factors of pressure and threat were identified for The International Wetland of Shadegan, Khur_e_ Omayyeh and Khur_e_Mousa Estuary, Khur-e-khuran International wetland, Salty, Sweet and Minab Rivers International Wetlands, Gaz and Hara Rivers Estuary International wetland and Shidvar International Wetland. The results of the paired comparisons between the threats of the studied wetlands show that the first to fifth ranking threats are related to the discharge and disposal of waste in the wetland, climate change and drought, oil pollution, dam construction, and the reduction of vegetation density, and other indicators are in the next ranks. Finally, the analysis and comparison for the ranking of the studied wetlands based on the ELECTRE method showed that The International Wetland of Shadegan, Khur_e_ Omayyeh and Khur_e_Mousa Estuary suffer the highest threat and pressure and Shidvar International Wetland has a more favorable ecological condition.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an approach to study the environmental impacts of product production or activities that are calculated based on two indicators of resource consumption and emissions. This study aims to investigate the environmental effects of the production of Bell pepper using The Life Cycle Assessment Technique was conducted during the years 2011-2017. The first information was obtained through the organization of Jihad-e-Agriculture and interviews and interviews from 260 statistical population with 152 farmers who were determined by the Cochran formula in Dezful In order to analyze environmental impacts, the ISO 14040 method was used for a functional unit equivalent to one ton of Bell pepper. The global warming, acidity, evacuation of water resources, fossil, phosphate and potassium comprise six groups of studied effect. The results showed that CO2 and NH3 pollutants in the form of groups of effect of global warming and acidity in the Bell pepper culture system had the highest effect. The values ​​of environmental index (EcoX) and resource depletion index (RDI) were calculated 0.0492 and 0.4806, respectively. The effects of sensitivity and phosphate discharging sources respectively have the highest potential for environmental damage in the group of environmental impacts and Evacuated resources. Therefore, management of the use of urea fertilizer and the replacement of some of it with organic and non-chemical resources in agricultural indigenous peoples in order to reduce the environmental pollution of Iran is indispensable and inevitable.

The majority of the Earth's surface is covered by water bodies whose beds provide very diverse habitats for aquatic. Since benthos communities choose particular type of bed as their habitat, study of sediments and organisms in the substrate environment can help the environmental assessments. This study was performed to assess the ecological condition of the muddy substrates using macrobenthos communities in Sajafi region of the Persian Gulf. Sampling was done in fall 2009 at 20 stations with 3 replicates at each station to determine organic matter and grain size of the sediments. Measurement of water chemical and physical factors and identification of macrobenthoses were carried out using Hach-HQ40d and Grab devices. Diversity indices of Shannon - Wiener, Simpson, Camargo uniformity, Margalef and Menhink species richness were calculated. Nonparametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the distribution of the data, the oneway ANOVA and Spearman correlation tests were used to compare and evaluate the relationships among diversity and density indices, chemical and physical factors and sediment parameters, and Welch pattern was used for assessing the environmental pollution. Totally 8 groups of Benthos comprising 81 species were identified. The most frequency percent belonged to Gastropoda with 43.03%, Polychaeta with 29.31 % and Bivalvia with 20.53%, respectively. The highest value of Shannon index at station 11 was 4.523. The highest values ​​of diversity and dominance of Simpson, Camargo evenness, and Margalef and Menhink richness indices were 0.948, 0.158, 0.828, 5.830 and 2.830 respectively. The maximum and minimum values ​​of frequency were 4920 and 560 macrobenthos per square meter, at Stations 10 and 17 respectively. Discussion and According to the results of the measured indices, which confirmed the high diversity of macrobenthos in the muddy bed of Sajafi area, it can be concluded that the study area has a high potential to preserve the environmental richness of benthic invertebrates.

The accidents involving the transport of hazardous goods in ports have always been one of the human and environmental threats. The purpose of this research is to study the consequences of incidents involving dangerous goods by modeling and prediction of catastrophic consequences of these goods using the Software valid of management, so in addition to the affected area of the various outcomes of these goods, To provide the necessary management measures to reduce human and environmental toll on keeping dangerous goods in ports and warehouses to be paid.   The study performed from PHAST and ALOHA software in the container terminal in the region of Bandar Imam Khomeini and, to verify the consequences of styrene of toxicity of dangerous goods, was used. According to the results of this study, the extent of pollution coverage (the forbidden region) at least a radius of 79 meters and the best place for placement the Support groups are a radius of 106 meters, around the area dangerous goods. Finally, to offer management practices to avoid or reduce the consequences of possible sites and warehouses storing goods in the study area was dangerous. In this study, methanol reservoir was introduced as the main focus of risk; therefore, the implementation of safety rules, eliminating mechanical failures, personal protection and education, and effective measures to prevent and fight fire are proposed for decreasing the probable losses and fatalities are necessary. As well as measures such as drainage design and appropriate land cover of hazardous goods and predictions for emergency evacuation with regard to atmospheric conditions (speed and wind direction) were recommended.

Protected areas and national parks play an essential role in protecting natural ecosystems and are an effective tool for the conservation of endangered species and the threats posed by human activities. These areas can help protect biodiversity by preserving environmental processes against Turmoil (Orozco et al., 2016). Currently, protected areas are considered as an important component in landscape (Echeverria et al., 2008) and should be evaluated periodically because they are protected for their natural values and can provide many benefits to communities (Pfaff et al., 2009). The risks monitoring in protected areas and national parks is very important in order to understand how they are, their impact on nature, the processes of reconstruction and restoration and to protect them in the long run. Assessing the risk in the ecological resources and ecological conditions of such areas helps managers make the necessary decisions (Jones et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2009). Multi-criteria decision-making techniques are used today for risk assessment in many studies. A review of the history of using multi-criteria decision making methods in risk assessment shows that these methods have been used alone or with other methods for risk assessment in different cases (Makvandi et al., 2013). The most popular multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique is the TOPSIS method (see Hsu et al., 2010; Manouchehri & Shia, 2013). The general objective of the present study is the application of TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making method for assessing environmental risks of ​​Dez National Park and protected area. In this regard, the most important risks of Dez National Park and protected area ​​are studied in terms of severity, probability and sensitivity of the receiving environment.

Dez Area with an area of 22013 hectares (total national parks and protected areas) in geographical position 22 and 48 to 46 and 48 degrees east longitude and 34, 31 to 12 and 32 degrees north latitude with north-south direction in narrow strip on both sides of the Dez River extends (Khuzestan Department of Environment, 2016(.
In In this study, the existing risks in the area through field visits, interviews with environmental experts and environmentalists present in the area, as well as existing reports and with use of Delphi technique in two parts of natural and environmental disasters were identified.In this research, the assessment and ranking of environmental risks of Dez Protected Area and National Park using TOPSIS method were based on three indicators of intensity of effect, probability of occurrence and sensitivity of the receiving environment. After determining the priority of the regional risks, for, the components of the number of categories and length of the category were determined based on relations 1 and 2 (see Makvandi et al., 2013) in order to determine their degree of risk.
1 + 3.3 log (n) = rank number             n= total number of risks                                     (1)
Category / smallest amount of risk - the largest amount of risk = Length of the category (2)

According to the field surveys, similar reports and experts' views, 33 initial risks were classified into two groups of natural and environmental disasters in this study. Then, using Delphi methodology and scoring the studied factors, 26 risk factors including 5 natural risks, 2 physico-chemical risks, 3 biological risks, 15 socio-economic risks and 3 cultural risks were rated as high as 3 and were accepted. The results showed that the risk of unauthorized hunting with a coefficient of proximity of 0/876811 has the highest risk of the area, while the risk of intentional and unintentional fire with a coefficient of proximity of 0/180761 has the lowest priority. Also, the highest natural risk in the area is drought with a coefficient of proximity of 0/6128228. The risks of Dez Area are affected by five unpredictable, significant, tolerable, modest, and minor categories in which tolerable risks are allocated as the most frequency percentage.

What is considered in sustainable development is the set of conditions leading to a favorable situation, and this goal is pursued in three areas: biological, cultural and economic. The view of environmental management based on natural resource management expresses that human beings need natural resources and the use of these resources still needs many years to come. Using TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making technique, the hazards were identified and evaluated in Dez Protected Area and National Park. Due to the precise planning and integrated management with regard to the characteristics of the area, it is possible to preserve this particular ecosystem, as well as its sensitive and unique habitats, plant and animal species, and also to guarantee the survival of the human communities in this area. Although the management of each region would have a unique ecosystem, knowing the experiences of the regions and applying the knowledge and methods of international organizations and academic studies in protected areas would enchance the process of sustainable development along with maximum protection of biodiversity.

Wetland ecosystems, especially marine coastal wetlands of the most important and also the most vulnerable are the world's environmental resources. Which has always been sensitive to the fragility of coastal areas, high population density and intensive human activities are faced with the threat of destruction. Based on this, monitoring the trend of the changes in wetlands and their surrounding lands can be effective in the management of these valuable ecosystems. Investigating the environmental risk is a suitable instrument for evaluating and ensuring understanding of the relationships between stressor factors and environmental effects especially in wetland ecosystems. In general, application of methods of evaluating environmental risk is one of the important tools in studying environmental management along with identifying and mitigating potential environmental damaging factors in wetland regions in order to achieve sustainable development. Today, multi-criteria decision-making methods are employed in evaluating the risk in many studies.This study is based on multi-criteria decision-making methods to identify and analyze the risks threatening Tyab- Minab International wetland located in Hormozgan province was conducted. Based on the methodology to identify and prioritize risks Delphi, AHP and TOPSIS techniques were used to determine the risk priority number. In the first phase of this study, to identify and screen the main criteria of project selection, Delphi method was used. In this study, the panel of interest was determined based on a combination of experts with different expertise and out of a sample of 20 individuals, in which experts with various expertise gave a score from 1 to 5 (Likert scale) to each criterion. In this way, 32 criteria were identified as the most important and considerable risk for Minab Wetland and further proceeded to the second phase for prioritization and analysis. In this stage, multi-criteria decision-making methods were used, in which hierarchical analysis process was employed for prioritizing the criteria using Expert Choice 11 software. The indices of risk evaluation including the impact intensity, incidence probability, and the sensitivity of the receptive environment in environmental risk evaluation of wetlands do not have an equal value and significance. For this purpose, to weight the factors effective in estimating risk level and for prioritization of risk options, the technique for order of preference by similarly to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and Excel software were benefited from for calculations. The spectrum of scoring to each of the indices of incidence probability, impact intensity, and the sensitivity of the receiving environment was chosen from very low (1) to very high (9) based on hour spectrum. Following investigation of the types and frequency of indices along with the method of score determination of these indices, three indices of risk intensity (C1), risk incidence probability (C2), and the sensitivity of the receiving environment (C3) were chosen for risk ranking using TOPSIS model. Next, after determination of risk priority number using TOPSIS, the risk levels were calculated and evaluated using normal distribution method for each risk. To determine the degree of risk-taking, risks are organized in a descending order, where the elements of the number of the class and the length of the class are determined based on Relations 1 and 2 (n is the number of risks). Next, the risks are categorized based on these classes. Considering the concept of ALARP, the risks under investigation are divided into high risks, medium risks, and low risks. In this study, considering the number and length of classes, the studied risks were categorized in six levels (critical, intolerable, considerable, medium, tolerable, and trivial risks).   (2) (1) the number of classes=1+3.3 log (n) the length of the classes= the greatest risk value - the smallest risk value/the number of classes In the first step, the final indices of the wetland's environmental risk were identified and the development of hierarchical tree and classification of the risks threatening wetlands along with their incidence probability in two groups of natural and environmental criteria was performed. Eventually, the final weight of criteria resulting from paired comparisons was obtained in Expert Choice 11 to achieve the score of incidence probability of each risk. Based on the results, among the natural, social, economic, physiochemical, biological, and cultural criteria, drought and climate change, increase urban and rural development, Smugling of fuel, oil pollution, reduce the density of vegetation, indiscriminate exploitation of groundwater were of high priority. The results obtained from ranking the the risks threatening Minab Wetland using TOPSIS suggest that oil pollution, dam construction upstream, persistent drought and climate change, and sometimes alcohol and fuel smuggling and illegal overfishing the priorities are first to fifth. Also Results showed that the respectively based on (Cj+) oil pollution (0/9109), dam construction (0/8121), the drought and climate changes (0/8063) and the smuggling of fuel (0/7520) are in Unbearable level. Overall, the results indicated that same as this research, wetland ecosystems are subject to many threatening factors, resulting in ecological imbalance and abnormal appearance of the wetland, putting the wetland entity into danger of extinction in terms of fauna and flora. Nowadays, for assessment of environmental risk, various methods are used, each of which has positive and negative points given the studied environment and the conditions governing it. Therefore, one cannot reject or approve one method with total confidence. By employing novel methods in risk evaluation, the intensity of risk incidences and, in turn, the damages and losses incurred to the environment can be prevented or at least mitigated. Further, it is also possible to move in line with proper and optimal management of environmental resources, especially wetlands and with sustainable development. Undoubtedly, understanding and recognition of the factors threatening wetlands, according to the importance and the impact of them, Prevent and cope with the threats and accurate project preparation and implementation of wetland conservation plans and environmental management.

To conserve and manage wetland resources, it is important to inventory and monitor wetlands and their adjacent uplands. Satellite remote sensing has several advantages for monitoring wetland resources. Therefore, in order to implement better management and in order to protect the wisely of Miankaleh wetland, the evaluation and monitoring of the dynamic changes of this wetland using satellite imagery and remote sensing was done. For this purpose, the Landsat images (OLI and ETM sensors) of 15 years’ timescale (2001 -2016) provided. After geometric and atmospheric correction of these images, supervised classification with maximum likelihood method was done and these images were classified in to 5 classes Including bayer and wet lands, man making, vegetation, agriculture and aquatic zone. The results showed that there was a wide change in the wetland’s area during the 15-year period Due to land use changes and contamination has been caused. During the study period, the aqutic zone has been reduced by 11879 hectares and wetlands with the highest area of 5.52 Percent and vegetation cover with 0.55 Percent of the least increase in area. As a result, due to the process of changes in the level of the wetland, it is necessary to prevent the destruction and destruction of this wetland with proper and integrated management and planning.

Wetlands are the intermediate lands between drought and aquatic ecosystems and are the most fertile and most productive ecosystems on earth (Germandy et al., 2008). Management of wetlands for conservation includes the conservation of wetlands from direct human pressures and the maintenance of natural processes in the vicinity of wetland. Monitoring the changes in wetlands and their surrounding lands can be useful for managing these valuable ecosystems (Sabzghabaei et al., 2015). In order to better protect the sustainable development, the necessity of differentiation and recognition of the characteristics of wetlands makes it possible to determine the resources, source of origin, location and factors of their destruction, so that they can be managed with a proper understanding of them. (Lambin and Gist, 2006). If society wants sustainable development in the first stage, we must acquire a complete knowledge of our environment, and in the second stage we must work with strategic planning to maintain it (Jafari, 2015). Strategic planning models are unlimited, but almost all of them are inspired by the SWOT analytical model (Chang and Huang, 2006). From the perspective of this model, an effective strategy will maximize strengths and opportunities and minimize the weaknesses and threats (Ganjali et al., 2014). Hour_ Al_ Azim wetland is located in the common border region of Iran and Iraq in the southwest of Iran and in the county of Dashte Azadegan of Khuzestan province (Behroozirad, 2008). Over the past decade, due to the intensification of human activities, in particular the development of the Azadegan oilfield and the pressures of human societies on the studied wetland, there have been profound changes in the region. This research was conducted with the aim of developing appropriate conservation strategies for Hour_ Al_ Azim wetland.

City has long been regarded as one of the human achievements by civilizations. Urban structure is part of the basic and mainconcepts of urban engineering knowledge and, in fact, is the foundation of its formation, and it is of great importance that some urban planners in developed countries regard it as equal to the spatial planning of the city. Today, lots of driving forces exert pressure on the environment. Change in land use and land cover is one of the pressures caused by driving factors such as population and its increase. The destruction of urban landscape, and change in land use and land cover are cases that constantly pressure the environmentof the country. Land use change is a complex and dynamic process thatinterconnect natural and human systems, therefore it directly relatesto many environmental issues that are globally significant. So, it can be stated that changes in urban structure has always been one of the most important factors, by whichmanhas influenced his environment. Given the role of environment in human life, precise information about the environmental change and the process of their changes should be achieved,which, can determine the extent of the expansion and destruction of resources, and guide these changes in appropriate courses by predicting urban structure changes. In this research, an eight-year period ofthe Google Earth images from Digital Globe, Astrium satellites for the years 2007-2015 was used to model the changes of the urban structure in the study area.
These images were then digitized to identify the desired uses. The required preprocessing was carried out by implementing the rules of topology, and the map of user changes for the two periods of 2007 and 2015 was prepared by inserting the images into the ENVE software, and land use was located in 12 educational, religious, park and green spaces, Residential, agricultural, gardens, industrial, sports, tree cover, wasteland and industrial land classes.Then, the transfer force modeling was carried out using the Perceptron of Multi-layer Artificial Neural Networks and 11 variables that include slope, direction, elevation, distance from residential areas, distance from agricultural lands, distance from the gardens, distance from the water zone, distance from the tree cover, distance from barren lands and distance from the road. Then, theassignment of changes to each use was calculated using the Markov Chain, and the modeling for the year 1402 was carried out using the hard prediction and calibration periodmodelofthe years1386to1394.At the end, the urban structureof 1402 was predicted using the Calibration period of 1386 to 1394. The results of monitoring the changes showed that agricultural uses (437) and tree cover (9) have decreased, while other uses have increased during two study periods. The reasons for these changes can be largely due to the increase in population and the increase in the needs of the population along with the agricultural not being cost effective, and the roads, wastelands, gardens, educational, religious, water zones, parks and green spaces, industrial, sports and residential uses have had an increasing trend. The results of modeling the transition forceusing artificial neural network showed high accuracy in most of the sub-models. The total error in modeling was obtained for the year 1394, which illustrates the high adaptability of the projected image of the model with the image of the ground reality and the acceptability of the model.The results of modeling for the year 1402 indicatea very high increase in the use of residential (195 hectares) and garden (104 hectares), and a significant reduction of 33 hectares in agricultural use. In general, it can be stated that the trend of Changes in the urban structure ofGhaemshahr, especially in agricultural and residential sectors is enormous, which leads to the degradation and destruction of the natural environment and the fragmentation of communication corridors that guarantee the balance and sustainability of wild life and the environment. All of these factors are due tothe poor urban and environmental management, including control, supervision and monitoring and the lack of proper planning. The findings of this research call for the necessity of more attention to the sustainable exploitation of the land and preventing its destruction in this city. The results obtained from the prediction of the future also indicate the reliability and validity of the model that is fully consistent with the reality and can be used as an executive model in the future vision planningfor the city ofQaemshahr, and it is possible to prevent damages to the city and its nature through proper urban planning and decision-making of managers.

Protected areas are one of the most important and most effective instruments in the world that have been established to protect biodiversity. In recent decades, due to the rapid growth of human population growth and the destruction of natural resources the global methods of protected areas management effectiveness have been widely used for sustainable development. The use of international methods in the management of protected areas will achieve sustainable development along with the maximum protection of biodiversity; therefore, the methods have been developed to assess the effectiveness of management of protected areas. Khuzestan Province, with its high values, both in the water sector and in the land and coastal areas, has provided the basis for the establishment of a suitable substrate for biodiversity in the protected areas of the province. In this study, the assessment of the management effectiveness of Dez, Shimbar and Koraii protected areas with different climatic characteristics and management experience over 5 years has been reviewed. The RAPPAM methodology was used to assess and explain the capacity of Khuzestan and to ensure the sustainable development. This method, as a decision tool for promoting effective management to achieve management goals, has four main indicators of Inputs, Outputs, Design and Planning and Processes.The results show that Dez protected area with 128 score has the highest management effectiveness score and Shimbar with 64 score has the lowest management effectiveness score in the studied areas; This indicates that protected areas like Shimbar with the lower Management experience need more attention and a better management solution from their respective organizations.
Extended Abstract
1- Protected areas are one of the most important and effective tools in the world that have been established to protect biodiversity.The view of environmental management based on natural resources management states that human needs of natural resources and the use of these resources over many years should be possible (Ghaffari et al., 1995: 86). Therefore, management and effectiveness assessment are key factors for long-term sustainability of protected areas (Joppa et al., 2013; 1).The international conservation community has been sensitive to the effectiveness of protected areas at least two decades ago (Hockings et al., 2006). In recent years, many countries and conservation organizations have developed a variety of methods to assess the effectiveness of protected areas (Hochkings, 2010: 1). More than 50 different tools were used to assess the management effectiveness in protected areas in more than 100 countries (Leverington et al., 2010: 687). Despite the wide range of quick assessment methods, these methods are used less in our country to assess the effectiveness of management of protected areas. Khuzestan Province has a set of ecological, biological and eventually environmental values, both in the water sector and in the land and coastal areas, provided the basis for creating a suitable biodiversity enrichment base (Nabavi et al., 2010: 149). These areas, which have undergone many changes in recent years, require more attention and management studies.
2- The methodology of rapid assessment and prioritization of Protected Area Management (RAPPAM) is based on the process of a set of questionnaires. Analysis of the effectiveness of methodological management has four pillars (indicators) that affect the management of the area including planning, inputs, processes, and Outputs, each of which consists of several parts. All sectors except management have a separate questionnaire for assessing the region. First, using the archival documents and information of the protected areas, in order to determine the statistical society, the status of the forces employed in the protected areas of the province was examined. Since surveys and participation in working groups were not possible for all members of the statistical community, according to the Kerjcie and Morgan formula (1970), the number of samples required for the survey was determined.
Questionnaire responses and the way to rate regional design and planning questionnaires, inputs, management decision making processes, and management outputs were organized as 4 options with zero points, more with 1 point, more yes with 2 points and yes with 3 points (WWF.2003). The analysis of the management effectiveness for a single site can determine the strengths and weaknesses of a region if the comparative analysis of a large number of regions (by determining the average scores of each question) can identify the weaknesses and strengths of the system. The result of the analysis of the effectiveness of access management is from 0 to 300 points. Managers of protected areas and policymakers can use this information to regulate regional policies, allocate credits, and develop technical support programs (WWF 2003).
3- The results of studies based on RAPPAM methodology in Figure 1 show that planning has the highest score among the indicators of management effectiveness. This index (planning) has the highest score in Rhapsody in Russia (Tyrlyshkin et al., 2003; 17), Turkey (Kurdoğlu and Çokçaliskan, 2011: 17219), China and Taiwan (Lu et al, 2012: 278). This indicates the existence of proper planning in studied protected areas as compared to other indicators affecting the management effectiveness. Management Outputs data in the present study has the least effect and score among management effectiveness indicators. The Dez protected area ​​ has the highest score in the inputs index. The Koraii protected area with the highest score in the management process index and in the management decision-making segment reflects the shared management and staffing of the communities with local communities and effective communication among management, employees and local communities. The weakest outputs of infrastructure development in the regions is as a management outputs, while the output in China (Li, 2003: 13) is known as the strongest outflow.

Fig. 1: Mean scores methodology questionnaires of studied protected areas

Assessing the effectiveness management of protected areas is a way of evaluating their performance (Carranza et al., 2014: 10). According to Figure 1, the final results of the studies indicate that the protected area with the highest score of 128 points and the protected area of Shimbar with a score of 64 lowest points and a protected area with a score of 111 among these other regions.
4- Despite many changes that have taken place in protected areas in recent years, management in these areas is difficult and requires strategic solutions to improve the level of management of areas. The Shimbar protected area has a lower management level than other areas studied. The results will reveal the weaknesses and strengths of management in the management of the affected areas. The Shimbar protected area has a lot of planning and investment opportunities. Therefore, in order to raise the level of management, it requires constant monitoring and oversight by the relevant organizations and more careful attention to the management needs; if properly planned, it will provide the opportunity to enjoy the natural attractions of the region for tourism in addition to protecting the area.

  In today's world, the main issue is the safeguarding of the human resources employed in the economic sectors. But still, it's still yearly Lots of manpower employed Due to human economic
activities are destroying. The purpose of this research is to identify hazard points and potentials and risk assessment and provide management solutions to reduce or eliminate these risks in the acid recovery unit of the Abadan Oil Refining Company as one of the most active and important sectors in the oil industry. To this end, the William fine method was used in 2016. Based on the results of this method, 100 hazard and health risks were identified in the acid recovery unit, which included 25 abnormal risks, 2 emergencies and 73 natural risks. The highest RPN
in the William fine method with a score of 300 is for the inhalation of acid neutralization gases, and the lowest with a score of 2.5 is the risk of falling from the height. Similarly, of the identified risks, 67% of the risks are at a low level. Regarding all mentioned points, the acid recovery unit of ABADAN Oil Refining Company has been identified as medium-average unit. Given the risk management practices, especially
the training of personnel in different sectors, the formation of an accident investigation team and the scientific analysis of accidents and pseudo-events will play an important role in reducing the overall system risk

The most important role that the managed areas will play to attain sustainable development goals would be protecting ecosystem and genetic diversity to achieve the scientific, aesthetics, social and economic potential benefits in future. Proper management of protected areas requires a full understanding of the present conditions, detailed and exact implementation, planning, regular monitoring and risks changes detection in protected areas to understand how are they, how they would effect on nature, recovery and rehabilitation processes and to protect them in long term is very important. Karkhe National Park and protected area is one of the most valuable and most strategic areas in the country that can be protected. This study aimed to identify and analyze threatening risks in Karkhe protected area and national park. The Study area is located with an area of ​​15828 hectares (sum of national park and protected area) on both side of Karkhe river in Khuzestan province. In this research based on field visits and using the Delphi technique, that there were 15 experts and specialist joint it, 28 risks in two terms of the natural and anthropogenic environment (physicochemical, biological, economical, social and cultural) are identified. Then to order the identified risks, The TOPSIS method was used according to the three fectors, severity, probability and sensitivity of the host environment. The results showed that the risk of lack of conservative officer by closeness coefficient (CC) 1 is the highest risk in the area and The risk of soil pollution with heavy metals by closeness coefficient 0.149 is the lowest priority. The most obtain risks has been socio-economic risks. After ordering the environmental risks was found that existing risks in the region has been in a considerable level. Finally, strategies to control risk in the region was presented. As a result, management solutions should be provided to reduce, control, or eliminate the most important risks. In the meantime, strengthening the existing environmental laws and the necessary guarantees for their implementation seems necessary.

The Wetlands are one of the most important ecosystems on Earth that human activities, including urban development and agriculture, road construction, often cause indirect damage and cause significant loss of lagoons and coastal areas. Therefore, we need a sophisticated tool and method to access and understand the conditions of the wetland. Strategic planning is a systematic approach that supports and validates the strategic management process. Strategic planning consists of four basic elements including environmental review, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and control and evaluation. Strategic planning models are countless, but almost all of them are inspired by the SWOT analytical model. Ghareh Gheshlagh wetland the most important and largest satellite wetlands of Lake Urmia Basin and One of the important bird areas, IBA, is in the world. Unfortunately, in recent years due to destructive human activities are faced with many risks. This applied scientific research, with the aim of providing Strategic Plan for development Environmental Protection of Ghareh Gheshlagh wetland. Considering the conditions and internal and external factors prevailing in the region and using SWOT analysis was conducted.

Modeling of land use change is largely a problem. Nevertheless, theoretical and empirical methods have increased in this framework, and studies are carried out on land use change in these areas. Few researchers are able to use models to predict land use variations (Iacono, Levinson, El-Geneidy, Wasfi., 2015).Generally, land use change is a deformation of a piece of land. This change is the foundation of the desired goals, and it is not necessary to have only a change in the coverage of the land. This change may be due to intensity change and management (Verburg, Chen, Soepboer, Veldkamp., 2000). Land use and land cover change is greatly worrying as it reduces biodiversity and impacts human lives as such (Geoghegan, Klepeis, Mendoza, Yelena, Chowdhury, Turner, Vance., 2001). There are a variety of methods for modeling land cover and land use change variations, which can be used to model mathematical equations, system model, statistical model, evolution model, cellular model, and hybrid model. The cellular model includes cellular automatic models (Parker, Manson, Janssen, Hoffmann, Deadman., 2002).An integrated model of automatic and chain cells (CA-Markov) is a combination of the Markov chain model (from the category of empirical estimation models) and the model of automatic cells (from the category of dynamic simulation models). In fact, by adding a spatial contiguity feature, this model simulates land use through a random Markov chain model for the next years. In recent years, due to the easy access to satellite imagery and the capabilities of the GIS, modeling of land cover change and its prediction for the future has been carried out, and many studies have been done in this field (Zare Garizi, Sheikh, Sadodin, Salan Mahini., 2012). Dezful is among the cities of Khuzestan Province, which suffered a lot during the eight years of the 'Holy Defense' in the Iraq war against Iran. The purpose of this research is to investigate the land use change in pre-war and post-war situations and predict the changes for the forthcoming years. In this study the Landsat 5 satellite images was used by Path No.166 and Row No.37 in 1985 before the war. The ETM+ Landsat 7 satellite images was used by Path No. 166 and Row No.38 in 2005 after the war. Satellite data was prepared in GeoTIFF format in seven spectral bands, which were not used from band 6 because of the low spatial resolution (60 m) and the failure to address the thermal properties of the phenomena in this study. In this study land use and land cover maps was used from Landsat images, and simulated land use change by using Marcov chain and cellular automatato in Dezful city. After cutting the satellite images according to the boundaries of the study area, the images were classified to determine the existing use around the region. Of course, by evaluating and analyzing the characteristics of the spectral reflection of different wavelengths, it was possible to separate the different classes of use. Using the IDRISI 15 software, classifying the images was used by using the controlled classification method and maximum likehood algorithm for the two years. This method, using the mean and matrix of covariance of educational data, provides a better analysis than other methods of classification, such as the classification of the smallest distance from image data(Richards & Xiuping, 2006). Finally, four classes of classification were identified, including the city and industrial facilities, agricultural lands, rivers and ranges for all images. Then, matrix of land use and land cover changes probability was calculated in IDRISI 15 software and the Markov method. In the matrix, the rows represent the older layers/cover of the older lands and the columns represent the newer enclosure classes. An automatic method was used to locate these changes and the map of the probability of the conversion of each land use was achieved for 2018-2030. The results of the classification of the images using the error matrix indicate that the accuracy of the overlapping of the classification for 1985 and 2005 was 99.6% and 99.5%, respectively, and the Kappa coefficient for both years was 99.99, which is acceptable at an appropriate level. The results of the classification of the images showed that in 1985, the total surface area of the region was about 1475.7 hectares covered by urban areas, while the non-urban lands constituted an area of 10555 hectares. In 2005, the area of urban areas was about 218.29 hectares, while the non-urban land was 12.91 million hectares. The results of the comparison of the two maps of the beginning and the end of the given period showed that during this period, 6172,200 hectares (about 87.8%) were added to urban areas and 1040.58 hectares (about 4.61%) were added to agricultural lands, which indicates the expansion of the region in urban and agricultural development during the postwar period. The probability of converting each of the cabrivals to another user in the years 2018 and 2030 was derived using the transmission probability matrix via the automatic network method. In the next step, the probability transformation matrix was obtained using Markov chain analysis based on observed changes in 2018-2030.By detecting land use and land cover changes, we can determine growth and destruction natural resources and mange them. Markov generally processes the future status of a system based on pre-model status. Coverage and usage changes from one time to another. The use of Markov analysis is the basis for estimating the likelihood of future system changes. In this type of analysis, a matrix of the probability of land use change is created from time t of time t+1. Based on the maps of land cover/land use obtained from satellite imagery (1985 and 2005) and the Markov model, the changes in the coverage/land use and urban growth rate were successfully simulated in the city of Dezful. In this paper, the analysis and prediction of urban growth and land use change were considered using remote sensing data and Markov chain analysis. Accordingly, in the years 2018 and 2030 urban lands will increase with an increase of 130.71 and 334 hectares respectively, and agriculture will be reduced to 320.22 and 273.24 hectares, respectively. In the period of 20 years, the residential lands increased and the agricultural land decreased. Simulation of land use change and land cover for the years 2018 and 2030 indicates a decrease in agricultural areas and an increase in urban areas. Dezful, like other cities of Khuzestan Province, suffered a lot during the eight years of the Holy Defense, but after that has started to grown and improved. Based on the results of land use planning and landslide modeling in Dezful, it can be confirmed that agricultural, rangeland and river utilization will be likely to decrease in the forthcoming years and land use will be further enhanced. Considering the growing human population and the urgent need to exploit the resources of these changes, But these changes must be taken into account in order to ensure that resource utilization is carried out in a systematic manner near future, and that it will not lead to the destruction of resources. Thus, with the development of sustainable development policies, the growing trend of urban areas will not reduce agricultural land and other limited lands in the future and transform them into lands built. Simulated user-mapped maps can be used as a system to alert the actions taken and their possible future effects in one area for other locations. Of course, this simulation is based on the current situation and the continuation of the future changes that may affect a series of changes in policies in a cross-sectional and specific manner, such as government policies in Mehr Housing and other cases. Using time-domain remote sensing data to identify changes and see how it was used in the past, and simulation of land cover and land use in the future can help planners and designers manage, plan, and apply developmental policies. In fact, the simulation and modeling of urban growth for the future is considered as the future management and planning requirements of the city. Since land use maps are of particular importance as the basic information for different planning, the results of this research can be used in the future planning of the region concerning its land use change.

Performance evaluation and the determination of the effectiveness of a management system, including the HSE management system, is inevitable to achieve continuous improvement in organizations.
Method and Materials: This research was conducted in order to evaluate and rank contractors for HSE performance using (AHP and TOPSIS) in the complex of Imam Khomeini port and Provision of management solutions to improve the HSE status of contractors in this complex.
For this purpose, after identifying 38 contractors, 4 criteria and 22 sub-criteria was determined by using Delphi technique then the criteria and sub criteria were weighed and prioritized by using the AHP method. The management criteria with weight 0.586 obtained the highest score and environmental criteria with weight 0.0085 obtained the lowest score. Also the sub criteria of the HSE professional staff with weight 0.272 obtained the highest and green space with weight 0.006 obtained the Lowest weight. Finally the Assessment and ranking of contractors were done in terms of HSE performance using the TOPSIS technique. The results showed that in terms of HSE performance T.GH.KH company with points 0.9452 ranked the first, A.N.A company with points 0.9367 ranked the second and G.A company with points 0.9264 ranked in the third place. Also, contractors based on performance HSE were ranked in three levels of good (9 contractors), moderate (22 contractors) and weak (7 contractors).
According to the selected criteria, the performance of HSE management in the majority of contracting companies in a favorable situation and a number of companies was at a good and acceptable level. This desirable situation can be attributed to the establishment of HSE management system and the level of contractor's compliance with the HSE requirements.

1. Introduction Wetland ecosystems are stable ecosystems on the earth providing considerable ecosystem characteristics. Although remarkable advances have been observed in the quantity and valuing some key ecosystem products and the services provided by these habitats, there are still some major challenges with the lack of sufficient knowledge about the relationship between the changes developed in the structure of the ecosystem and the performance of these ecosystems in providing services being the greatest challenge. Based on this, monitoring the trend of the changes in wetlands and their surrounding lands can be effective in the management of these valuable ecosystems. Investigating the environmental risk is a suitable instrument for evaluating and ensuring understanding of the relationships between stressor factors and environmental effects especially in wetland ecosystems. In general, application of methods of evaluating environmental risk is one of the important tools in studying environmental management along with identifying and mitigating potential environmental damaging factors in wetland regions in order to achieve sustainable development. Today, multi-criteria decision-making methods are employed in evaluating the risk in many studies. Examining the background of applying multi-criteria decision-making methods in risk evaluation indicates that these methods have been used in different cases either alone or together with other methods for risk evaluation. This research has been conducted with the aim of identifying the factors of destruction and threat of the Shadegan International Wetland, Alomieh Estuary, Moussa Estuary and their analysis through multi-criteria decision-making methods in order to ordain efficient rules and adopt suitable mechanisms in confrontation with destructors and present managerial solutions to lower the consequences of these factors.
2. Material and Methods In the first phase of this study, to identify and screen the main criteria of project selection, Delphi method was used. In this study, the panel of interest was determined based on a combination of experts with different expertise and out of a sample of 20 individuals, in which experts with various expertise gave a score from 1 to 5 (Likert scale) to each criterion, where the criteria whose mean scores were lower than 3 were removed. In this way, 35 criteria were identified as the most important and considerable risk for Shadegan Wetland and further proceeded to the second phase for prioritization and analysis. In this stage, multi-criteria decision-making methods were used, in which hierarchical analysis process was employed for prioritizing the criteria using Expert Choice 11 software. In order to explain the risk, the concept of ALARP principle was used. The indices of risk evaluation including the impact intensity, incidence probability, and the sensitivity of the receptive environment in environmental risk evaluation of wetlands do not have an equal value and significance. For this purpose, to weight the factors effective in estimating risk level and for prioritization of risk options, the technique for order of preference by similarly to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and Excel software were benefited from for calculations. The spectrum of scoring to each of the indices of incidence probability, impact intensity, and the sensitivity of the receiving environment was chosen from very low (1) to very high (9) based on hour spectrum. Following investigation of the types and frequency of indices along with the method of score determination of these indices, three indices of risk intensity (C1), risk incidence probability (C2), and the sensitivity of the receiving environment (C3) were chosen for risk ranking using TOPSIS model. Next, after determination of risk priority number using TOPSIS, the risk levels were calculated and evaluated using normal distribution method for each risk. To determine the degree of risk-taking, risks are organized in a descending order, where the elements of the number of the class and the length of the class are determined based on Relations 1 and 2 (n is the number of risks). Next, the risks are categorized based on these classes. Considering the concept of ALARP, the risks under investigation are divided into high risks, medium risks, and low risks. In this study, considering the number and length of classes, the studied risks were categorized in six levels (i.e. critical, intolerable, considerable, medium, tolerable, and trivial risks).
1)The number of classes=1.3 log (n)
2)The length of the classes= the greatest risk value - the smallest risk value/the number of classes
3. Results and Discussion In the first step, the final indices of the wetland's environmental risk were identified and the development of hierarchical tree and classification of the risks threatening wetlands along with their incidence probability in two groups of natural and environmental criteria was performed. Eventually, the final weight of criteria resulting from paired comparisons was obtained in Expert Choice 11 to achieve the score of incidence probability of each risk. Based on the results, among the natural, social, economic, physiochemical, Biological, and cultural criteria, drought and climate change, discharge and disposal of waste in the wetland, dam construction, oil contamination, existence of nonnative species, and application of unauthorized equipment were of high priority. The results obtained from ranking the risks threatening Shadegan Wetland using TOPSIS suggest that drought and climate change, water withdrawal in the upstream and water development plan, dam construction in the upstream and oil contamination, industrial wastewaters, commuting of launch boats, floats and boats, nonnative species, agricultural wastewaters, construction of industries and factories within the wetland range, and urban and rural wastewaters were of the first to tenth priority, respectively. Drought and climate change, water withdrawal in the upstream (water development plan), dam construction at critical level and oil contamination, industrial wastes and commuting of launch boats, floats and boats lied within the intolerable range for wetlands.
The results of investigating the physiochemical parameters of water using Hilsenhoff index indicate that the factors of contamination of Shadegan Wetland that are of significance include entrance of household wastewaters of the villages around the wetland, followed by the wastewater of cane sugar and steel industries. Over the past few decades, the wetland's water regime has undergone major changes in the quantity and quality along with seasonal changes in response to implementation of irrigation development plans at large scales in the upstream of the river's basin. It is estimated that with the development of irrigation system in the basin, around 1200-1500 million m3 of the river's water resources are used for producing crops. This figure is twice the extent of water consumption since the 1991s. Among the factors that have caused destruction and manipulation in the lands within Shadegan wetland range are development of Shadegan city and the surrounding villages, changing wetland land use to agricultural lands, construction of Shadegan-Abadan Road, Shadegan-Imam Khomeini Port (Chamran City), Shadegan-Ahwaz Road, and Abadan-Ahwaz, which go through the middle part of freshwater in the wetland. Similarly, Shadegan Darkhovin's road, development of industrial city or Imam Khomeini Port or Shahid Chamran, development of cane sugar lands together with different agro-industries, construction of nuclear plant, construction of dam in river route Jarahi to Shadegan Wetland one in Ramshir town and the other in Jarahi village, Shadegan Steel industries (under construction), Shadegan Industrial Town, Imam Khomeini Port Industrial Town, Shadegan Petrochemicals (under construction), the tourism station of Shadegan Wetland, wetland land use change to agricultural lands, passage of oil pipes and construction of high-voltage masts along with embankment in the wetland, development of urbanization in Imam Port and existence along with construction of numerous waterfronts within the range of Moussa Estuary. All of these human constructions have caused fragmentation of the habitat.
Recent droughts have caused the drying of around 80% of vegetation populations along with emigration and fatality of about 40% of local cattle. Investigation of the extent of changes in the area of Shadegan Wetland in 1990, 2000, 2003, and 2011 represents 6% reduction in the area of the wetland over these years. The area of the wetland in 1990 and 2000 was the highest and lowest, respectively, due to incidence of severe drought in 2000.
In this study, similar to the study done by Jahed Manesh (2014) together with Jozi and Shafiei (2009) for identifying the risks, Delphi method was used. For weighting the environmental and natural risks and their sub-criteria, similar to the study by Makvandi et al. (2013), Jozi and Shafiei (2009), Rahimi Balouchi et al. (2013), etc. AHP method was employed. For risk ranking through TOPSIS method, unlike Makvandi et al (2013) who used 4 indices of ranking, here similar to Jahed Manesh and Rahimi Baluchi and Malek Mohammadi, three indices were used for ranking. Overall, the results indicated that same as this research, wetland ecosystems are subject to many threatening factors, resulting in ecological imbalance and abnormal appearance of the wetland, putting the wetland entity into danger of extinction in terms of fauna and flora.
4. Conclusion Today, for assessment of environmental risk, various methods are used, each of which has positive and negative points given the studied environment and the conditions governing it. Therefore, one cannot reject or approve one method with total confidence. By employing novel methods in risk evaluation, the intensity of risk incidences and, in turn, the damages and losses incurred to the environment can be prevented or at least mitigated. Further, it is also possible to move in line with proper and optimal management of environmental resources, especially wetlands and with sustainable development. Overall, one can attribute the root of Iran’s wetlands problems to economic poverty, scientific and cultural weakness, and greed, with the results being weakened biodiversity, services, and functions of the country’s wetlands together with economic, social, and cultural disorders. The best approach for integrating wetland science and evaluating risk that could improve risk evaluation process in wetland ecosystems is ecosystem-based approach. Ecosystem management of wetlands can be implemented through developing a managerial plan to decrease major threats in wetland regions. In general, management of coastal regions and especially marine coastal wetlands includes organization of developmental process through interdisciplinary planning. In other words, marine-coastal regions are one of the natural systems requiring adoption of novel managerial methods for achieving sustainable development. Overall, integrative management of coasts can be regarded as a dynamic process in developing a logical and plausible balance between government, society, and culture in achieving sustainable development in marine-coastal regions.

Wetland ecosystems have many economic and ecological functions and values, but today their security and existence have been heavily influenced by various natural and human factors. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify, rank and assess environmental risks threatening Khur-e- Azini International wetland located in Hormozgan province. In order to identify risk factors, the Delphi method and the multi-criteria decision-making methods, AHP and TOPSIS were used for prioritizing risks. According to the results of the technique AHP, fuel smuggling, marine transportation and oil pollution were respectively ranked first to third. The results of TOPSIS technique based on the relative proximity (Cj ) indicate that the oil pollution (1) and the fuel smuggling (0.9154) are ranked first to second. In general, based on the ranking of risks, 8.6 percent of risks were placed in the unbearable category, 8.6 percent of risks were placed in the significant category, 26.08 percent of risks were placed in the average category, and 30.43 percent of risks were placed in the category of tolerable risks. According to the results, management priorities and planning should be considered seriously to minimize the risks and consequences that have irreversible effects on the environment and wetlands function.