فهرست مطالب gholamreza sedigh ouraee

The progress, development and dynamism of societies depend on the forces affecting them. Children and young adults as the future generations and decision makers will become useful and effective people for society if they go properly through the process of socialization. By their presence and activity in various social and economic fields, they will create stability in society. Thus, a society can have pioneers who have invested in the education of their children. The function of socialization is to adapt people with the dominant culture of the society. The transfer and continuation of values that aren’t in line with the economic development of societies shows that socialization hasn’t been successful. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors influencing the socialization of consumption among the youth of Tehran. Twenty-three participants of 20 to 35 were selected purposefully for the study. According to the coding process, the central category was “continuity of multiplicity of consumption behavior”. The central category showed that the consuming behavior of the society is not a coherent and integrated one and psychological, economic and socio-cultural causes, contextual conditions (economic and cultural characteristics of the family, sanctions and irresponsibility of the producer and the decreasing influence of parents), and intervening conditions such as social role-modeling and family upbringing style have caused the transfer of different cultural values and patterns to individuals, some of which push the society towards development and others do not. Due to the transfer of these values, it can be said that the function of consumption socialization has been disrupted and it has failed to adapt consumers with the dominant culture of the society and push the society towards development.

In times of economic crisis and corona, households need strategies to adapt themselves to and overcome this situation. This study tried to examine these strategies. It was conducted within the framework of an interpretive and constructivist paradigm with a qualitative approach, content analysis technique, and semi-structured questionnaire tool. The research sample consisted of people over 18 who were selected using purposive sampling. The results showed that citizens' exposure strategies fall into three categories. Some actions are resistant and only seek to reduce the effects of crises on the household economy and try to survive. Some actions were also restorative. In this way, households sought to maintain their well-being before crises. Some other actions were also included in the creative strategy area. In this strategy, people used economic chaos to produce unproductive actions to increase their share of the economy. In this strategy, the public interest is ignored and only personal interest is considered. But, some productive creative actions have been introduced as potential creative ones, which have faced many obstacles to their implementation. Moreover, the results of the study also showed the belief of citizens in the impact of the environment and the context of society on the way of economic strategies of the people. Thus, the lack of political maturity is the cause of such consequences as a fragile economy, a low-income society, and an anti-rational culture; Conditions that affect the type of economic strategies and actions of the household.

Finding and maintaining a job position is influenced by several factors, including gender. Women, especially women who are heads of households, face many concerns in finding and maintaining a job position. This study has focused on participants who are female heads of households and seek help from the Relief Committee and tries to provide a perceptual image of the job search process and the lived experience of this group of women by using the grounded theory method. Findings show that the job opportunities of the women studied in most cases are so eroding and shaky that they can be considered less illuminating for the future of the client. In these women's lives, the challenges that arise in this process outweigh the potential strengths. They suffer from physical and mental exhaustion due to occupational activity beyond the typical retirement ages, and their physical condition will be threatened in the future. In addition, these women face challenges in the workplace that are related to their gender, which makes the workplace unsafe for them. This insecurity makes them reluctant to accept a job position. As a result, the emphasis on sustainable training is one of the effective strategies to improve their situation.

After the 2008 crisis, the concept of resilience was introduced as one of the most important key factors in reducing vulnerability to crises. After this period, studies were more intensively done around this concept, to which special attention was paid in social sciences and sociology. Yet, studying the concept of resilience and paying attention to it in different dimensions is more important to countries with a high risk. One of the most risky countries with both natural and unnatural causes is Iran, a country that frequently faces various economic shocks and crises in terms of both its geographical location and type of connection to the outside world. Each type of crisis can threaten livelihoods of families and reduce welfare in the society. Lack of attention to the concept of resilience has caused the Iranian society to undergo a crisis period in recent years. It no longer has its normal function. In such an event, people's participations in the overcoming process of crisis have decreased and the negative effects of risks have increased. Due to the high impact of resilience on enhancing social resistance and the declining trend of social harms, as well as the need for the further study of the Iranian society in this area, the present research focused on the concept of resilience despite providing its accurate description. Also, it tried to identify the extent of its impact on the economic actions of households in adverse economic conditions with regard to its current situation in various dimensions.  

The current investigation was of a survey type, besides being of an applied type due to the possibility of using its results by the authorities. The statistical population of this study included all the household heads in Mashhad City in 2022. According to the statistical yearbook of 2016, this city had a population of 3001184 people and consisted of 817250 families. It should be noted that the sample individuals had the necessary dispersion to obtain valid and generalizable information and data. In other words, different social classes were sufficiently present in the sample. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was calculated to include 399 people, which increased to 450 people so as to better allocate the sample to the subgroups of the statistical population and prevent error reduction. Finally, by removing the unusable items, the sample size was determined to consist of 427 people. Also, a proportionally allocated stratified sampling method was applied. In this way, an attempt was made to equally examine the different social classes of the households. 

In summary, it should be noted that the subjects’ economic actions were analyzed in the 3 areas of resistance, recovery, and creative economic actions, the application of each of which was affected by different variables. The important point to be mentioned in this section was the household heads’ tendencies to use resistance and then recovery actions. In other words, in the current situation, the heads of the households first tried to use resistance economic actions to earn a living and lead their daily lives. The majority of people sought to provide subsistence for themselves and their families on a daily basis and was less inclined to take long-term economic actions. This was understandable in our society, where most people had an income of less than 5 million tomans. By increasing the cost of living in the society, only the extended use of resistance actions could sustain household economy. The results also showed that the households tended to use economic recovery actions. This tendency, however, was more prevalent in the middle-class households. In other words, the households that were relatively better off financially tried to return to their pre-crisis conditions (recent economic turmoil and Corona epidemic) by using actions based on ​recovery strategies. Regarding creative actions, the results revealed that the use of these actions was increasing with the increase of the households’ social class.Creative economic activities had the highest average level in the upper classes and the lowest average level in the lower classes. This result is in line with those obtained by Royla et al. (2017). The researchers also found that by changing the social classes of the households and individuals, their types of action and economic action strategies altered. Finally, according to the results of the present study, it should be noted that paying attention to the concept of resilience can be very effective in overcoming the difficult and critical situations in societies. In addition to reducing the destructive effects of various economic shocks, resilience of any societies and their individuals provides the conditions for their growth and progress.

Poverty is a global and multidimensional issue that all societies may experience and in different ways. Poverty can be defined as the inability to meet basic needs, and it is obvious that the inability to meet basic needs, in various respects, creates severe crises at the individual and social levels. Given the widespread dimensions of poverty, efforts to reduce it through the implementation of poverty alleviation initiatives are doubly important and seem necessary. The main purpose of this study was to identify various poverty alleviation policies and initiatives and the factors that monitor their success and failure in the peer-reviewed journal papers in Persian published between 2006 and 2020. This study uses a systematic review approach to examine papers related to poverty alleviation in the last fifteen years. After searching in databases such as: Noormags, Ensani.ir, Magiran, and Sid.ir using keywords related to poverty and poverty alleviation, and deleting irrelevant papers, 69 articles were obtained. The results of reading and analyzing the papers show that poverty is mainly measured by instruments such as income. This confirms that the orientation towards poverty is mainly dominated by the economic view and other dimensions of poverty, especially the social dimension, have been neglected to huge extent. Among the implemented or proposed initiatives, the policy of job creation and development of income-generating home-based activities has been considered as one of the most effective and sustainable programs, which is also overshadowed by the lack of allocation of facilities and financial resources.

Instagram is a photo-oriented social network that has gained popularity amongst Iranians in recent years. The norms of action and interaction in this social network have their own characteristics, which vary in normal interaction. difference is due to the nature of the online social network and its specific structure. The structure in the space of the Instagram is the parts that are designed by the operators, which creates the possibilities for action and creates constraints for it. to discover these differences, in this paper, the norms of action and interaction are described. for this description, the method of nethnography has been used. To ensure the authenticity of norms that discovered by the researcher, an online questionnaire has been set up and completed by 110 people. Finally, with the help of Raymond Boudon's methodology , the structure , norms , practices , and social interaction in this social network have been discussed.

Human need social life and the foundation of social life is the continuous interaction with other people. The consistency and durability and efficiency of continuous interaction depends on continuous Warm interaction (In two form Warm equal and warm unequal). Family interaction is an important area of warm interaction and the family is the last refuge of individuals in society. But a lot of research shows that the family is also extremely and broadly has a manifest and painful illness. The purpose of this article is to describe the state of social interaction in family in Iran -as sociologists have perceived and reported. The present research has cited 81 credible articles conducted by 39 important Iranian sociologists. In this research, based on the Directed content- analysis method, the social interaction state in family in Iran was extracted. The data show that: “problem of Lack of social relation and interactions in the family, Shortage And reducing family interactions, Shortage Warm interactions in the family, Existence Cold interactions in the family, Break up the spouse relationship, Inappropriate family social capital and the shortage Family Trust” Each of these problems includes more minor interactive problems which shows that our latest social sanctuary is also extremely “Low-grade” and ill.

The increase in divorce in Iran has become a social issue as the lack of policy-making in this area has resulted in immediate, cross-cutting and ineffective measures, as well as numerous parallel and repetitive actions. Since it has become a cultural issue in addition to a social issue, it requires a pre-determined unity and model. This article draws on Sprigen's theory following a social cultural policy to design a model that, if it cannot reduce the problem of divorce, at least a comprehensive policy design. With the title of Healthy Marriage. To this end, the researcher has attempted to provide an appropriate solution by drawing on existing research and data derived from studies of divorce in the social and psychological field and examining their strengths and weaknesses, after identifying the most important causes. In order to chart a better future for Iranian society in the field of marriage. In the endOf article has a social policy.

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the book “History and Social Theory”, translated by Gholamreza Jamshidiha. A general introduction of the work and a brief summary of it is presented after introducing and reviewing the necessity and background in this area. In the next section, formal, content, methodological, and translation evaluation is done. In this article, the original and translated text have been compared together, and its strengths and weaknesses have been extracted. The results showed that this book has many positive characteristics. The content of the book is compatible with basic assumptions because logically, the author has shown that history is part of sociology and sociology is part of the social sciences, so it can be concluded, like the author, that history is also part of the social sciences and is not inconsistent with Islamic values and religious principles. In terms of the volume of materials, information and knowledge transmitted, students and beginners unfamiliar with these sciences can make a lot of historical use of this book. Therefore, this book can be suggested as a source of tuition and utilization of its reliable resources for undergraduate and postgraduate students in the fields of sociology and history. The existence of more than 600 valuable historical and sociological sources in the bibliography is another very valuable point in this book. Also, the smooth and short translation of the heavy text and the main thaqil (regardless of its objection) is another strength of this book. However, the book does not match the latest headlines approved by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology as the main book in the teaching of academic courses and is educational assistance book. The lack of result at the end of each chapter keeps the reader confused. Logical coherence is very weak in the content of each chapter and between the contents of different seasons. Eliminating some of the bugs in translation, editorial and editorial defects can add to the richness of work. Intra-modal corrections, especially for reader’s easier access to resources and to the day-to-day source of work, are fundamental issues that hope to be corrected in the next edition.

The aim of this paper is to explain the main criticisms of the main propositions in the book “The Rules of the Methodology of Sociology” by Emile Durkheim. The content of this famous book, one of the basic books in sociology, suggests that Durkheim has attempted to introduce sociology as a science with a subject and method independent of other sciences, and to show that this Science is an experimental science. He described his views on this topic in six chapters in this book. Some of the contents of this book are in different chapters, although it is for the purpose of proving what was said, it also contains the material that can be considered as a confession of Durkheim’s confession against his perception that is referred to in this article. And, in some cases Durkheim has used words which could disclose others' perceptions of his point of view. In some cases, Durkheim has fallen victim to misleading concepts that do not criticize his ideas, and in some cases the concepts and meanings are not clear.

The religious elements of every culture may facilitate either social solidarity or social divergence. Sociologists have mainly paid attention to the solidifying function of religions. The current article, on the contrary, considers religions’s diverging function. For the purpose, we have used the critical-analytical method. The findings indicate that sometimes, religions call for delineating with others and at other times, it inevitably leads to such delineations without directly demanding it. Religions’s content includes all three areas of cognitive, emotional, and psycho-behavioral. Therefore, religions’s diverging influences might be pertinent to either of the three. A significant differentiation can be made between the followers of a given religion and others, while another could be internal among the followers. The followers are of various levels and sorts of religiosity. Among them, according to the second generation’s understanding, many sects and denominations take shape. The differentiation between people is sometimes defined by religions themselves and sometimes they are socially constructed. The degree and type of religion-based divergence and its effects is highly determined by the qualities and the number of followers. On the other hand, the religion’s rules and prescriptions regards with followers’s communication patterns, also the followers’ interpretations and selective understanding of these rulings, are defining in the degree, type, and effects of social divergence. Social divergence inspired by religions are manifested in differentiating beliefs, values, symbols, norms, and emotions, the most obvious outcome of which is the formation of sects and denominations

This study examines the lived experience and perception of agents active in the housing market. This is a qualitative and exploratory study. The results of this study are based on the technique of deep interview with 22 individuals active in the housing market. Theoretically, this study employs the grounded theory developed by Strauss and Corbin. According to the results of this study, some of the most important prerequisites include economic and political events in macro and international levels, socio-economic and political changes in national level, legal structure in macro and national level. Moreover, the most important obstacles include the lack of transparency, the boom or the bust of rival markets, the lack of institutional coordination, the disturbance in legal orders, the inefficient management, and the lack of optimal allocation of financial resources.

Hijab, as a social norm, is one of the most important religious laws in public and social domains. Islamic Republic of Iran has legislated Hijab. However, in the recent years, several instances of low veils have been observed in Iran’s society. This paper aims to understand reasons of low veils using the research method of Development of Theory, which is a qualitative method. 29 Mashhad women with low veils were asked to answer a questionnaire. They were then divided into two types of “the level of Sharia Hijab” and “attitudes towards Hijab” based on their answers, which helped finding their reasons for low veils. Generally, Mashhad women with low veils are influenced by aggravated process of social effects which led to insignificance of Hijab in their minds. Most of these women considered Hijab as an action without social and personal functions. Moreover, they believed that Iran’s society is moving towards accepting low veils, and so they try to Coordinate themselves with the community.

This study explores the agents' lived experience and their perception of the Intermediary investors in the housing market. This study is qualitative in research nature, exploratory in approach, applied in purpose and cross-sectional in time. Accordingly employing Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory approach, deep interviews with 20 of active people in the housing market in Mashhad was done. After coding scripts 228 sub-categories were obtained. After several coding steps, 17 core categories were identified. Finally, based on selective coding, the central phenomenon was called "Intermediary investors as professional speculator ". The results of the research showed that the central identified idea is affected by the set of contextual conditions include "the improvement of middlemen in metropolitan life", "Variety of land ownership and housing patterns in the metropolis of Mashhad", "The pattern of welfare policy in Iran" and "Historical changes in investment in Iran". Intervenes conditions include "An intermediary investor as an informed actor", "Awareness of rival markets", and "Occupation and age conditions". The causal conditions include "Density and multiplicity of experience", "Have enough capital", "Favorable personality features". The social actors (Intermediary investors), taking strategies such as "Collusion with the real estate agency", "Temporary role replacement", "Suspension presence" and "Double presence"; which lead to consequences such as "Dependence on market flows", "Flexible position in the market", "Conflict with a Social status challenge" and "Maximum profitability".

The present article seeks to demonstrate the causes of social sustenance in Nahj-al-Bilaghah. For the purpose, other than focusing on the classical sociologists’ concerns and observing their conformity with the principles of the definition of the social organization, the method of text analysis and the technique of frequent codification were used to determine the elements of social sustainability in Nahj-al-Bilaghah. The main findings of this research include: firstly, paying attention to the concerns of the classical sociologists (Comte: sustainability of interaction, Weber: meaning of interaction, Durkheim: The sense of coherence, Spenser: the emergence and growth of societal differentiation especially in situations and roles, Marx: distinction in social class) makes it clear that these concerns compose the main aspects of the social order. Secondly, the careful and methodical review of Nahj-al-Bilaghah shows that the social sustainability factors in this book comply with these aspects and: reviewing the characteristics of the sustainable and successful societies and comparing them with the characteristics of the declining societies in the words of Imam Ali (PBUH) shows that three central factors contribute to the sustainability and success of societies: monotheism, intense affinity and overall unity, and distributional and retributive justice. Ali (PBUH) counts a list of ethical characteristics and warm connections in Nahj-al-Bilaghah as the characteristics of the people in successful societies, the opposite of which stands for the decline of the society. This idea could be compared with the definition of the social organization: monotheism is a cultural element that determines the direction and meaning of the interaction. Affinity and unity are the strengthening element in groups and societies, while justice is the best form of regulating distinctions that makes the coming upon distinctions acceptable and sustaining. Therefore, it is presumed that the grand theories of sociology inform the theory exerted from the Nahj-al-Bilaghah.

This research aims to discover the migrant's emotions towards host community and to describe their emotional valence. Relying on qualitative research logic, 11 Afghan migrants were selected using theoretical sampling for in-depth interviews. Emotional valence of their relationships was drawn from narratives of research participants using coding techniques inspired by psychology and sociology of emotions in a given conceptual framework (especially Plutchik, Turner and kemper). Findings showed that firstly, the negative (cold) emotions were more evident than positive (warm) ones; secondly, the positive sentiment was not as stable as negative sentiment; thirdly, lack of proper power, lack of functional social status, mistrust and negative view towards host community resulting in continued cold emotions between migrants and host community were discovered. In general it seems that combination of aforementioned feelings uncovers two social realities: first, migrants have failed in meeting their own expectations and verifying themselves and secondly they see that there is no way to change the situation. In a situation like this fragile relationships, weakened social Solidarity and lack of social commitments prevails.

The main purpose of the present study is to find hidden meanings of sexual sin experiences and also to investigating how these meanings are constructed socially. The results of the phenomenological analysis of sexual sin experiences among 7 female participants (Iranian/ Shi’a) who had sexual relation with the opposite sex (out of religious/ legal marriage) indicated that sexual sin experience starts from a simple chat and acquaintance with the opposite sex and in a short time leads to courtship and sexual relations. Secondly, before committing the sin and in the first sexual sin experience, the perpetrator experiences feeling of resistance against the sin, fear of the sin and difficulty in committing the sin. Thirdly, during the process of committing the sin and as a result of sexual arousal, the perpetrator feels sexual pleasure, emotional enjoyment and a kind of primary pleasure, meanwhile the feeling of guilt turns all these pleasures into torture. Embarrassment, inquietude and fear (the fear of God torment and the sin revealing) are feelings of perpetrator during the process of sin commitment. After committing the sin, a sense of doubt and rethinking about the sin and then, inner pressures and regret appear. These pressures are revealed through unpleasant and strange feelings of inquietude, unfaithfulness, regret, being despised and feeling guilty back of one’s conscience. Feeling guilty back of conscience is the most common feeling which leads to repentance and self-justification to decrease these pressures. To recite the marriage vows, to state having sexual relations with the intention of marriage, and to hope to God’s forgiveness are among common justifications after committing the sexual sin. A last, sexual sin repetition normalizes sin and causes a decrease in guilty feelings, and an increase in sin pleasure, and finally it makes some changes in primary sexual beliefs and values.

This Study aimed to present the God's control mechanisms on the individual's behavior and their effects on adjusting the social behavior from viewpoint of the Koran. The main question was that what mechanisms used by God to control the individual's behavior and what their effects on adjusting the social behavior are from viewpoint of the Koran. In the study have been applied the qualitative method (grounded theory) by referring the whole Koran, verse by verse, and then encoding and analyzing the related verses. The results show that a) the God's control mechanisms are categorized into three groups: the God's direct control, the divine angel's control, and all of the individual's actions are saved and they will be revealed in the hereafter; b) knowing of those mechanisms and believing on them cause to adjust the individual's behavior and control the abnormalities; c) the Islamic managers can adjust the social behavior and oppose the abnormalities by obtained Koranic teachings.