gilani

The issue of the temporal beginning of the cosmos is one of the challenging issues which, in addition to philosophy and theology, has attracted the attention of contemporary physicists, so that some of them have expressed metaphysical-theological reactions and even atheistic opposing in choosing their opinions. Reviewing of Stephen Hawking’s works shows that he merely bases the physical rules that rely on the method of sensation and experience without the use of metaphysical and philosophical methods. Some metaphysical results such as temporal of beginningless have concluded the creation of cosmic and thereby denied the existence of God. The findings of the research in the present article which has been written by descriptive-analytical method and with philosophical approach indicate that Hawking’s cosmic temporal of beginningless is consistent with the view of some philosophers such as Mullā Ṣadrā but Mullā Ṣadrā unlike Hawking does not conclude atheism and atheistic readings from cosmic temporal of beginningless. Some of Hawking’s ontological concepts have led to fallacy of non-sequitur and lead to internal contradictions in philosophical discussions which in this article have been investigated and evaluated with the principles and fundamentals of transcendent theosophy or al-ḥikmat al-muta’āliyah (Arabic: الحکمه المتعالیه). It has been concluded in the end that Mullā Ṣadrā considers the criterion of the cosmic need for cause as “possible” in transcendent theosophy and has concluded between the “cosmic temporal of beginningless” and “the existence of God.”

Stephen Hawking, a contemporary theoretical physicist, considered the discovery of a unifying theory in physics to be very effective and he claims the existence of the theory of great unity by claiming the three possibilities. He considers the works and benefits of ontology such as; the possibility of recognizing and describing the laws governing the universe, knowing how the extreme small universe works at the beginning of creation, answering questions about the beginning, the cause of creation, and the role of God as the Creator of the universe for the theory of unity. The metaphysical results and implications of the theory of unity in this article are extracted and examined in a comparative way with the graded unity theory of Mullā Ṣadrā. The graded unity of existence has a significant impact on ontology as well as philosophical epistemology and is a factor for linking sciences with each other, explaining the relationship between the parts of the universe, analyzing human’s liberty without contradicting the divine will, explaining the beginning of the world and answering other ontological ambiguities. It is shown in this research that Hawking’s philosophical questions can be answered with Mullā Ṣadrā’s theory of unity of existence.

So as to simulate rice yield and water use efficiency using AquaCrop and SWAP models, a research study was conducted at Khuzistan Agricultrual Research Station. In this study, three types of cultivation (D1: transplanting, D2: current directs seeding consorted seeding, and D3: dry bed seeding) and rice cultivars (V1: Red-Anbori, V2: Champa, V3: Danial) were considered. Results of MBE (0.36 ton.ha-1), RMSE (0.1.07 ton.ha-1) and NRMSE (0.14 ton.ha-1) showed that AquaCrop had good accuracy for simulation of rice yield. Mentioned statistical criteria for yield simulated by SWAP were 0.54 ton.ha-1, 1.09 ton.ha-1 and 0.15, respectively, which showed a good accuracy for this model. MBE, RMSE and NRMSE values for water use efficiency calculated by AquaCrop were -0.11 kg.m-3, 0.40 kg.m-3 and 0.15, respectively, and by AquaCrop were -0.10 kg.m-3, 0.40 kg.m-3 and 0.15, respectively. Average difference between observed and simulated yield by AquaCrop and SWAP were 0.64 ton.ha-1 and 0.67 ton.ha-1, respectively. Those values for water use efficiency were 0.02 kg.m-3 and 0.025 kg.m-3, respectively. The results revealed that both AquaCrop and SWAP had acceptable accuracy for simulation of different rice cultivars yield and water use efficiency under various cultivation types, however, AquaCrop had a bit better accuracy.

Rice is one of the oldest cultivated crops. Anatomical changes in plants under environmental stress can reduce the vascular bundles area such as Xylem area; as a result, these changes can protect cells from death and dieback. There was a difference in terms of pollen germination at times after anthers’ opening. Variety Minyhui 63 had the highest germination rate (85%) at time 0 or immediately after anthers’ opening; but for variety Rufipogon with lower germination rate (60%), 50% of pollens were alive after 12 min (longer). The lowest germination rate (34%) was observed in hybrid varieties with an average longevity that even after 40 min more than 50% were alive. Simultaneously between opening of florets, anthers causes high self-pollination in rice, but flowering time under stress can postpone the turgidity and growth of pollens. Matsui and Hisashi (2003) reported that positive correlation between the number of pollen on stigma and morphological characteristics.

The current research was done for recognizing the impacts of different planting dates on morphological traits in five cultivars of rice in Khouzetan. An experiment was carried out by 2 factors as split-plot using randomized complete blocks design with three replications in agricultural research station. 3 planting dates (2.15, 3.5, and 3.25) in the main plots and 5 sorts of rice including Hoveize and hamer (heat tolerance), red Anbori and Champa (sensitive), and Daniel (semi-tolerance) were arranged in the sub-plot.

The result of combined analysis showed the reaction of cultivars were completely related to planting dates and significant difference were observed for interaction effects in %1 and %5 probability level. The highest anther length, stigma length and style length were related to planting dates 1, and 3. Meanwhile, the planting dates with longer anther and stigma had more pollen number. But among cultivars the reaction was completely different, and cultivars with longer anther had shorter stigma. Also cultivars with increasing of pollen and anther surface and pollen number and development of pollen nutrition respectively can prevent of pollen abortion and yield reduction. The highest grain yield was related to the suitable planting date (3.5) that had %62.5 and %18/1. Production increase with respect to. 2.15 and 3.25. Because the second planting date had the suitable stigma, style, anther length and so anther width and more pollen number on the stigma that can increase pollen germination and production. Among the sorts, Hoveize was superior than others and it had higher yield with 50.9% and 36.3% respectively than 2 sorts that are sensitive to heat: red Anbory and Champa. The shorter growth duration (10-13 days) with respect to other cultivars and escape of high temperature was adaptation mechanisms of Hoveize. On the other hand cultivars had different reaction in related to temperature condition.

Therefore, we hope to increase production under stress condition whereas breeding objectives concentrate on the lowering vascular bundles and control length of florets components to increase contacts between pollen and florets and finally, fertility.

In the present study, textural and structural characterizations of chitosan bead for immobilization of alpha amylase were studied in detail by N2 adsorption–desorption, Microspore Analysis (MP), Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) plots and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) observations. Pore structure observation revealed chemical activation of chitosan bead by glutaraldehyde can change both the isotherm type of adsorption and pores shape. In consistence with textural analysis, the high value of pore volume distribution with range of mesopores region indicated the porosity of activated chitosan bead was uniformly increased. Intra-particle diffusion model indicated that 97.6% of amylase was adsorbed inside the mesopores of activated chitosan bead owing to increase in kid (rate constant) and reduce of boundary layer effect on diffusion process. In addition, the stability experiments (pH, storage and thermal stability), enzyme leakage, Ca2+ and salt concentration effects were evaluated for immobilized amylase and compared with its free form. Ca2+ concentration of 1 mM shows an excellent impact on relative activity of amylase in its free and immobilized form. NaCl experiments indicated that 84% of amylase was covalently immobilized on activated chitosan beads. Further, the Michaelis–Menten kinetic coefficients, Km (~0.4mg/ml) and, Vmax(~227 U/mg Enzyme), point out strong affinity and high activity of immobilized enzyme

The new approach of food industries is natural preservatives usage instead of synthetic ones. This study was investigated to introduce a palatable and stable new product resulting from dipping of chicken breast meat in barberry extract  (BE) and Corn Zein coating enriched with Allium cepa essential oil (A) during refrigerated storage. Treatments examined in the present study were the following: C (control samples were dipped in sterile distilled water), BE1.5% (samples were dipped in 1.5% barberry extract), BE3% (samples were dipped in 3% barberry extract), BE1.5%-CZ( samples were dipped in 1.5% barberry extract and Corn Zein), BE3%-CZ  (samples were dipped in 3% barberry extract and Corn Zein), BE1.5%-CZ-A2%(samples were dipped in in 1.5% barberry extract,  Corn Zein and onion essential oil ) and BE3%-CZ-A2%( samples were dipped in 3% barberry extract,  Corn Zein and onion essential oil).  The samples were stored at 4 °C for 15 days and analyzed at 3-day intervals. All of treatments significantly (P < 0.05) decreased mesophilic total plate counts (TPC), Pseudomonas spp., lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Enterobacteriaceae, Psychrotrophic bacteria and yeasts-molds as compared control during refrigerated storage. The enriched Corn Zein coating to onion essential oil significantly (p<0.05) improved above effects. It was concluded that barberry extract with Corn Zein coating containing onion essential oil is able to decrease microbial spoilage in chicken breast meat during refrigerated conditions.

Barberry fruit is consumed in different forms including dried fruit, juice, jam and marmalade in Iran. This fruit is also used as a food additive (flavoring and colorant) in soup and rice dishes. In present study, antioxidant activities of acetone, ethanol and water (infusion and decoction) extracts of barberry (Berberis vulgaris) fruit were investigated using 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing power methods. Total phenolic contents of the extracts were also estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu assay. In ABTS assay, acetone and ethanol extracts showed the highest radical scavenging activity, while in DPPH and reducing power methods, acetone extract and decoction exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity. Meanwhile, the antioxidant potential of water extracts increased with increasing heating time (antioxidant activity of decoction was higher than that of infusion). The highest total phenolic content was found in the acetone extract (92.75 mg GAE per g). It was concluded that the acetone extract and decoction of barberry fruit can be used as an effective natural antioxidant in food industry.

Naphtha catalytic reforming process is one of the most critical operations in petroleum refineries to produce gasoline with high octane number and valuable aromatics. This study by examining a wide range of publications since 1959 focuses on three topics kinetic modeling, steady and unsteady modeling and optimization. Most kinetic models were based on lump method 3 to 31 lumps and molecular modeling is rarely used due to the complexity and high volume of computations. In steady and unsteady modeling, the phenomenon of penetration in the process is neglected. Among the different configurations of the reactors, it was observed that the spherical radial flow reactors which were examined on a pilot scale have a lower pressure drop in their bed. The optimization of the reactors is often based on the steady mode and the reactor input temperature, pressure and catalyst mass distribution parameters have been optimized. It was also observed that if the first reactor operates at the highest possible temperature and the other reactors at a lower temperature the economic performance of the process will be improved.

Although Helicobacter pylori has a significant impact on the occurrence of severe clinical syndromes, its exact ways of transmission and origin have not been identified. According to the results of some previously published articles, foods with animal origins play a substantial role in the transmission of H. pylori to humans. The present investigation was carried out to study the vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA) and cytotoxin associated gene A (cagA) genotypes status and antibiotic resistance properties of H. pylori strains recovered from minced-meat and hamburger samples. A total of 150 meat product samples were collected from supermarkets. All samples were cultured and the susceptive colonies were then subjected to nested-PCR, PCR-based genotyping and disk diffusion methods. 11 out of 150 samples (7.33%) were positive for H. pylori. All the isolates were further identified using the nested-PCR assay. Prevalence of H. pylori in hamburger and minced-meat samples was 1.42% and 12.5%, respectively. S1a, m1a and cagA were the most commonly detected genotypes. The most commonly detected combined genotypes in the H. pylori strains of minced-meat were s1am1a (10%), s1am1b (10%) and s2m1a (10%). Helicobacter pylori strains of meat products harbored the highest levels of resistance against ampicillin (90.90%), erythromycin (72.72%), amoxicillin (72.72%), trimethoprim (63.63%), tetracycline (63.63%), and clarithromycin (63.63%). Hamburger and minced-meat samples may be the sources of virulent and resistant strains of H. pylori. Meat products are possible sources of resistant and virulent strains of H. pylori similar to those vacA and cagA genotypes. Using healthy raw materials and observation of personal hygiene can reduce the risk of H. pylori in meat products.

The kinetics and isotherm studies of the immobilized lipase and the mechanism of immobilization on chitosan beads and activated chitosan beads with glutaraldehyde were investigated. The validity of experimental data fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Hill, Sips, Temkin, Redlich-Paterson and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models for both immobilization methods were examined. The isotherm models were compatible and confirmed immobilization techniques. In comparing of the isotherm models, the best fit of experimental data was obtained by Langmuir isotherm model for chitosan beads; which is consistent with the heterogeneous behavior of the adsorption sites on the chitosan structure. However, Freundlich isotherm model have corresponded immobilization of lipase on chitosan beads activated by glutaraldehyde so that it can reveal the multilayer adsorption. Also, pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich and intra-particle diffusion were studied by experimental results in different concentration of lipase. Pseudo-first order kinetic model were described immobilization of lipase on chitosan beads and corresponds to physical adsorption of enzyme on the carrier. In fact, activated beads have followed pseudo-second order kinetic model which is indicated that chemical adsorption of enzyme occurred in the carrier. In addition, intra-particle diffusion equation for chitosan beads and activated chitosan beads is properly fitted by experimental data with high regression coefficient. In addition, FESEM analysis of chitosan beads and activated chitosan beads demonstrated that glutaraldehyde has significantly enhanced the surface porosity of chitosan beads. Maximum capacity of immobilization was enhanced by 2 folds, when the porosity of chitosan beads were improved by glutaraldehyde. These results were confirmed with adsorption isotherm models and kinetic equations.

This study was performed to evaluate the levels of heavy metals in the livers and kidneys of cattle, sheep and goats from a mining region in the west of Iran.
In this cross-sectional study, 90 samples were collected from the livers and kidneys of cattle (n=30), sheep (n=30) and goats (n=30) from a slaughterhouse in Hamedan City, western Iran. Lead, cadmium, manganese, zinc, copper, and iron concentrations were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.
Lead concentration exceeded the permissible limit in all samples. Cadmium level was within the permissible limit in most samples, except for the cattle and sheep kidneys. Iron concentration was normal in all samples, except for sheep livers and kidneys. The rest of the elements (manganese, zinc and copper) were within the safe range. There were no sex and age-related significant differences in metal concentrations of cattle samples. The highest effects of age and sex were observed in sheep samples.
The soil of these areas contains high level of lead and cadmium, contaminating the plants, water and animals of these regions; therefore, precise care and health inspection of livestock in these areas are recommended.

Evaluation of the grain yield and yield components and also morphological traits can help to identify strategies for selection of resistant cultivars and increased crop yield production under heat stress condition. To this end, in experiment to evaluate of grain yield and yield components on 42 rice lines tolerant to heat stress from International Rice Research Institute (IRRI).
An experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications plus Hoveizeh cultivar as control during 2013-2014 in Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khuzestan province, Iran. The evaluated eight characters were: degree of maturity, growth period, number of tillers per square meter, number of grains per panicle, number of hollow grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight, fertility percentage and grain yield measured on the basis of the standard system of International Rice Research Institute. As the degree of maturity of the product of two traits of fertility percentage and 1000 grain weight were measured in each trial.
Research simple of traits variance analysis showed there were significant differences in effect of cultivar for all traits except number of tiller per square meter that this result showed that diversity of the lines and cultivar for using in the study. Number of tillers per square meter and number of grains per panicle in front of grain yield imported in regression equation that these traits of positive and significant correlation with grain yield. Path analysis showed that the number of grains per panicle with correlation coefficient of 0.337 had the higher direct effect than number of tillers per square meter with correlation coefficient of 0.186 on grain yield. Principal component analysis of the first two components explained 74% of the total diversity. In this analysis desirable characters such as fertility percentage, grain yield and degree of maturity in the first component have positive coefficient traits which increase first component, and also 1000 grain weight with negative factor coefficient in second component, so first component increased and second component decreased. Cluster analysis, case of study cultivar and lines resolved in three groups. In the first cluster, lines such as: 1, 34, 54, 35, 39, 21, 33, 40, 25, 28, 9, 10, 15, 29, 32, 31, 30, 36 and 44 as well as in the second cluster, lines such as: 3, 24, 4, 19, 5, 7, 6, 55, 14, 23, 16, 17, 18 and 20 and in the third cluster, lines such as: 8, 50, 52, 43, 41, 45, 11, 13, 12 and 26 were included. In the first cluster desirable lines were 40, 35, 34 and 25 and in second cluster undesirable lines were 11, 12, 13, 26, 41 and 45.
Significant differences in effect of cultivar for all traits except number of tiller per square meter that this result showed that diversity of the lines and cultivar for using in the study. According to graph of biplot the first cluster was as best cluster and third cluster was as worse. Discriminant function showed truth grouping at 95%.

Wheat distillers dried grains with solubles (WDDGS) is a by-product that can be an alternative feed ingredient for poultry. However, WDDGS contains non-starch polysaccharides which limit its dietary inclusion. The objective of the current experiment was to evaluate the effect of WDDGS with or without Endofeed W® as a commercial enzyme on laying hens. A 5×2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with 4 replicates consisting of 5 levels of WDDGS (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) and 2 levels of Endofeed W® (0 and 0.05%) were evaluated. Ten mash diets were fed to 320 commercial Hy-Line W-36 hens from 51 weeks of age for 12 weeks. Each experimental unit consisted of two cages with four birds each. Feed intake, body weight, egg production and egg quality characteristics were monitored during the trial. Hens fed diets including WDDGS produced eggs lower on the Roche Yolk Color Fan scale. Endofeed W® significantly improved overall feed efficiency and daily egg mass. There was no significant effect of WDDGS, Endofeed W® or their interaction on hen-day egg production, egg weight, egg specific gravity, shell weight percentage, shell thickness and percentage of soft-shelled and cracked or broken eggs. Also, the activity of serum AST, ALT, LDH and BUN were not affected by dietary treatments.

Nowadays, consumers are applicant to usage of natural replacements causing to side effects of synthetic preservatives such as carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. This experiment was carried out to introduce a new product resulting from dipping of chicken breast meat in pomegranate fruit juice and chitosan coating enriched with Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil. Treatments of the present study were the following: control, samples containing pomegranate juice, samples containing chitosan, samples containing pomegranate juice and chitosan, samples containing pomegranate juice and chitosan enriched with essence 1%, samples containing pomegranate juice and chitosan enriched with essence 2%. The samples were stored at -18±1°C for 6 months and microbial analyzed at 0, 2, 4 and 6 months. Population of mesophilic total plate counts, Pseudomonas spp., lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Enterobacteriaceae, Psychrotrophic bacteria and yeasts-molds were significantly (P

This study was designed and conducted in order to investigate the effect of different levels of urea fertilizer and brown seaweed extract (Nizamuddinia zanardinii) on the physiological traits and grain yield of wheat. Experiment was carried out in the form of factorial in completely randomized design with three replications at five levels of brown seaweed extract (zero, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent) and three levels zero, 25 and 50 percent of recommended using rate of 46 percent urea fertilizer (the recommended using rate of urea fertilizer was 300 kilogram per hectare). After the growth and complete ripeness of wheat, the amount of grain soluble carbohydrate, the average weight of spike, the average number grains of spike, grains weight of spike, harvest index of spike, grain yield and biomass were measured. The obtained results showed, using seaweed extract led to a significant increase in the amount of investigated growth indices in comparison to control. In treatments in which the combination of seaweed fertilizer with 25 percent recommended using rate of urea fertilizer was used, the mentioned growth indices significantly increased, which indicated the synergistic and interaction of seaweeds and urea fertilizer. In treatments in which the mixture of seaweed extract has been used along with 50 percent of recommended using rate of urea fertilizer, the investigated growth indices showed significant decrease in comparison to the mixture of seaweed extract treatments along with 25 percent recommended rate of urea fertilizer.

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of different planting dates (different ambient temperature conditions) on the characteristics of rice panicle and yield of its cultivars in Khuzestan climate in 2010. The experimental design was a split plot in a Randomized Block Design with four replications. The main factor was the planting date with three dates (May 25th, June 9th, and June 25th) and the sub factor consisted of three rice cultivars including Red Anbori (long and short), and Champa. Results showed that the highest grain yield, seed weight in each panicle, grain number, and 1000-grain weight belonged to the third planting date; the highest fertility percentage belonged to the second planting date; and the highest number of unfilled seeds in panicle and weight of unfilled 1000-grain were observed in the first planting date. With an average of 3795.4 Kg/ ha, Champa cultivar had the highest grain yield. In addition, given the correlation coefficients, grain yield had the most positive and significant correlations with 1000-grain weight (0.779*), weight of each panicle`s seeds (0.755*), and the number of filled seeds per panicle (0.403*), which indicates the high and direct impact of these characteristics on the increase of yield as well as the necessity of conducting further studies to increase the yield.

Infertility is estimated to affect up to 15% of couples of reproductive age. Globozoospermia is a rare (incidence < 0.1%) but severe disorder in male infertility. It is characterized by the absence of acrosome in round-headed spermatozoa. Cases with partial globozoospermic are a group of patients whose semen samples show only a fraction with this typical head shape. It is possible that round-headed sperm may have an abnormal chromatin structure and/or DNA strand breaks. Moreover, sperm DNA fragmentation is shown to be associated with teratozoospermia. This study aimed to assess the sperm DNA fragmentation in the patients with partial globozoospermia. In this prospective cohort study, 77 subjects including 33 infertile men with round-headed sperm (above 20%) and 44 normozospermic men as control was recruited over a 30 month period. Semen examination was based on World Health Organization guidelines. Sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay were done for evaluation of the chromatin structure. The analysis of sperm DNA fragmentation showed statistical differences between patients with partial globozoospermia and control group. Patients with partial globozoospermia had a higher mean level of DNA fragmentation than the men with normal spermogram in SCSA (26.57 ± 16.69 vs. 14.57 ± 9.24) and TUNEL (24.81 ± 18.68 vs. 11.50 ± 4.22) methods, respectively. The results of TUNEL and SCSA showed a strong relationship (r = 0.484; P < 0.001) in both groups. Some specific morphological abnormalities were shown to be predictive of chromatin alteration. The present study demonstrated that men with round-head sperm have elevated risk for DNA fragmentation in their sperm compared to control group. There are just some case reports about DNA fragmentation rate in men with globozoosprmia and further confirmation in a larger scale study is needed.

Paddy rice residue covers more than 60000 ha of the Khuzestan plain. High soil moisture content (low evaporation and heavy soil texture), time limitations, and the likelihood of rainfall make conventional tillage methods unsuitable for wheat cultivation after the rice harvest. The present study investigated the best residue management method, and fuel and time savings, to produce acceptable yields and improve the physical properties of the soil. The study was conducted on silty-clay soil from 2010-2012 at Shavoor Agricultural Research Station in northern Ahwaz province in Iran. Testing was conducted in strip plots using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots were tillage T1 = conventional plow + disc harrow + leveler; T2 = chisel plow + disc harrow + leveler; T3 = chisel plow + rotavator; T4 = disc harrow + rotavator; T5 = two passes of disc harrow + leveler; T6 = one pass of rotavator; and T7 = no tilling or drilling. Subplots combine two rice residue cover varieties (LD183 and Anboory) with two rice-growing methods (paddling and dry seeding). The results showed that the highest (49.1 l/ha) and lowest (20 l/ha) fuel consumption were recorded for T1 and T7, respectively. Fuel consumption decreased 35% for T2, 20% for T3, 31% for T4, 50% for T5, 44% for T6, and 59% for T7 over T1. T1 at 4.3 h/ha and T7 at 0.5 h/ha had the highest and lowest total operation times, respectively. Total operational time decreased 46% for T2, 35% for T3, 39% for T4, 70% for T5, 53% for T6, and 88% for T7 over T1. Total operational cost of conservation tillage methods decreased 20% to 33% over T1. Type of rice residue and rice growing method had no significant effect on wheat grain yield or on other parameters. There was a significant difference between tillage methods versus seeding depth and soil versus residue break-up. Wheat grain yield for the first year of testing was significant and 9.6% higher than for the second year. The results for sowing wheat after rice harvest in silty-clay soil in Khuzestan provinceusing available machinery recommends tillage methods T7, T5, T2 or T6 instead of conventional method T1.

To locate the muscarinic (M) M2 and M3 receptors in bladder interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and to determine the effects of M2 and M3 agonists on bladder ICCs. A total of 30 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 225-250 g were used in this study. Double-labeled fluorescence of muscarinic receptors and c-kit was performed for co-localization. To evaluate the effect of muscarinic agents on the excitation of bladder ICCs, we analyzed the inward current of bladder ICCs using the whole-cell patch clamp. The effect of muscarinic agents on the carbachol-induced inward currents was evaluated with the whole-cell patch clamp. M2 and M3 receptors were confirmed in the stroma ICCs in rat's bladders with double-labeled immunofluorescence. Spontaneous action potential was observed in freshly isolated bladder ICCs. The carbachol-induced inward Ca2+ current in ICCs can be blocked by atropine. The M2 receptor antagonist methoctramine (1 μM) showed a weak inhibitory capability on the inward Ca2+ current [from 74.8 ± 9.6 to 63.3 ± 13.8 Pascal (pA), n = 12, P =. 03]. While the M3 receptor antagonist 4-diphenyl-acetoxy-N-methyl-piperidine methiodide (4-DAMP) (1 μM) significantly inhibited the inward Ca2+ current (from 78.4 ± 11.2 to 17.3 ± 7.9 pA, n = 12, P <. 001). Bladder ICCs express M2 and M3 cholinergic receptors. Most muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists, especially the M3 antagonists, can effectively inhibit the carbamylcholine- induced inward current of bladder ICCs.

This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of different planting dates (Heat stress) on the trend of Vejetative growth in addition to the yield of three rice Cultivare for one year in Shavoor regions in the north region of Khuzestan, as spilt plots in the form of fully random blocks in three repetitions. Main factor was the date of planting at three levels (26 May, 10 Jun, 26 Jun) and the second factor was in three levels including of Red Anbori varieties (long and short grains), and Champa. Results Analysis of variance indicated that there is a significant difference between different dates of planting and all properties; but to other of stem dry weight and fertility percentage, remnant characteristics there is not any significant difference in the interaction of both factors. Also maximum and minimum amount stem dry weight and height plant inverse grean yield, 1000-grain, fertility percentage, harvest index and leaf dry weight were related to the 1 and 3 dates. trend of all characteristics on 26 May, which had the maximum thermal stress at the reproductive stage, they reached the maximum growth in a shorter period of time. Among the Cultivares, Champa had the highest yield with an average of 3795/4 kg/ha. with attention Correlation coefficients maximum affirmative and significant grean yield was on the leaf dry weight (0.441*). Based on the results, it can be hoped that the yield of grain resulted from the increase of the growth and net photosynthesis in rice would be increased by focusing the breeding purposes on increasing the leaf weight.

Postoperative apnea is a major concern in infants undergoing surgery. In this study, we evaluated incidence and related factors for postoperative apnea in infants less than 60 weeks postconceptual age after herniorrhaphy. One-hundred fifty infants with post conceptional age (PCA) less than 60 weeks who underwent elective herniorrhaphy were studied over eight months in 2012. General anesthesia was induced by sevoflurane and maintained by remifentanil, atracurium, and N2O 60%. Postoperatively, they were monitored for two hours in the recovery room and ten hours in the ward using pulse oximetry and nasal capnography. Totally, 31 (20.7%) cases of postoperative apnea were reported. By comparing the patients, factors associated with postoperative apnea included postconceptional age, birth weight, and history of apnea, oxygen therapy, metabolic diseases, icterus, or cardiac disease. Twenty-seven (18%) apnea cases occurred in recovery room in infants with gestational age (GA) of 35.64±2.73 weeks, while only four (2.6%) patients of GA 36.02±2.0 weeks developed delayed apnea). In our study, the incidence of postoperative apnea following inguinal herniorrhaphy under general anesthesia in infants younger than 60 weeks PCA was 20.7%, which is considerable. We recommend longer surveillance and monitoring in recovery room for these infants with high-risk of postoperative apnea. This should be followed by evaluation of risk factors to determine the indication for elective intensive care unit transfer for longer-term monitoring of higher-risk patients.

In order to study the effect of plot water height on some agronomical and physiological characteristics of rice cultivars in Ahvaz, a field experiment was conducted experimental field of Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University in Ahvaz, in the during 2005- 2006 growing season. Treatments were arranged as a split-plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Water height at four levels (5, 10, 15 and control: with water flowing) and three cultivars (Champa, Anbori and Danial) were the main plots and sub plots respectively. The results indicated that by increasing the height of plot water, the grain yield, number of grain in panicle and plant height increased, but at 15 cm water height a relative decrease in grain yield was seen. Also, by increasing plot water height, HI, number of tillers, water use efficiency and water temperature decreased but plot water height had no significant effect on 1000 grain weight. Among the cultivars, Danial and Champa had the highest and lowest grain yield, number of grain in panicle, tiller number and water use efficiency, respectively. If the water height, for decreasing of water usage, increasing water use efficiency and grain yield, in different cultivars is fixed, the 10 cm of plot water height inAhvaz region can be recommended.

Canthaxanthin is a ketocarotenoid used in pharmaceutical، medical، cosmetic، fishery، poultry، and food industries. The restriction of synthetic carotenoids in food industries has led to the development of canthaxanthin from biological resources. Canthaxanthin is a highly unsaturated molecule that is susceptible to environmental conditions. Spray drying microencapsulation is a technique to protect carotenoids from adverse environmental conditions and was used in this study to increase the stability of microbial canthaxanthin. The objective of the study was to compare the effects of polysaccharides used as wall materials on the characteristics and stability of microencapsulated canthaxanthin. A strain of the bacterium Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1 was used as the source of canthaxanthin. Gum Arabic (GA)، maltodexterin (MD)، and pullulan (PL) were used as wall materials for microencapsulation of canthaxanthin using spray drying. The effect of adding MD and PL to GA as wall materials on the characteristics and stability of the microcapsules produced were investigated. It was shown that the type of wall did not affect the moisture and water activity of the microcapsules، but did influence other characteristics. Microcapsules made from GA and PL were smaller in size and contained less surface carotenoid. Microcapsules produced with MD were largest in size and showed the least microencapsulation efficiency. The results also showed that the degradation of microencapsulated canthaxanthin using GA and PL proceeded more slowly than did that using MD over 6 mo of storage. The results of this study found that GA and PL are potential wall materials for the encapsulation of canthaxanthin using the spray-drying method.

To study the effect of planting time on the flag leaf anatomy (stomata number, stomata diameter and surface, large and small vascular bundles surface, xylem, and phloem) of rice genotypes in Khuzestan climate a field experiment was conducted as split plot arrangements in randomized complete blocks design with three replications, in Shavoor agricultural research station 70 km north of Ahvaz, Iran, in 2010-2011. The main plots was planting time in three levels (15 March, 14 April and 26 May 2011) and the sub-plots comprised of rice genotypes; Gerde Zanjan and 3 local genotypes namely Hoveizeh, Hamar, and Gerde Ramhormoz (tolerant to heat), 4 foreign genotyes (Dollar, N22, CR547-1-2-3 and IR1567-228-3-3) and two breeding lines; No. 7 and 13. Results revealed that, for all the evaluated traits, there was a significant effect of planting time, genotype and the interaction of genotype × planting time. Hamar genotype in 26 May and IR1567-228-3-3 in 15 March had the highest and least numbers of stomata with averages of 1366 and 786, respectively. Maximum and minimum stomata diameter and surface were observed for genotype N22 in 26 May (diameter 30.3 μm and surface 484.5 μm²) and Gerde Ramhormoz in 14 April (diameter 13.6 μm and surface 97.7 μm²), respectively. The highest large vascular bundles surface was recorded for line No. 13 in second planting time with average of 1348.5 μm² and the lowest large vascular bundles surface belonged to Dollar with average of 5267.6 μm² in 26 May planting time. Maximum and minimum small vascular bundles surface belonged to Hoveizeh in 15 March with average of 2011.5 μm² and Dollar in 14 April with average of 321.2 μm², respectively. IR1567-228-3-3 (2089.7 kg.ha-1) in had the highest grain yield in 15 March and Hoveizeh (4898.1 kg.ha-1) in 14 April and Hamar genotypes (4804.4 kg.ha-1) in 26 May planting times had the highest grain yields.