فهرست مطالب golbarg ghiasi

The impact of the international sanctions on the Central Bank of Iran in 2013 and also accessibility of medicines in this country have received a lot of media coverage. In this study we used the data collected from a group of pharmacies all located in Tehran to assess the potential effects of the banking sanctions on access to asthma medicines. Data were collected from forty community pharmacies in Tehran, using a standard methodology proposed by the WHO and Health Action International. Data were collected in two stages: first before the sanctions were made against the banking system in the summer of 2012, and second after they were in effect in the summer of 2013, and they were analyzed using univariate analysis techniques. Several imported medicines were already in shortage during 2012. As a result of the sanctions, the availability of both imported and locally manufactured asthma medicines decreased by 19% and 42%, respectively. While before the height of the sanctions 60% of the pharmacies could provide all the essential asthma medicines, this number reduced to 28% after the sanctions (p-value: 0.003). While studies about “access to medicines” in Iran prior to 2011 were indicating appropriate access, our findings suggested that the availability of asthma medicines in community pharmacies was already less than ideal in 2012 and declined dramatically after the latest wave of the sanctions. Our findings show the important effects of the sanctions on availability of asthma medications in community pharmacies.

Considering that the cosmetics today are not have used only for luxury purposes and have effective medicinal components, pharmacists require knowing about the components and ingredients of such products with a scientific level on different usages. As mentioned above, the main objective of this study is investigating the knowledge of pharmacists employed in the pharmacies of Tehran about cosmetics.
This study has been conducted by descriptive method using surveys. For completing the surveys, referring to the pharmacies, in personal, and delivering the forms to pharmacists, they were asked to complete it in the same time and they returned it to the surveyor.
According to results, it can be seen that 57% of pharmacists generally answered correctly, i.e., the information of almost 43% of pharmacists for sunscreen cares seems not to be enough. Furthermore, the awareness of pharmacists about depilatories and their physicochemical properties and ingredients was weak (21.5%).
It was considered as the only significant relation between age of pharmacists and their knowledge such that by increase in their age, their knowledge to two products, sunscreen care, and depilatory was decreased. On the other side, in Iran, the role of pharmacists has not been defined in this field-necessity of providing cosmetics information.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most important diseases in all over the world. Insulin and its receptor are found in specific area of CNS with a variety of regions-specific functions different from its role in direct glucose regulation in the periphery. The hippocampus and cerebral cortex distributed insulin and insulin receptor has been shown to be involved in brain cognitive functions. Previous studies about the effect of insulin on memory in diabetes are controversial and further investigation is necessary. Seventy male NMRI rats (250-300 g) were randomly divided into control, diabetic, saline-saline, saline-insulin (12, 18 or 24 mU), diabetic-saline, diabetic-insulin (12, 18 or 24 mU) groups. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, ip). Saline or insulin were injected bilaterally (1 µl/rat) into CA1 region of hippocampus during 1 min. Thirty minutes later, water maze training was performed. Insulin had a dose dependent effect. The spatial learning and memory were impaired with diabetes, and improved by insulin. Escape latency and swimming distance in a water maze in insulin treated animals were significantly lower.

Objective(s)Diabetes mellitus is associated with disturbances of learning and memory and cognitive functioning. Aegle marmelos Corr. from Rutaceae family is widely used in Iranian folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Considering the beneficial antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of A. marmelos, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of oral administration of A. marmelos on learning and spatial memory in diabetic rats using Morris water maze test.Materials and MethodsConsidering the beneficial antidiabetic potential of A. marmelos, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chronic oral administration of A. marmelos as cognitive enhancer, on learning and spatial memory in diabetic rats using Morris water maze test. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal-control, diabetic-control, and A. marmelos-treated diabetic groups (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.). Animals were treated for 4 weeks by A. marmelos or normal saline. Diabetes was induced by a single dose i.p. injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg). In each group of animals, spatial learning and memory parameters were analyzed. ResultsClear impairment of spatial learning and memory was observed in diabetic group versus normal-control group. A. marmelos showed dose dependent improvement in spatial learning and memory parameters that swimming time (Escape Latency) in normal-control and A. marmelos-treated diabetic animals rats was significantly (P< 0.01) lower than diabetic-control, while swimming speed was significantly (P< 0.05) higher.ConclusionThe study demonstrated that A. marmelos has significant protective affect against diabetes-induced spatial learning and memory deficits. This effect could be attributed to hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of A. marmelos.

Pioglitazone from thiazolidinediones generation, represent a new antidiabetic drugs that have been introduced in the world recently. Thiazolidinediones can improve insulin resistance by activating the nuclear peroxoxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and increasing insulin sensitivity in their receptors. Insulin and its receptors are found in specific areas of CNS with a variety of region-specific functions. The effects of insulin in CNS are different from its direct glucose regulation in the periphery. Hippocampus and cerebral cortex distributed insulin/insulin receptor have been shown to be involved in brain cognitive functions. In the present study, the effect of pioglitazone microinjection into CA1 region of rat hippocampus using Morris water maze performance has been investigated. In this experimental study, male N-MRI rats were randomly divided into control, DMF (dimethyl formamide) and pioglitazone groups (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 µg/rat). Drugs were injected (1 µl/rat) into CA1 region bilaterly during 1 min. Thirty minutes after the intrahippocampal injection of drugs, water maze training was started. Pioglitazone had a dose dependent effect. The spatial learning and memory didn’t change with lower dose of pioglitazone, but improved with intermediate doses, while they impaired with higher dose. These results suggest that intrahippocampal injection of pioglitazone may have a dose-dependent effect on spatial learning and memory in rats in range of 0.001 to 1 µg/rat.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effects of Teucrium hyrcanicum aqueous extract in male mice and rats. To assess the antiinflammatory effect, we used carrageenan- and dextran-induced paw oedema and for determination of the antinociceptive effect, acetic acid-induced writhing, tail flick and formalin pain tests were used. The extract of T. hyrcanicum (50–200 mg/kg) and acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg) produced a significant inhibition of the second phase response in the formalin pain model (P<0.01), while only the high dose of the extract (200 mg/kg) showed an analgesic effect in the first phase. The extract also inhibited acetic acid-induced abdominal writhes in a dose-dependent manner. The tail flick latency was dose dependently enhanced by the extract but this was significantly lower than that produced by morphine 10 mg/kg (P<0.05). The extract (25–250 mg/kg) administered 1 h before carrageenan-induced paw swelling produced a dose dependent inhibition of the oedema. No effect was observed with the dextran-induced oedema model. The obtained data suggest antiinflammatory and analgesic effects for the aqueous extract of Teucrium hyrcanicum, which may be mediated via both peripheral and central mechanisms. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and triterpenoids might be responsible for the antiinflammatory activity of this plant.

Objective(s)Current study was undertaken to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of Teucrium chamaedrys in mice and rats. Materials and MethodsFor evaluating of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity, we used the carrageenan- and dextran-induced paw oedema, acetic acid-induced writhing, tail flick and formalin pain tests.ResultsThe extract of T. chamaedrys (50–200 mg/kg) and acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg) produced a significant (P< 0.01) inhibition of the second phase response in the formalin pain model, while only the high dose (200 mg/kg) of the extract showed an analgesic effect in the first phase. The extract also inhibited acetic acid-induced abdominal writhes in a dose-dependent manner. The tail flick latency was dose dependently enhanced by the extract but this was significantly (P< 0.05) lower than that produced by morphine (10 mg/kg). The extract (25–250 mg/kg) administered 1 hr before carrageenan-induced paw swelling produced a dose dependent inhibition of the oedema. No effect was observed with the dextran-induced oedema model. Results of the phytochemical screening show the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and triterpenoids in the extract.ConclusionThe data obtained also suggest that the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the extract may be mediated via both peripheral and central mechanisms. The role of alkaloids, flavonoids and triterpenoids will evaluate in future studies.

A multimodal approach to postcesarean pain management may enhance analgesia and reduce side effects after surgery. We investigated postoperative pain in a double-blinded, randomized, single-dose comparison of the monoaminergic and µ-opioid agonist tramadol, 100 mg (Group T) and piroxicam 20 mg (Group P) given IM alone- single dose in 150 patients who had elective cesarean delivery. All patients were assessed at 0, 6, 12 and 24 hours post operation for pain degree (by Visual Analogue Score: VAS 1-10), nausea and vomiting. Pain degree was classified as: Painless: 0, Mild: 1-4, Moderate: 5-8, Severe: 9-10. There was no significant difference between the efficacy of tramadol and piroxicam injections (P>0.05). Pain intensity decreased markedly over time in both groups. Mean±SEM pain degrees were as follows: P=7.7±0.5, T=8.2±0.8 after 0 hours; P=5.4±0.6, T=6.1±0.5 after 6 hours; P=3.3±0.4, T=3.4±0.7 after 12 hours; P=1.1±0.4, T=1.3±0.5 after 24 hours of surgery. Side effects were similarly minimal with all treatments. It might be concluded that i.m. injections of 20 mg piroxicam (single dose therapy) could relieve postoperative pain after cesarean section as well as tramadol and it could reduce opioid analgesic requirements with less adverse side effects during the first postoperative 24 h.

Objective(s)Learning is defined as the acquisition of information and skills, while subsequent retention of that information is called memory. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of Boswellia papyriferaon learning and memory paradigms in mice and rats.Materials and MethodsThis study was held at the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran from September 2006 to March 2008. Male Wistar rats and male NMRI mice were randomly divided into control, B. papyrifera treated (50, 100, 150 mg/kg, p.o.), and piracetam (150 mg/kg) groups. Radial arm maze (RAM) and Morris water maze (MWM) were the screening tests used to assess the activity of B. papyrifera extract.ResultsThe mice treated with B. papyrifera(50, 100 and 150 mg/kg) or piracetam (150 mg/kg) showed a decrease in number of days required to learned (P< 0.05) and time taken to find food by the learned mice in radial arm maze (P< 0.01). In Morris water maze, rats treated with the above mentioned doses showed dose dependent improvement in spatial learning. Escape latency during swimming in water maze in piracetam and B. papyriferatreated animals was significantly lower (P< 0.01) than control. Swimming distance was also significantly lower (P< 0.05) in the treated groups.Conclusion The results show facilitation of spatial learning and memory processes and thereby validate B. papyriferatraditional use of intelligence improving. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins might be responsible for this activity of B. papyrifera.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with disturbances of learning and memory and cognitive functioning. Aegle marmelos Corr. from Rutaceae family, is widely used in Iranian folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. It decreases blood glucose level by improving glucose tolerance and also has lipid-lowering and antioxidant properties. Considering the beneficial antidiabetic potential of A. marmelos, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chronic oral administration of A. marmelos as cognitive enhancer, on learning and spatial memory in diabetic rats using Morris water maze test. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal-control, diabetic-control, and A. marmelos-treated diabetic groups (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o., 4 weeks). Diabetes was induced by a single dose i.p. injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg). In each group of animals, spatial learning and memory parameters were analyzed. A. marmelos showed dose dependent improvement in spatial learning and memory parameters. Swimming time (Escape Latency) in normal-control and A. marmelos-treated diabetic animals rats was significantly lower than diabetic-control, while swimming speed was significantly higher. The study demonstrated that A. marmelos has a significant protective effect against diabetes-induced spatial learning and memory deficits. This effect can be attributed to hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of A. marmelos.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the nociception activity of promethazine, a tranquillizer devoid of hypnotic activity in mice.Antinociception was evaluated, using the acetic acid-induced writhing, tail flick, hot plate and formalin pain tests.Promethazine (4 and 6 mg/kg) and acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg) produced a significant inhibition of the second phase response in the formalin pain model (P<0.05) and the drug couldn’t show an antinociceptive effect in the first phase. Morphine (10 mg/kg) inhibited both first and second phase response (P<0.01). Drug also showed a dose-dependent inhibition of acetic acid-induced abdominal writhes. The tail flick and hot plate latency weren’t different from control (P>0.05) and administration of naloxone (0.1 mg/kg) couldn''t block the antinociceptive effect of promethazine.The data obtained suggest that antinociceptive effects of the promethazine may be mediated via peripheral and not central mechanisms.

A sensitive and rapid method is described for determination of clopidogrel carboxylic acid (CCA), the inactive metabolite of the antiplatelet agent clopidogrel in human serum. The analytical procedure involves liquid-liquid extraction of the analyte and an internal standard (phenytoin) with ethyl acetate. A mobile phase consisting of 0.05 M phosphate buffer containing triethylamine (0.5 ml/l; pH 5.7) and acetonitrile (56:44; v/v) was used and chromatographic separation was achieved using a C18 analytical column at detector wavelength of 220 nm. The calibration curves were linear over a concentration range of 0.05-10 μg/ml of CCA in human serum. The total run time of analysis was 5.5 min. and the lower limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.02 and 0.05 μg/ml, respectively. The method validation was carried out in terms of specificity, sensitivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and stability. The validated method was applied in a randomized cross-over bioequivalence study of two different clopidogrel preparations in 24 healthy volunteers.

An accurate and sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatograph-ic method for determination of sertraline in human serum is described using 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan as pre-column derivatization agent. The drug and an internal standard (azithrimycin) were extracted from serum using a mixture of diethyl ether-chloroform and subjected to the pre-column derivatization with the reagent. Analysis of the resulted derivatives was performed on a Lichrosorb CN (250×4.0 mm) column using a mobile phase composed of methanol and sodium phosphate buffer (0.05 M; pH 3.7) containing 2 ml/lit triethylamine (63:37 v/v). Detector response was monitored at excitation and emission wavelengths of 470 and 537 nm, respectively. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 2 to 640 ng/ml. The lower limits of detection and quantification were 0.5 and 2 ng/ml, respectively. The validation of the analysis was carried out in terms of specificity, sensitivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and stability. The validated method was shown to be accurate, with intra-day and inter-day accuracy from 0.3 to 4.2% and precise, with intra-day and inter-day precision from 2.4 to 15.5%. The drug is detected at concentrations as low as 2 ng/ml in a 0.5 ml serum sample and the described method can be easily applied in human single-dose pharmacokinetic studies of sertraline.

Objective(s)A sensitive liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of clarithromycin- a macrolide antibiotic- in human serum, using pre-column derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) is described. Materials and MethodsThe method involved liquid–liquid extraction of the drug and an internal standard (amantadine) followed by pre-column derivatization of the analytes with FMOC-Cl. A mixture of 0.05 M phosphate buffer containing triethylamine (2 ml/l; pH 3.8) and methanol (17:83, v/v) was used as mobile phase and chromatographic separation was achieved on a Shimpack CLC-ODS column. The eluate was monitored by a fluorescence detector with respective excitation and emission wavelengths of 265 and 315 nm. ResultsThe analytical method was linear over the concentration range of 0.025-10 μg/ml of clarithromycin in human serum with a limit of quantification of 0.025 μg/ml. The assay is sensitive enough to measure drug levels obtained in human single dose studies.ConclusionIn the present method, sensitivity and the running time of analysis have been improved and successfully applied in a bioequivalence study of three different clarithromycin preparations in 12 healthy volunteers.