فهرست مطالب h .izadi

Forests, as one of the main sources of renewal, play an important role in creating a suitable environment for the development of economic and social activities and they are important assets for present and future generations. Therefore, their protection is very important. The purpose of this study was to explain the factors affecting the conservation behavior of Zagros forests using the norm activation model. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population of this study consisted of rural households in four villages of Doure Chegeni (N =1399) which based on Krejcie and Morgan table, the sample size of 300 households was selected. Sample individuals were studied using stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose face validity was confirmed by a group of professors and experts. In addition, to determine the reliability, the pretest was used and confirmed by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results of the structural equation model of path analysis showed that the four variables of need awareness, subjective norm, consequence awareness and self-efficacy affect the moral norm of individuals towards the protection of Zagros forests. Also, forest protection behavior is significantly explained by the moral norm and the variable of pride.

The main purpose of this applied research is to analyze the factors affecting the behavior of rural households in water consumption. The information required for the research was collected by survey method and a questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS and Amos software using structural equation modeling approach. The statistical population of this study consisted of rural households in four rural areas of Baghmalek of Khuzestan province (N = 3005) that based on Krejcie and Morgan table, the sample size of 340 households was selected. Samples were selected using stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. The results obtained from the structural equation model of path analysis showed that the variables of intention and self-efficacy have positive, direct, and significant effects on the behavior. Also, perceived reaction effectiveness, perceived vulnerability, attitude towards behavior, perceived severity, and subjective norm had indirect and significant effects on the behavior through the intention. Finally, this framework for examining the variables affecting water consumption behavior can predict 45% and 55% of the changes in the behavior and intention, respectively. In addition, the research findings showed that the integrated model of the two theories of planned behavior and protection motivation as a research framework has more power to explain the behavior and intention of rural households to conserve water than the two theories separately.

The common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer (Hem: Aphalaridae) is one of the main and most destructive pests of pistachio orchards in Iran. Chemical control is a widely applied method to manage this pest problem. The intensive use of insecticides has led to the development of resistant populations of the common pistachio psylla. In this research, the activities of detoxifying enzymes (general esterase, glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450) were assessed against two populations of the common pistachio psylla, and the coccinellid predator, Oenopia conglobata L. (Col: Coccinellidae) in Kerman Province, under treatment of three rational insecticides, namely, acetamiprid, spirotetramat, and hexaflumuron in four concentrations (control, LC25, LC50 and LC75). The results indicated that the activities of detoxifying enzymes were higher in the resistant population of psylla compared to the susceptible one. Esterase was the predominant detoxifying enzyme in the pest and its predator. Based on the results, the activity of detoxifying enzymes were higher at the higher concentrations of the pesticides. Esterase activity was greater in the psyllid populations than the coccinellid predator; which may indicate a higher sensitivity of the lady beetle to insecticides than its prey.

The apple armored scale, Lepidosaphes malicola Borchsenius (Hem.: Diaspididae) an important pest of fruit trees. Control of this pest depends mostly on the use of chemical pesticides. To study the effect of several pesticides on the pest population, two separate experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two orchards. The first factor was treatments [control (water), spirotetramat 0.5 and 0.75 ml/L, flupyradifurone, thiacloprid, and pyriproxyfen 0.5 ml/L]. The second factor was the sampling time (1 day before and 1, 3. 5, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after treatment). Spirotetramat and flupyradifurone (with more than 80 percent mortality) had the most effect on the nymphal mortality. The mortality in thiacloprid and pyriproxyfen was lower than that of spirotetramat and flupyradifurone. By considering the treatment time, the mortality rate of nymphs by flupyradifurone, a butenolide with knockdown effect reached its highest level one day after treatment. In 0.75 ml/L concentrations of spirotetramat the highest decrease in the nymphal population was observed one week after treatment. Spirotetramat with up and down bilateral movement ability is a very long-lasting systemic insecticide. Results indicated a negligible effect of the pesticides on adult mortality under female shields. The use of 1.5- 2 percent volck® oil in winter spraying had a significant effect on pest control. Overall, spirotetramat and flupyradifurone showed a significant effect on the nymph’s control and can be recommended.

The Lady beetle، Hippodamia variegata is one of the natural enemies of Agonoscena pistaciae. Demographic toxicology is a common method for evaluating sublethal effects of insecticides on natural enemies. Regarding to use of hexaflumuron and spirodiclofen in pistachio gardens، present study conducted to evaluate the side effects of the pesticides on demographic parameters of H. variegata under controlled conditions (26 ±10C، 65±5% RH and 16:8h L: D). For this purpose، 120 fresh eggs were treated with field recommended concentration of insecticides and treated into Petri dishes 6 cm with distilled water was used as control، by dipping method. Results has shown that there were significant differences among treatment for gross reproductive rate (GRR)، net reproductive rates (R0)، intrinsic rate of increase (rm)، finite rate of increase (ג)، intrinsic birth rate (b) and doubling time (DT) parameters. The gross reproduction rates were estimated 24. 43±0. 38، 55. 67 ±0. 49 and 48. 11±0. 66 in hexaflumuron، spirodiclofen and control respectively. In addition، rm were estimated 0. 086±0. 0067، 0. 1086±0. 0045 and 0. 1232±0. 007، Moreover، DT values were recorded as 8. 62±0. 51، 6. 54±0. 25 and 5. 88±0. 29 as above mentioned، respectively. According to this experiments، hexaflumuron had higher negative effect on intrinsic rate of H. variegata and it will be suggested that to be considered in integrated pest management.

The immunosuppression ofaflatoxinB. (AFB.) on humoral immune response to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination was evaluated. fifty-two male guinea pigs were assigned to two treatment groups or20 (A, B) and three control groups of 4. Groups A and B were vaccinated with an inactivated FMD vaccine aftcr they were dosed 0.63mg of AFB /Kg once, and on days l, 3, 14 and 21 respectively. Booster doses were injected 28 days after primary vaccination. Antibody titers against FMD virus were higher in the vaccinated, non-aflatoxin exposed group than in those exposed to aflatoxin. Significantly difference (P<O.OS) was detected only in group B that was shown an average weight loss of 2Sg and persisted through second vaccination. The result indicates that aflatoxin can depress the humoral immune responses of guinea pigs to FMD vaccination and the immunotoxicity was round to be dose related.