h. dehghanisanij

Increasing crop production per unit volume of water consumption requires recognizing the most dependent variable in drip irrigation to the volume of water consumption and also identifying the most important variables independent of water productivity in surface and subsurface drip irrigation for optimal use of available water resources. The present research was carried out in Behbahan Agricultural Research Station during four cropping seasons (2013-2017) on a Kabkab date variety. Experimental treatments include the amount of water in the subsurface drip irrigation method based on two levels of 75% and 100% water requirement and in surface drip irrigation based on 100% water demand. Data were analyzed using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results of the analysis of variance of the mean of different irrigation treatments in quantitative traits showed that the effect of irrigation was significant at the level of 1% in terms of cluster weight index, fruit weight, and fruit flesh to kernel weight ratio. The results of regression analysis of variance showed that in the dependent variable of cluster weight, the consumption water volume explained 19.1% (R2 = 0.191) of the fluctuations of the dependent variable (cluster weight). Among all the studied variables, the volume of water consumption explained the most significant changes in date cluster drying. Fruit moisture with t (2.096) and equivalent beta coefficient (0.046) had a significant positive effect on water productivity at the level of 5%. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient showed that the effect of yield on changes in water productivity was much greater than the volume of water consumed so the yield caused significant changes in water productivity. While the effect of water consumption on water productivity was not significant.

Considering the water crisis in the country and the maximum used of water in agricultural sector, the need for optimal use of water resources in this sector seems to be necessary. Therefore, Carrying out Economic Research in the field of analysis and determination of productivity of Production Factors and their optimal allocation in different parts of agriculture are essential. The purpose of this research is to determine and evaluate the water productivity for each major crop production and providing solutions to improve its current status The required information in this research was collected by filling in a questionnaire and interviewing farmers with cross-sectional data from farmers in the region. According to the research goal, the CPD was used for the productivity index. Exploratory Factor and Confirmatory Factor analysis was used to identify and extract the water productivity dimensions. The results of this study showed that seven factors including technical and managerial, agronomic, physical, institutional, market, individual and social as important dimensions of water productivity, can be expressed in 45 issues. These factors explain 78.97% of the total variance of water productivity in agricultural fields of Hamadan province. Among these factors, the technical, managerial and agronomic components were recognized as the most important factor. As the first and second factors about 16.67% and 15.92% of the total water productivity variance are assigned, respectively. Creating a regression relationship between effective factors and productivity level showed that a unit of variation in the standard deviation of managerial, technical and agronomic factors would lead to a standard deviation of water productivity about 0.435 and 0.342 respectively.

A field research was carried out to ascertain the effectiveness of the application of Improved Farm Practices including adjusting border size, improving soil fertility by changing the fertilizer application program, and using cleaned and disinfected seeds on water consumption and crop yield in four barley farms located in the Miandoab region. The new farm technological practices were applied in treatment farms in order to compare the results with the corresponding values obtained from the control farm, where agricultural practices were performed by the local farmer according to his own knowledge. Crop growth indices such as leaf area index, cluster and plant height during the growing season and thousand seed weight and grain yield at the harvesting time were measured. Soil water moisture content of the root zone layer during the growing season and the depths of the irrigation water and the surface runoff of each irrigation event were measured. In order to qualify the effectiveness of the new technological practices applied, the performance indices such as Water Productivity (WP), Water Use Efficiency (WUE), and Water Application Efficiency (Ea) were calculated by collecting the required field data from each one of the farms. The results indicates that the application of new farm technologies increased WP of the treatment farms as compared to the control farms about 20% and improved WUE about 24%. Adjusting the border size decreased the irrigation time and the depth of deep percolation. It furthermore, increased the Ea of treatment farms about 20%.

Recent droughts and water crisis require the use of modern irrigation systems In order to properly use and increase the productivity of water resources. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of two irrigation systems (Tape and Furrow Irrigation system) and different nitrogen levels (0,60,120 kg .ha-1) on yield, water use efficiency of garlic product at Ekbatan station, Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center. Experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design arranged in a split plot with three replication. Two irrigation systems (Tape and Furrow Irrigation) were as main plot and different amount of N (0, 60, 120 kg.ha-1) were as sub plots. The results of analysis showed that effect of different irrigation system on yield and bulb weight wasn’t significant and the yield was equal in two irrigation systems approximately. The average of water productivity in two irrigation systems was 5.6 and 2.4 Kg. m-3. Water consumption in Tape irrigation relative to Furrow irrigation decreased about 54 %. The amount of water productivity in tape irrigation was increased about 103 percent relative to furrow irrigation. Respectively. The maximum of water productivity (4.27 kg/m3) related to 60 kg.ha-1 of N treatment. Considering that the cost-benefit ratio in two scenarios: increasing the area under cultivation and preservation of water resources was 2.84 and 2.54 respectively, therefore the use of drip irrigation system is economical for the garlic product.

Required irrigation water in many of the country plain, supplies from groundwater resources. There are some tools for irrigation management, which we have few information about their performance in Iran. In the present study, the performance of some irrigation management tools, in two citrus gardens were evaluated. The gardens are located in Fasa city of Fars province, and the irrigation systems were in the form of trickle irrigation system. In this study, irrigation waters were scheduled using tensiometer, gypsum block, infrared thermometer, soil moisture meter and the national water requirement document. The irrigation water applied by the gardeners was measured as well. Also economical analysis was performed. Results shows that the irrigation scheduling tools reduce the gardener applied irrigation water about 56 and 46% in the two gardens. The garden yields did not affected by the irrigation scheduling treatments. The water productivity increased about 110 and 54%, comparing to the gardener treatment. All the irrigation scheduling tools were suitable in the both gardens. From economical aspects, the national water requirement document was better than the others.

Pistachio is a strategic product with high economic value in Iran، which is cultivated in arid regions withlimited water resources and poor water quality. Therefore، it is essential to use irrigation systems capable of yielding high irrigation efficiency along with effective management of soil water and salinity. In recent years، application of Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) system has been widely accepted by manypistachio growers. Since، irrigation water is of poor quality in major pistachio plantations، utilization of this irrigation method will result in accumulation of salt in the vicinity of soil surface، hence a reduction in pistachio yield. In addition، appropriate irrigation interval for Pistachio orchards irrigated by SDI systems is unknown. A field experiment was conducted on 15-year old pistachio trees grown on loam silt soil and irrigated by subsurface drip irrigation with saline water (EC= 4. 2 dS/m) in a region under desert climate to investigate the effects of different irrigation regimes on the soil moisture and salinity distributions as well as pistachio yield. Two irrigation frequency treatments، namely I3 (Once every 3 days) and I14 (Once every 14 days)، replicated three times were applied to one hectare block of a farm in Sirjan. The results revealed that irrigation frequency had significant effects on the spatial distribution of soil water content within 0-100 cm depths with a higher soil water contentforI3. In contrast to I14، salt accumulation in the root zone for I3 was significantly (p<0. 05) low due to more water application. Pistachio yield for I3 and I14 was 3. 3 and 3. 7 kg/tree، respectively، indicating non significant difference. However، I3 showed marked enhancement in quality traits such as osteoporosis and smiling.

Due to the fact that the much part of limited resource of water are used in agriculture, the policy of optimal management of water consumption is essential. Therefore recent researches in order to save water, increase irrigation and water use efficiency, has led to the automation (precision irrigation). In order to optimize irrigation water use in a sustainable agriculture, the use of different approaches of precision irrigation required. Forevaluation the role of precision irrigation on operation management and water use efficiency in agriculture resaerch study was conducted in apricot garden in Karaj during agronomical years 2009 and 2010 and in corn farm in Saveh during agronomical years 2011. Different irrigation management was conducted in this study; irrigation based on daily climate information from farm, irrigation based on daily climate information from weather station close to the farm and irrigation based on long term climate information suggested to the farmer in drip irrigation system design plan. The result showed water use reduced and water use efficiency increased with precision irrigation management and use of on farm climate data. Accordingly, in corn farm 17.2% reduction in water consumption and 49.7 percent increasing in water use efficiency was achieved. In apricotgarden, results indicated water use based on daily climate had reduction 29 percent in related to daily climate data from weather station and had 100 percent decrease in related to long term weather data during growth season. Water use efficiency of apricot increased 81.5 percent when we are using more accurate climate information based on farm condition.

In order to evaluate the effects of different depths of irrigation by sprinkler irrigation system on water use efficiency (WUE) of new early maize cultivar KSC302, an experiments was carried out in Karj during 2006 and 2007. Experimental design was split plot based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. Main plots were three irrigation levels: 75%, 100% and 125% ETc (estimating by Penman Monteith model) and sub plots were three plants densities: 80000, 90000 and 100000 plants per hectare. The results showed that increasing in the levels of irrigation from 75% ETc to 125% ETc, has a significant effect on yield. Yield increase in 125% ETc treatment indicated that water requirement has not fully supplied in 100% Etc treatment, and the effect of deficit irrigation was intensified in 75% ETc treatment. Maximum maize WUE was (1.159 and 1.044 kg m-3) for 100% ETc treatment in the first and second years, respectively. Maize WUE of 1.1 kg m-3 was recommended as optimum level to be considered in cropping system for Karaj. Applied irrigation depth for optimum level of maize WUE was 900 mm