h. shirzad

Research in neurocriminology has grown dramatically in recent years. Given the importance of the subject, the purpose of this paper was to investigate studies in neuroscience and brain studies about criminology and crime prediction.

This review article is the result of a review of research published in ISI, Wiley, Sciencedirect, PubMed, Scopus, etc between 2000 and 2018 about neurocriminology using brain mapping and neuropsychological disorders, as well as their role in predicting violent, antisocial, and criminal behaviors.

Some neurobiological markers are associated with the individual's aptitude and tendency to violent and criminal behaviors. Also, certain structural and functional characteristics of the brain are associated with antisocial traits of specific groups of criminals, such as murderers and child abusers. On the other hand, the recognition of neurobiological markers associated with specific antisocial behaviors can be used to increase the accuracy of a person's likelihood of committing a crime as well as to repeat a crime, thereby predicting and preventing criminal behavior.

Although, based on the results of the research reviewed in this article and also because of the very complex nature of the brain, accurate conclusions require a lot of additional researches, but it seems that neuroprediction of antisocial and criminal behaviors using brain mapping and neurobiological findings can be a tool for assisting law enforcement agencies such as C.I.D Police and the judicial systems so that the treatment of high-risk offenders, via integrating current punishing policies and measures with social-rehabilitation strategies, could be improved without threatening their individual rights. Such an approach can have significant effects on reducing crime and promoting social security.

The use of natural compounds to control plant pathogens lead to reduction in using fungicides. Chitosan with duble effects, control pathogenic microorganisms and activate inducing defence responses, has been shown to be a reliable nontoxic material in the plant-pathogen interaction. The aim of this research was to consider the effects of chitosan and calcium chloride on decay and quality attributes of sweet cherry cv. Siah mashhad. This experiment was conducted factorially in the figure of completely randomized design with five replications. Treatments were included of chitosan (0, %0.5 and %1) and Calcium Chloride (0, %1 and %2) and time (20 and 40 days). Measuring factors was included total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity (TA), partability index (PI), pH, weight loss, fruit decay. The results showed that application of chitosan %0.5 alone lead to stabilize soluble solids, organic acid, pH and fruit weight, also partability index and fruit rot was decreased. In short time storage (20 days) CaCl2 stabilize organic acids and fruit weight and caused partability index, pH, fruit decay to be decreased but fruit soluble solids increased. In total simple treatment of calcium chloride and chitosn showed better results compared to combination treatments on measured parameters.

Garlic has been shown to have anti-tumoral and anti-metastatic activities in some kinds of cancer. Therefore, it may be effective against fibrosarcoma. The effect of heating on garlic ingredients and its benefits are not clear. Therefore, in this study the effect of heating of garlic on the growth of WEHI-164fibrosarcoma cells in Balb/c mice was examined. The amounts of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of heated and unheated garlic were also determined.

In an experimental study 40 inbred Balb/c mice were divided into 5 groups of 8 each. A single aliquot of 5 × 106 cells/100 µl WEHI-164 cells was injected subcutaneously in the chest of each animal. Groups 1, 3 and 5 received normal saline (0.2 ml), heated and unheated garlic (20 mg/kg) for two weeks before and three weeks after cell injection, and groups 2 and 4 received unheated and heated garlic, respectively. The mean size of tumors, antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds were measured and compared with each other.

The mean size of tumor in groups which received unheated garlic extract was smaller than that of heated group. Significant differences could be seen in the final last 6 days of experiment, so that the mean sizes of tumors on the 21st day of study was110±86 mm2in heated and 760±79 mm2in raw garlic groups (p<0.05). However, no significant effect could be seen on the growth of cancer cells in animals which received heated garlic extract. Antioxidant capacity of unheated and heated garlic was 52.6% and 2.07%, respectively (p>0.05). The amount of total phenolic compounds in raw garlic (12.61 mg/gr) was more than heated garlic (1.07 mg/gr) (p>0.05).

Garlic consumption may have important role in control and prevention of fibrosarcoma growth. But heating may decrease the phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and anticancer effect of garlic.

Green tea has numerous antioxidant and anti-inflammation activities. This study was preformed to investigate the effect of alcoholic extract of green tea on healing process of surgical and burn wounds.

In this experimental study, 34 male Wistar rats were divided into surgical wound (4 cm) and burn wound (2.8 cm) groups. In each group, 6 rats were treated with the Vaseline ointment containing 0.6% green tea extract (A1 and A2 groups), 6 rats were treated with Vaseline without green tea extract (B1 and B2 groups) and 5 rats were treated with normal saline (C1 and C2 groups) within 21 days. The length and the area of wounds were measured by a Collis every other day, from day 2 to day 21. Data were analyzed by means of SPSS (version16) at the significant level of P<0.05.

The mean time of wound healing using ointment with and without extract were 14.66 ± 1.94 and 20.66 ± 0.37 days (P=0.018) in surgical wounds and 18 ± 0.62 and 20.66 ± 0.38 days (P=0.023) in burn wounds, respectively. The reduction of surgical wound length during the first 2 weeks (P=0.043) and the reduction of burn wound area in the third week of study (P<0.013) were significantly higher in the groups treated with green tea.

Green tea extract, that significantly reduced the healing time of surgical and burn wounds in this study, can be used as an effective material in the treatment of these types of wounds.

Encountering clinical environments as an inseparable part of studying medicine could bring about tension and anxiety for medical students. Early clinical exposure has been suggested to decrease these stresses and to motivate students for a better attitude and awareness. This study was performed to determine the effect of a short-term period of exposing to clinical environment on medical students’ attitude toward medical education and their educational function.

In an interventional study performed as pre-test/post-test, 43 first year medical students were encountered clinical environments in rounds, operating rooms and emergency ward. Students’ attitude was assessed by a questionnaire using Likret scale. We compared student's function in specific lessons and result of comprehensive basic examination with previous entrance students as an external control group.

Significant differences were found in the student’s attitude before and after the course (P<0.01). Results showed a significant increase in the student’s attitude toward importance of the patient's history and physical exam versus para-clinical exams. In addition, their attitude about therapeutic stuff duties in all levels. The rules between physician and patient, patients rights in hospital, diagnosis and therapeutic management, different steps of medical education and merging basic and clinical sciences, simple physical exam and assistance management were increased significantly after the course. No significant difference was observed in the student's educational function in any items.

Based on the results of this study, we found a positive effect of early clinical exposure on attitude of first year medical students. Therefore, we suggest that early clinical exposure be added to educational curriculum for medical students.

The polyhydroxybutyrate biosynthetic genes of Ralstonia eutropha are organized in single operon. There are many studies which show that this operon could be cloned in gram negative bacteria like E. coli. As its original promoter could work efficiently in E. coli, there is no need to change it with host ones. Granule extraction is one of the most important considerations of industrial production of PHB. Solvent base or physical approaches increase the cost of production and compromise the integrity of PHB granules. Therefore, E mediated lysis was used in this study to extract the granules.

In this study, the whole operon of phb from Ralstonia eutropha and E gene from phage phiX174 were obtained by PCR technique, and cloned transferred to E. coli by separate plasmids. To control the lysis process, the chemical inducible system was used.

Bacterial cells which have both plasmids could produce high levels of PHB, and their PHB content could be released into the medium, nearly perfectly, at the correct time by adding IPTG as a chemical inducer.

This method could be used to produce and extract PHB with more cost effectiveness in industrial scales.