فهرست مطالب h. soltanloo

Cadophora was described with C. fastigiata Lagerb. & Melin as the type species of this dematiaceous hyphomycetous genus that produces solitary phialides with distinct hyaline, flared collarettes (Lagerberg et al. 1927). The generic name Cadophora was suggested by Gams (2000) for phialophora-like species with affinities to the Dermateaceae in the Helotiales. Cadophora species are primarily isolated from living plants, as pathogens or root colonizers, and produce melanized, septate hyphae that aptly placed them among the fungi labeling dark septate endophytes (DSEs) (Jumpponen & Trappe 1998; Zijlstra et al. 2005).Some samples were collected in May 2016, from Ferula ovina and Ferula felabelliloba (Apiaceae) in Zoshk highlands of Khorasan Razavi province, Iran (36°26 12.0 N 59°11 51.6 E) by Zahra Tazik. Isolation for obtaining endophytic fungi was done according to the method described by Hallmann et al.(Hallmann et al. 2007) with minor modifications. The fresh and disease-free root samples were washed with running tap water and allowed to dry. Then, the obtained samples were cut into pieces of 0.5–1 cm and root pieces were placed in 75% ethanol for 1 min followed by diluted sodium hypochlorite solution 4% for 3 min and finally, in ethanol 75% for 30s. The samples were washed in distilled water after sterilization, placed on filter paper in sterile conditions, and allowed to dry. The root parts were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA; Merck, Germany) and malt extract agar (MEA; Merck, Germany) containing streptomycin (20 μg/mL) and chloramphenicol (30 μg/mL). The cultures were then incubated at 25-30 °C for 7-28 days. Hyphal tips of fungi emerging out of the root tissues, were picked and grown on PDA, oatmeal agar (OA; 30 g boiled and filtered oat flakes, 15 g agar, 1 L distilled water) and 2% MEA. For sporulation, corn meal agar (CMA; Merck, Germany) and OA media were used, and finally the microscopic slides of fungal isolates were prepared by staining with lactophenol cotton-blue (Vainio et al. 1998) and were examined under a light microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The field emission scanning electron microscopy micrograph was taken using FESEM (TESCAN BRNO-Mira3 LMU, 2014, Germany) in the secondary electron imaging (SE) mode. The microscope was operated at 10 kV acceleration voltage, 1.8 kV extraction voltage and a working distance of 5.92 mm. The fungal isolate was deposited in the Fungarium of the Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran (IRAN) with voucher number: IRAN 3316C. The fungal genomic DNA was extracted using DenaZist Asia fungal DNA isolation kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The PCR amplifycation was performed in a total volume of 25 μL reaction containing 1 ng DNA template, 10 pM of each primer, 10 μL of Taq DNA Polymerase Master Mix RED (Amplicon, Odense, Denmark). Partial sequences of the internal described spacer regions with the 5.8S nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (ITS) were amplified using the ITS5 and ITS4 primers (White et al. 1990). Target regions within the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene cluster (LSU) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) genes were amplified using primer pairs LRORF/LR5R (Vilgalys & Hester 1990) and 983F/ EfgrR (Rehner & Buckley 2005), respectively. The PCR products were analyzed in 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis with 1x Tris-Boric acid-EDTA buffer (TBE) and sent to Macrogen Korea for sequencing. The obtained sequences were subsequently analyzed using the BLAST algorithm (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) and closely similar sequences obtained from the National Centre of Biological Information (NCBI) database. The number of sixteen reference strains of Cadophoraincluding our isolates and Cudoniella clavus, as outgroup, were chosen for phylogenetic analyses. The TEF1-α gene was also sequenced (MK512743), but was not used for phylogenetic analyses because comparable sequences of related species were not available. Therefore, we used concatenated data sets of ITS and LSU regions to maximize taxon coverage in our phylogenetic analyses. The Bayesian tree was generated with MrBayes version 3.1.2 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003) (Fig. 1). The obtained sequences were deposited in GenBank (NCBI) (accession numbers: MF186880, MK275617 (ITS), MH400226 (LSU), MK512748 (TEF1). According to BLASTn analysis, our ITS sequences were 98% similar to Cadophora luteo-olivacea CBS141.41 with a 90% similarity to the LSU sequence of the same species, indicating that our isolates belong to Cadophora genus.

The genome of a plant is the most critical factor to control bakery- quality trait in wheat, where it can bemade by applying genetic variation upon using mutagens for its improvement. In this study, chemical and Farinograph experiments were investigated in T-66-58-60, O-64-1-10, RO-1, RO-3 and RO-5 lines from Tabassi, Omid, and Roshan cultivar, respectively. Also, the sigmoid transfer function was used for the assessment of factors by the model of feed-forward neural network with training method of levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The chemical traits of Zeleny number, the hardness, wet gluten and protein content in the RO-3 line increased significantly compared with the control. Also, water absorption percentage and valorimeter value increased substantially in the O-64-1-10, whereas it was shown that the dough softening after 10 and 20 minutes decreased significantly compared with the control. The protein content, bread volume, Farinograph quality number and E10 properties had the most significant impact on the neural network model. The results show a positive effect of the irradiation on the improvement of dough quality properties.

Good perception of relation-sheep among plant morphological traits and resistance to fusarium head blight of wheat is quite effective to make a good success in plant breeding project. In this experiment this relation has been checked out. The morphological traits were included plant height, peduncle length and spike density. We used 28 spring wheat genotypes and 2 durum genotypes. There was significant negative correlation among plant height, peduncle length and susceptibility to fusarium head blight. In general plant tallness is an undesirable agronomic trait. In this research the biplot diagram among plant height and susceptibility index to head blight has been drown. This diagram is useful to select head blight resistant and dwarf genotypes at the same time. According to our results Frontana, Wangshoby and Frontana M.X have been selected as a most resistant genotypes to head blight, these genotypes belonged to tall plant group. Six genotypes have been selected as a resistant and had long peduncle at the same time, since long peduncle in wheat is quite important for increasing photosynthesis and grain yield, this result could be quite interesting. The biplot diagram among spike density and head blight resistance was helpful to select resistant genotypes. Since spike density is an important component to increase grain yield, this result could be useful for breeding project.