فهرست مطالب habib mahmoudi chenari

The participatory issue of urban development plans goes back to the reform of the structure of the current planning system of the country and the implementation of sustainable urban management. The current structure of the planning system of Iran is not very participatory and needs to be changed, and create non-governmental institutions in the process of preparing, approving, and implementing urban development plans. This study aimed to explain the spatial structure of urban areas of Guilan province to create a landscape with a participation-based approach based on understanding the performance system and the city's role to investigate the difference or no difference in the landscape of cities in the province. The research method was qualitative. Relying on a combined participatory approach (top-down and bottom-up) and referring to the above documents, such as comprehensive urban plans, development plans, etc., general knowledge of the city was obtained. The studied geographical area is the three cities of Otāghvar in the east, Someh-Sara in the center, and Chubar in the west of the province, and the analysis unit was the citizens, managers, and urban elites. To better understand the urban space and adapt the findings of documentary studies to tangible facts, a survey study of the cities was performed; then, to create a landscape using the SWOT method, the most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of each city were identified, and the most important strategies were identified and prioritized using the QSPM method. The results indicated that despite the significant distance among these three cities in three different geographical locations and each city's specific capabilities, there is no significant difference in terms of landscape and functional future among them. Because each of their functional nature and aspirations are generally centered around the service activities, especially tourism, in such a way that the perspective of the city of Otāghvar is "the eco-centric city of nature tourism," the city of Chubar is the city of Kiwi with an agriculture tourism approach, and the city of Someh-Sarā is a tourism-transit city with an alternative tourism approach." Extended Abstract Introduction Due to its geographical location and place on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, Guilan province has formed a net of human settlements in which the spatial organization of its urban settlement system, concerning its population density and activities, requires continuous study, control, and monitoring.Field studies and the results of existing documentary reports show that, at present, the urban network of Guilan province is not as dynamic as it should be. The cities of this province are in economic, social, political, environmental, and physical isolation. The hierarchy of the urban system of this province has a lot of ruptures. This province, with 52 urban points, has only one urban point with a regional function (Rasht city with 43% of the province's urban population), which has increased the density of housing and activities in the center of the province with these interpretations. Therefore, if the urban network of Guilan province can be strengthened and suitable functional plans can be defined for small and medium-sized cities, it will undoubtedly reduce the burden of severe congestion in the center of the province. Also, the demand for housing and activity in the entire urban network would be more balanced. In the meantime, it seems that attention to the sustainable urban management system in the form of urban vision, strategic plans, and preparation of long-term, medium-term, and short-term plans with the presence of all citizens with appropriate executive guarantees in the form of participatory approach in Guilan province can guarantee the improvement and development of the urban network of this province. In this regard, the main question of this research can be posed in this way: what is the optimal perspective of the urban network spatial organization in the three regions of east, center, and west of Guilan province, and is there a difference between them in terms of future performance perspective?MethodologyThis study used the mixed method to formulate an urban landscape for 20 years. In this way, to know the totality of cities and understand their challenges and potentials, they referred to the upstream documents such as land management, comprehensive urban plans, development documents, etc. At this stage, after recognizing the totality of cities, adopting the findings of documentary studies with concrete facts, and better understanding the spatial organization of cities, a field study with a participatory approach was on the agenda of the study team. In this way, at first, out of a total of three cities surveyed, 1200 people, on average, 400 people from each city were selected as a sample, and citizens were surveyed in the form of face-to-face and online questionnaires about the city as a whole. Then, using the method of precipitation of thoughts by forming groups including city managers, urban elites, religious and political trustees, and all stakeholders of the urban management system and based on a non-random (targeted) sampling and available people (a total of 145 people) by forming working groups and specialized committees following the management structure of municipalities and the population of that city, the information of the studied cities is collected, coded and analyzed in Excel and SPSS, and after compiling the vision of cities by a collective agreement, i.e., all stakeholders. And the relevant people of the city, using the swot and qspm methods, strategies compatible with each city's vision were developed and then reviewed and exchanged views with the members of the working groups.Results and discussionTo create a vision for each city, first, the upstream documents were studied, then interviewed with the elites and experts in each city. Next, each city's main strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities were examined in three areas. Regarding the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in these three selected cities (Someh-Sarā, Otāghvar, and Chubar), which are each located at 3 points in the center, east, and west of the province, it should be acknowledged that in many of the issues due to their location in a similar climate and geographical area, they have commonalities, including the benefits of favorable living conditions due to the temperate climate, the physical stability of urban buildings and the relatively suitable coverage of city streets. Other factors such as adequate plants, a high share of housing gardens in the city, and the supply of various agricultural and livestock products in the city due to being within the sphere of influence of the surrounding villages are strengths in the cities of Otāghvar and Chubar.ConclusionIn this study, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats were first examined to achieve an optimal perspective in each of these three cities. According to the findings, these three cities have a lot in common. Also, to achieve these perspectives, the strategies of each of these three cities have been prioritized. According to the results obtained in the city of Otāghvar, these strategies include supporting natural tourism, establishing accommodation centers and commercial and recreational complexes, providing facilities to citizens, providing welfare facilities for tourists in the field of ecotourism and health, redefining or modifying the intersection areas or squares for proper access of travelers to the city, etc. Regarding the strategies in the city of Chubar, we can include such things as attracting investors and benefiting from the existing potential of the city, explaining the plan and urban landscape according to the local architecture of the region, directing the expansion of the city towards the vertical development due to limitations of horizontal development, organizing, and improving the urban infrastructure, etc. Also, the strategies developed in the city of Someh-Sarā are: directing and smoothing the traffic load of the central city thoroughfares with the help of bypass axes and spaces around the city, improving inter-organizational coordination regarding traffic management, locating parking around the main axes, strengthening social capital to deal with social harm, developing regular educational programs aimed at promoting students' culture, using new methods of urban advertising in informing citizens, creating opportunities for social participation for citizens, supporting the non-governmental organizations in the field of cultural affairs and women, strengthening the sense of belonging of citizens by building urban elements, etc. Also, after these steps, studies were selected to accelerate the achievement of the desired perspective.FundingThere is no funding support.Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest.Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper.

Land use planning in conditions of uncertainty requires the optimal allocation of land homogeneous, compatible, and incompatible with natural and human environments. The purpose of this study is to determine the range of rural and natural areas in the east of Guilan province to diversify sustainable rural employment. Geographical level of this research is the whole area of rural geography of East Gilan and the statistical population includes experts and implementers in the field of rural planning in Gilan province, among whom 83 people were interviewed in a purposeful manner. Sample volume adequacy was also considered based on repetition or saturation.For this purpose, first, using Mic Mac software, the most effective and impressible factors involved in rural employment were identified, and then, with the help of forming a balanced cross-matrix in Scenario Wizard software, possible scenarios for job creation were designed. In this study, the three scenarios of job creation consist of activities heterogeneous with the environment, activities consistent with the environment, and activities incompatible with the environment. In order to allocate land, first, the variables were weighted using the AHP method and then the competence zone for each strategy was obtained using the MCE method. Finally, in order to allocate land to each of these three strategies, using MOLA modeling techniques, the most suitable areas were identified by delimitation. The results showed that plains to the foothills areas have the highest potential for creating homogeneous and nature-related jobs , mountainous areas deserve to develop compatible jobs with nature and activities that are not compatible with nature can be developed as scattered spots throughout the area.

The purpose of this paper is recognizing the potential of the bioclimatic comfort, ease of outdoors and tourism of this region in months of the year which is operated as a part of a research project with the aim of using the site of Booye- Amlash and increasing its economic efficiency. In this paper the residents comfort or lack of comfort is evaluated using statistic information gathered in Espily station in a 20 months’ period during the years 1991 to 2011, according to the models and bioclimatic indicators such as Evans method, baker method (CP), effective temperature method (ET) and Olgi method. The Results of this paper considering environmental conditions indicate that October, May, June, July, Agust and September are the best times for visitors entery the studying area that the comfort conditions are almost available.

1. Investigating the developments of rural society from the past to the present, it has been shown that rural areas face with fundamental difficulties and problems at different levels in various socio-economic and ecological dimensions. The continuation of this situation has caused problems such as exacerbation of regional inequalities, the abandonment of efficient rural and material capital in villages, the ever-increasing decline in food production and the emergence of food crises, population accumulation in urban societies, and the spread of marginalization, unemployment and social damage. Considering the fact that villagers are among the most deprived groups of the society, and bearing in mind that the types of economic and livelihood activities, sources of income, and expenditure in rural and urban areas are very different, many differences and inequality have been observed in the expense and income of rural and urban households over the past few decades. Therefore, the recognition and analysis of spatial distribution of expense and income of rural households are of high importance. The study of income distribution in villages indicates the fact that, in comparison with cities, the distribution of income in rural areas is more unbalanced. One of the important factors in achieving sustainable rural development is to balance the expense and income of rural households in the country. Considering the importance of expense and income of rural households in rural and national economy, the aim of this study is the spatial analysis of the distribution of income and expenditure of rural households in different provinces of the country during the period 1996-2012. In other words, this study investigates the trend from the beginning of the Second Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the beginning of the fifth plan. Considering the time of the compilation of the sixth plan, the attitude of authorities towards small areas, especially rural ones, can remove this heavy burden from the government and make a complete comprehensive plan with respect to self-reliance of rural communities.
Therefore, the main question in this study is as follows: Is the spatial distribution of household expenditure and income in rural areas equal and balanced in the country?
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: One of the main concerns of economic and social development planners of the country is the improvement of quality of life and social welfare in the society. Since social welfare of households depends on their income and that the proper distribution of income increases the level of social welfare in the whole society and the majority of households, equal distribution of income is one of the country's development planning purposes. One of the dimensions of the fair distribution of income is its space dimension. Investigating the spatial distribution of expense and income of rural households can help planners to understand the spatial distribution as well as income gaps and related reasons. Therefore, in order to achieve the desired goal of equal distribution of income in rural households, it is necessary to find out the spatial distribution of expense and income in rural households of the country and provide balanced solutions and optimize the spatial distribution.
3. The method of this study, with respect to its purpose, is that of applied studies, and the method of data collection is documentary, and it was gained from Iran's Statistics Center. The statistical data collected in this study include total annual income of rural households, income gained from salaries, earnings from freelancers, miscellaneous incomes as well as the total annual expense of rural households, food expenses- tobacco and non-fiscal charges – and tobacco which is shared among the provinces of the country. Moreover, ArcGis10.2 software was used to study spatial distribution of rural household's expenditure and income.
4. The findings show that the expense of households decreased from 56.1% in 1986 to 41.1% in 2001 and 31.2% in 2011 in a positive direction. On the other hand, the villagers have enjoyed a better and more favorable living standard by changing their consumption patterns (from food to nonfood and tobacco). So that the growth of non-food expenses and TobaccoTo Food and tobacco In the year 2011 Compared to 2012 years About 39 percent. While at the same time the expense of food and tobacco Only 22.3 percent growth. During this period, the share of agricultural businesses in reducing the income of rural households has been reduced while the share of non-agricultural businesses and other occupations has increased.
5. In general, the findings of this study showed that during the period of time examined, income inequality in rural areas of the country has decreased. Although this decline is very slow, it reflects the process of adjusting income inequalities in rural households. The amount of income earned in the provinces of Tehran and Khorasan Razavi is more than other provinces. The income gained from free jobs in the villages of Kurdistan, Semnan, and Ardebil is good which shows the role of agriculture in these provinces as it plays a pivotal role in increasing the income of free-owned rural households in these provinces. Regarding the income of rural households, the provinces of Hamedan, and Sistan and Baluchestan have the highest income. In addition, the results of the study showed that rural households in Kurdistan province have the highest amount of annual expenditure on food and tobacco with 78%. Regarding non-food and tobacco expense, rural households in Tehran, Qom and Lorestan provinces were the most expensive, and with regard to the difference in expense and annual income of rural households, Khorasan Razavi and Kurdistan provinces experienced the highest positive difference.