habibalah roshanfekr

About 6.8 million hectares of agricultural lands in the country have different degrees of salinity, of which 4.3 million hectares have only salinity limits. The response of plants to salt stress is complex and depends on various factors such as concentration and type of solutes, plant species, plant growth stage and environmental factors. The use of salinity tolerant cultivars is currently one of the most effective ways to exploit and increase yield in saline and low saline soils. Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is a native plant of the Andean region of South America that was cultivated there from 5,000 to 7,000 years ago. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO 2002) designated Quinoa as one of the most important crops for food security of the world's population in the last century. Most Quinoa cultivars are capable of growing in salinity at concentrations of 40 (dSm-1) and even higher. This salinity is too high for most crops. Increasing the concentration of NaCl in the nutrient solution, followed by increasing the osmotic potential, adsorption of Na+ and Cl- ions during seed germination causes cell damage and ultimately inhibits or reduces germination. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of salinity caused by the use of poor quality water on yield and yield components of Quinoa as well as germination components of different Quinoa cultivars.

This study was carried out in cultivation in controlled environment (germination apparatus) at the Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran, in order to evaluate the reaction of cultivars and genotypes to salt stress conditions. In the experiment conducted under controlled conditions, the experimental treatments included salinity (NaCl) at six levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 dSm-1) and three genotypes and genotypes of Quinoa (Giz, Titicaca, Q26) was performed as factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. To find plant respanses and chose the best one using seed number and germination rate, percentage and germination rate, seed Vigor index, mean germination time, time to 10% germination, time to 50% germination and time to 90% germination were calculated according to the equations.

The results of analysis of variance showed that salinity stress had a significant effect on germination percentage and rate, and other measured germination indices (p < 0.01). Interaction of cultivar and salinity stress on root length, stem length, root dry weight and shoot dry weight, seed vigor index, germination uniformity, D10, D50 at 1% and germination percentage at 5% were significant. With increasing salinity levels from the control treatment to the highest salinity level (50 dSm-1), the decreasing trend of root and shoot length as well as root and shoot dry weight was observed. Titicaca showed the highest germination percentage and the highest seed vigor index in control treatment. In the salinity-free treatment, Titicaca showed the best and worst yield in Q26 at 50 (dSm-1) for 10% germination. Among other cultivars, Titicaca showed the highest root and shoot length and the lowest root and shoot length at 50 (dSm-1) under non-salinity stress conditions. Titicaca cultivar had the highest and Giz cultivar had the lowest germination and root dry weight. Titicaca cultivar in control treatment showed the highest root and shoot length with an average of 5.53 and 5.57 cm, respectively, while in salinity treatment of 50 dS/m-1 with an average of 0.4 and 0.3 cm minimum root and shoot length. Also, the best uniformity in germination with 20.2 hours was observed in Titicaca cultivar in control treatment.

At low salinity levels, acceptable yield was observed but in sever salinity condition most of the crops could not grow during the phenological stages. According to the results of this study and the study of quinoa behavior and high tolerance of the plant in the germination stage in the face of salinity stress, to improve salinity resistance in crops through breeding programs, and further study of salinity defense mechanisms in susceptible cultivars It is recommended. It seems that despite the significant effectiveness of all three cultivars and significant reduction in germination indices at high salinity levels Titicaca cultivar had a higher tolerance threshold than the other two cultivars, indicating the diversity of cultivars in response to physiological processes to salinity stress. It is also possible to use this cultivar with further research into breeding and breeding programs of other sensitive quinoa cultivars.

  Drought is one of the major environmental conditions that adversely affect plant growth and crop yield. In the face of a global scarcity of water resources, water stress has already become a primary factor in limiting maize production worldwide. It’s because Phytohormones such as auxin and cytokinin are reported to be involved in the regulation of plant response to the adverse effect of drought stress conditions. This study carried out in order to evaluate some physiological parameters response to auxin and cytokinin hormone alternation under drought stress condition on maize (cultivar KSC 704). The experiment was carried out in three separately environments included non-drought stress environment (irrigation after soil moisture reached to 75% field capacity), drought stress in vegetative stage (irrigation after soil moisture reached to 50% field capacity in V4 to tasseling stage, but irrigation after soil moisture reached to 75% field capacity in pollination to physiological maturity stage) and drought stress in reproductive stage (irrigation after soil moisture reached to 75% field capacity in V4 to tasseling stage and irrigation after soil moisture reached to 50% field capacity in pollination to physiological maturity stage). cytokinin hormone in three levels (control, spraying in V5 –V6 and V8-V10 stages) and auxin hormone in three levels (control, spraying in silk emergence stage and 15 days after that) was laid out as a factorial design based on randomized complete block with three replications in each environment at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Karaj, Iran, in 2013. It was used Indole-3-butyric acid and N6-benzyladenin as auxin and cytokinin hormones respectively. Concentration of used auxin and cytokinin hormones were 10 and 50 mg per liter respectively. In this study some physiological parameters were measured including leaf area index, cell membrane stability, leaf chlorophyll content, stomata conductive, canopy temperature depression, photosynthesis quantum efficiency and leaf senesce. The maximum leaf area index, stomata conductance and quantum efficiency of photosynthesis and the minimum canopy temperature were obtained with spraying cytokinin hormone in V8-V10 stage, and the maximum chlorophyll content index, quantum efficiency of photosynthesis and the delay in leaf senescence were obtained with spraying auxin hormone in silk emergence stage and the minimum stomata resistance and canopy temperature were obtained with spraying cytokinin hormone in 15 days after silk emergence stage. The interaction effect between drought stress and spraying hormone was significant on leaf area index and canopy temperature depression and spraying hormones on maize in drought stress condition in reproductive stage more effective than non-drought stress and vegetative drought stress conditions because it can be useful in balancing the disturb hormone relations. Based on the result of this experiment, maize is tolerant to drought stress in vegetative stage, as a result, irrigation after soil moisture reached to 50% field capacity in vegetative stage and irrigation after soil moisture reached to 75% field capacity after tasseling stage can save irrigation water without any decrease significantly in physiological parameters at erase where water has been limited. Spraying cytokinin and auxin hormones in V8 –V10 and silk emergence stage can be recommended as the best time to use these hormones respectively. Using auxin and cytokinin hormones under drought stress condition in maize was more effective than control and vegetative stage because they can balance the disturbed hormones rate under that condition.