hadi azami

Political management of space is a process that is done consciously and gives a special order to the political structure of a country. Political management of space in order to organize the territorial territory and effectively use material and spiritual forces to achieve predetermined goals. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The method of data collection has been done in two types: documentary and field. Smart PLS software was used to analyze the data in this study. The results in the "environmental" dimension showed that the highest average level to the index of "water resources control" with the amount of "3.58", in the "managerial" dimension to the index of "active state of border markets" with the amount of "3.91", in the dimension "Economic" to the index "Development of tourist attractions" with the rate of "3.54", in the dimension of "smuggling control" to the index of "control of fuel smuggling in border areas" with the rate of "3.01", in the dimension of "public participation" to the index of "absorption" Public participation in the identification of "border smugglers" with a rate of "3.54"; In the "social" dimension to the index "control of poverty among residents of border areas" with a value of "3.83", in the dimension of "political and military factors" to the index of "control of illegal movement" with a value of "3.54", in the dimension of "infrastructure" The results of the index "Establishment of power transmission line infrastructure to residents in border areas" with a value of "3.52" and the dimension of "security" showed that the highest average level belonged to the index of "rate of control of military conflicts" with a value of "3.98". Has found.

There have been many changes in geographical names throughout history. After the formation of the modern nation-state in the Middle East and then the spread of nationalism in the region, geographical names played a significant role in their national identity. This method of naming also holds true for the name of the Persian Gulf. The name of the Persian Gulf has been used as the most common name in history. In this respect, despite a great deal of research on the name of the Persian Gulf, there has been little research linked to the Persian Gulf entry in Ottoman and Turkish lexicons and encyclopedias.
This paper focuses on the entries of the Persian Gulf in early modern Turkey and the Ottoman lexicon and encyclopedia, which were written before the establishing of modern nation-states in the Middle East. This research is new to his field, as no research was found regarding the Persian Gulf entry in the Turkish and Ottoman lexicons and encyclopedias. In this research, by adopting a descriptive-analytic method, the associated entries in the seven Turkish and Ottoman sources were translated and analyzed.
The results of this study show that the entries of the Persian Gulf hold a special place in modern Turkish and Ottoman sources. When it comes to the Persian Gulf, they used Baṣra Körfezi, Baḥr-i Fârs, and ʿAcem. These names are equal to one another, and there is no preference for their use. Furthermore, it was only used in the Ottoman era. However, the Persian Gulf has always been used both before and during this period, and also in the post-Ottoman period.

The stability of water resources is a situation in which water resources are managed in such a way that in addition to providing the well-being and needs of one generation, efforts are made to provide the needs and well-being of future generations; In fact, the stability of water resources depends on political, life, environmental and hydrological conditions. The Political Management of Space and the patterns resulting from it can strongly affect the geographical space and the biological foundations in it, especially the water resources; Each of these patterns has special features, the most important feature that differentiates these patterns from each other is the amount and intensity of concentration. In such a way that the level of concentration in each of these models in terms of being high and low can affect the category of stability in political, economic, social and environmental dimensions. Among the most important components of the political management of space, which overshadows the stability of water resources, there are three components: 1) legislation; 2) executive management; 3) political divisions. In the researches that have been conducted in connection with the issue of water resources stability, the consequences of this issue have been mainly described, and in the cases that have been addressed from the analytical aspect, most of the climate issues in a geographical area have been considered. Therefore, the effects of Political Management of Space on the issue of water resources stability have been less discussed. The present study investigates the effect of Political Management of Space components on the stability of water resources from a theoretical point of view, and examines the most important causes of water resource instability caused by the factor of Political Management of Space.

According to the nature of the present research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and data collection is done by library method and from documentary and internet sources. Data analysis is done qualitatively and inferentially.

Human factors affecting the stability of water resources in the past few decades have severely affected water resources as an important variable, and this effect has been both quantitative and qualitative (drying and polluting wetlands, lakes, rivers). Therefore, instability has been the result of human intervention, which in any case is a management problem that is the result of dominant thoughts that are imposed on the geographical space in the framework of practical policies. In fact, the stability or instability of water resources is directly related to the Political Management of Space in a country. The theoretical investigation of the mechanism of the influence of the political management of space as a macro-management structure in the stability or instability of water resources in a watershed becomes relevant from this point of view. Although the type or pattern of political management of space may have different results on water resources in two countries or geographical space, the result of this problem is due to the existence of a specific ideology or the lack of coordination between different aspects of political management of space, including the issue of legislation, political division  of space and executive management in one country.Therefore, the issue of political space management is influenced by mediating variables that are derived from the ruling ideology of the country or geographical space, or the lack of coordination and cooperation between internal institutions and organizations of a country. In fact, the Political Management of Space in a country affects the stability of water resources from three dimensions, legislation, executive management and political divisions of space (political organization of space). A) Legislation dimensio includes 1) centralization and decentralization 2) levels of legislative institutions 3) relationship between the government and the nation. B) executive management dimension includes five factors including: 1) development strategies 2) efficiency issue 3) bureaucracy (specialized and non-specialized) 4) government revenue sources 5) levels of executive management. C) The dimension of political divisions of space includes five factors as: 1) balance in provincial units 2) concentration and lack of concentration in places and geographical areas 3) criteria of civil divisions 4) homogeneity and heterogeneity of places and geographical areas 5) influential forces.

The political management of space includes three dimensions and components, including the dimension of legislation - the dimension of executive management and the dimension of civil divisions (political organization of space). In relation to the category of legislation and its relationship with the stability of water resources in a watershed in countries with a plurality of legislative institutions, the low level of coordination and alignment in the formulation of laws between the national and local levels, the lack of sufficient powers of the institutions in charge of water, the concentration of power in the law-making institutions, the lack of attention to the role of the beneficiaries in the management of water resources, which ultimately lead to the belief that water resources are part of their assets and only they should manage these water resources. Therefore, the existence of self-centered laws and views on the part of governments will provide a basis for governments to consider themselves the main owners of water resources and not accept the actors and beneficiaries of water resources in the management of water resources. In fact, there is no cooperation and alignment in the management of water resources by the government and the people, and finally the sustainability of water resources will face a challenge. In connection with the dimension of executive management, which has great importance in the stability of water resources. It can be said that executive measures are directly related to the stability or instability of water resources. The most important issues that are very important in this dimension can be mentioned the two phenomena of transparency and politicization and lobbying, which in the process of drafting the national budget, the issue of rent income, the absence of parties and organizations concerned about stability. Water resources, the phenomenon of non-specialized bureaucracy, the inefficiency of the executive bodies in charge of water resources management and the lack of coherence in the policy-making of national development programs have a great effect. The third dimension of the political management of space, which has an important effect on stability of water resources, is the dimension of political divisions or political organization of space. In this aspect, various factors influence the stability of water resources, which are mainly formed as a result of the actions of state and governments on the division of the geographical space of the country in the direction of optimal management of the space, which include the first phenomenon of a city where a huge population in the form of a city Big is loaded in a specific geographical space Also, heavy industries are located in the suburbs of these cities. Other important factors include the lack of balance in the provincial units in terms of the size and concentration of population and activity, the lack of national and regional complementarity, the heterogeneity of climate in the neighboring provincial units, the unbalanced distribution of water and soil resources, and the existing mineral resources. , the influence of informal forces on the process of national divisions and finally the lack of attention to geographical homogeneity in provincial divisions, which are among the most important factors affecting the stability of water resources in a watershed.

A major part of human behavior is subject to their perception of their environment. Sharing the group's interests gives meaning to their social and political behavior. In the meantime, the tribe as a biological/cultural unit in which the interests of the group are expressed in a form that leads to tribal action and the members behave on the values related to the perception of the place. In the geography of elections, the tribalism observes the effect of locational elements on the preferences affecting the behavior of voters living in certain areas as a voting base. The current research is an applied one in nature. It is based on the assumption that in the tenth period of the Islamic Parliament elections, local/tribal tendencies were the most effective factor in creating the voting base of the candidates of Mamsani constituency. Voting base of candidates in this area was more than a function of democracy macro process; it has been reflected in the theme of kinship and in the form of reproduction of traditional tribal alliances. The data and findings required for the current research were collected by documentary method (books, publications and internet) and fieldwork (observation and interview). Data were analyzed by descriptive-analytical research method and using GIS and Excel software. The study has been done using the data taken from the statistics of the 10th period of the Islamic Council elections. The result of the research showed that the origin of hometown and tribal votes played an effective role in the electoral candidates of the 10th election cycle of Mamsani.

A conflict can involve anything from a personal disagreement between two people to the emergence of a world war. When a conflict arises, a combination of the main components of geopolitics (geography, politics and power) plays a role in its formation. Thus, the roots of the conflict can be explained in the frame of the principles of geopolitics. Most of the conflicts in Africa occur in 0-15 degrees north. The current study is a work of “basic research”. In terms of nature and method, it is “descriptive” and in terms of attitude, it falls in the category of “descriptive-analytic” research. Data gathering was done by a documentary method and through consulting library resources. The data analysis method was qualitative. The research set out to find an answer to the following question: “From a geopolitical point of view, which factors affect interstate and intrastate conflicts in circle 0 to 15th parallel north of Africa?” The current study has explained the roots of the conflicts from a geopolitical perspective through studying the conflicts in circle 0 to 15th parallel north of Africa. This study led to the presentation and introduction of 26 geopolitical root causes for conflicts.

The adoption of each of the different systems of political economy in different countries leads to different levels of economic achievements and development. Neighboring South Africa and Zimbabwe, located in southern Africa, have completely different positions in terms of economy and level of development despite their commonalities in various human and natural fields. An examination of the two countries' political economics shows that Zimbabwe has been a Marxist economy - led by Robert Mugabe - since 1980 and that the liberal economic system has prevailed in South Africa since the early 20th century. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present article seeks to answer the question that “what is the main reason for the difference in the levels of development between these two neighboring African countries?” Based on this question, the hypothesis is that the difference between Zimbabwe and South Africa in terms of development is due to the adoption of different political economies. The findings show that continuing South Africa's economic development following the liberal economy, before apartheid and after 1994, with the implementation of the Seven Liberal Economic Programs - including increasing the supervisory role and reducing the role of government intervention, implementation of industrial production development programs, development of local economies and participation initiative - on the one hand, and significant differences and improvements in Zimbabwean economic and human parameters such as GDP, economic growth, unemployment, life expectancy, etc. due to the implementation of free market political economy compared to the Marxist economy (1980-2008) on the other hand, confirm the above hypothesis.

Creating a healthy and desirable environment for life in different seasons of the year has long been a critical issue for humankind. It is important to pay attention to the thermal comfort in architectural design to enhance comfort and create high quality and low-cost construction. With the onset of modernity, housing construction has grown with the advancement of fossil-fueled technology, so that some could provide users with the thermal comfort and well-being with the international architectural design and the Athens Charter without relying on the principles of climatic and native design. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of climatic elements on housing sustainability in the city of Ilam based on Mahani index, which is done by descriptive-analytic method. Data collection is based on library methods and data from the Ilam Weather Station and the Meteorological Organization of Iran for the period of 21 years. For this purpose, data analysis is performed using Excel software and based on Mahani index. The results of this research show that according to the average wet and dry indicators based on Kasmae Table, the city of Ilam has indices of A1 and A2 in 6 months of the year and has A1 index for 4 months of the year. Based on Razjooyan table, the city has A1 index for 10 months of the year, has A2 index for 6 months of the year, and has A2 for 5 months of the year. At the end of the research, suggestions and solutions will be presented.

Introduction and Background: The national power of each country is rooted in a number of sources,which together form and interconnect the power of a country. Although, each dimension and component of national power has a separate and significant role in national power production, it seems that among the dimensions and components of national power, component of science and technology has a leading role. Accordingly, component of science and technology has a great influence in strengthening other dimensions of power, in addition to its significant and independent function. Aims: The aim of this paper is to analyse the position of science and technology in national power. This research aims to find out the impact and role of science and technology on other dimensions of national power like economic, political, and military dimensions. Methodology: This research is designed based on neoliberalism paradigm and secondary analysis methodology and also gathering opinions of domestic and foreign experts for purpose of constructing questionnaire. Conclusion: Findings shows that science and technology as an influential factor has a significant role in strengthening economic, military, political, cultural, geographical and social dimensions of power.Findings of fieldwork also show that science and technology component has a great influence on economic, military, political, cultural, social and geographical power respectively.

Tribalism, birthplace, and nativism are factors that influence the candidates’ voter bases. The Mamasani electorate is a geographical region in which the political actors’ bases are influenced by regional and tribal orientations; a major part of their success is indebted to tribalism and their place of birth. Yet, despite the dominant influence of tribal voting patterns on political actions of Mamasani voters, the candidates and representatives’ bases at this electorate are not solely exclusive to their tribe or habitat territory; the presence of geographical regions that play a complementary role in the base with either a fragile or stable nature at the territories of other tribes could also play a significant role in their victory. Subsequently, it can be expressed that the formation of social roles at each tribal territory would empower and form the candidates’ bases in a “random”, “organized”, or “hybrid” manner.

Review of Literature:

2.1. Social etwork

The focus of the social network theory is on connections and relations between different components of social phenomena. According to this theory, there are interactive network among various components of the society both at micro and macro scales. Integration of these interactive networks and their functions result in the preservation and survival of the organism of society.2.2 Social Construct

The theory of social construct involves a network of positions or degrees by which people have relations with one another. Fundamental elements of the social construct include “culture”, “language”, and “communication”; to understand social actions, it is necessary to recognize these elements as well as their interrelations. In the structural view, people in a society are regarded as beings under the influence of social constructs, of which they are members.

2.3 Electoral Geography

Electoral geography is the analysis of interactions between space, location, and the election process, as well as the study of the effects of spatial differences in political behaviors. Alternatively, electoral geography is inspired by political geography in which the patterns for spatial distribution of power as interactive relations among geography, election and power are examined.

2.4 Tribalism

Tribalism is an internal sense and motivation within the inhabitants of a particular location who prefer the values related to their understanding of their living environment over values that extend beyond their own territory and relate to other locations. Accordingly, as a coherent and consistent whole, the residents of a particular settlement have a local collective identity based on which they would vote for a figure or a party they sympathize with, whilst taking their own social, economic, and cultural into account.

The present inquiry is a basic study conducted using the descriptive-analytical method. In this study, the relation between three variables of the social network theory, social construct, and voter base were examined and analyzed as the independent, mediator, and dependent variables, respectively. Data were collected using library and document studies as well as field observations.

Given the findings of the study, factors including tribes and ethnic and kin relations had the highest effect on the formation of candidates’ bases at Mamasani electorate due to the dominant tribal-oriented structure of the area; subsequently, the number of votes for the entire candidates were guaranteed at their places of birth. However, candidates and members from each tribe have managed to create social networks within each other’s territories using tools of social; construct (culture, language, and communication). Considering the type of social construct, these networks are classified into a number of forms including “organized”, “random”, and “hybrid”. Consequently, organized networks within the territory of a tribe are oriented towards the candidates of another tribe based on factors such as identity, location, culture and language, empowering their voter bases. Furthermore, random networks during certain election rounds have supported candidates associated with other tribes using communication tools (social interaction, economic services, construction projects, funds, pertinacity, etc.). Therefore, it is much more likely for these networks to separate themselves from other tribes and support their own. In addition, some of these networks are hybrid (identify-benefit) to serve as a powerful support for representatives. The findings also show that the candidates and representatives of three tribes including Bakesh, Rostam, and Javid have managed to create networks within each other’s territories.

According to the results, during the 7th until the 10th round of election, the voting bases of candidates and representatives from tribes including Bakesh, Javid, Rostam, and Tire Bavaan have been influenced by environmental and identity-related factors such as geographical and tribal identities; moreover, the representatives’ bases were empowered by constructs such as random, organized, and hybrid social networks shaped by tools of social construct (culture, language, and communication).

According to Halford Mackinder’s theory of the Heartland, dominating of the Eastern Europe is key to dominate the Heartland, and dominating of the Heartland is key to dominate the world. Ukraine is one of the main components of the so-called Heartland. The recent Ukraine crisis is an important US-Russian geopolitical confrontation followed by various international disputes. This competition reminds expert the Cold War. This study is conducted using the descriptive-analytical method. Data are gathered from library sources. This research investigates the geopolitical importance of Ukraine for Russia and the US. The results show that the main reason for the conflict in Ukraine is the US-Russian geopolitical competition.

Intrduction: Fundamentalism in the form of action and behavior is one of the security issues of today's world, in such a way that territorialize and territoriality of the fundamentalist terrorist groups has become a major part of the world's security literature. Over the past decade, the region of North Africa has emerged from internal crises, regional political and ideological rivalries, and the interference of trans-national powers as the focal point for the emergence and expansion of radical ideas in such a way that the costs and effects of macroeconomics at the internal and international levels. In the meantime, the northern continent of Africa, and in particular the Egyptian state as a fragile state, has created the internal factors and the role of regional and international intervention powers providing opportunities for the expansion of ISIS's fundamentalist organization. With the advent of this group in Iraq and Syria, a new chapter was opened up on territorialization movements in the history of the region's transformations. Initially, the group was able to exploit the security gaps and internal crises in the developments in the southwestern Asia region, especially in the Syria civil war and structural disruptions in Iraq. After setting up in the South West Asia region, ISIS chose North African countries, in particular, Egypt as their next destination in the form of an action territorialitionaly.
The research is of a practical, applied and descriptive-analytical method. The required data and information is also provided by the library method. In this framework, first, using library studies (internal and external) of this research (documents and documents such as internal and external books, specialized journals and articles) as well as information from the World Wide Web (Internet) for collecting information. Then, using the above method, the data has been analyzed.
Findins: Since the Egyptian Sinai desert after the January 25, 2011 revolution, and the dismissal of Hosni Mubarak, has not been peaceful, it has become a security and pride for the Egyptian government at the time of Abdel Fattah al-Sisi.Sina's special position is a fertile ground for terrorist groups, but the limitations in the Sinai desert have been such that over the past 40 years, they have prevented the development and establishment of infrastructures necessary to maintain security in the area.Alongside all of the above mentioned, the interconnectedness of internal factors such as the strategic situation and energy sources, the crisis of legitimacy, spatial inequalities (the center-periphery), the weakness of the national correctional elements, the weakness of the central government, and the intervention of regional actors And transnationalism, the decline of the global economy, and the consequences of instability, such as the reduction of tourist incomes, etc., provided grounds for the realization and domination of fundamentalist organizations such as ISIS and other united groups in Egypt.
The results of the research showed that the fragility of the state, the political and international conditions governing the north of the Sinai peninsula in Egypt after the formation of the Zionist regime, the Arab-Israeli wars and the Camp David peace treaty, along with the ideological geography of the region, the background The realization and domination of ISIL; however, the lack of coordination with the regional and global geopolitical system and the failure of this group in the process of territorialize prevented the emergence of a new political-spatial entity that was rooted in the fundamentalist terrorism.

Dependence of countries to each other has lots of effects in the Geopolitical weight and type of behavior. Relations between Iran and Azerbaijan, from the beginning of 1990, when the country gained its independence, faced with challenges. The Nakhichevan as part of the Azerbaijan Separated by Zangezurmargi corridor from motherland. After the Nagorno-Karabakh War, Iran has been the only way between Nakhichevan and Republic of Azerbaijan. Due to the many challenges and security relations between the governments of Azerbaijan and Iran over the years and also due to the lack of geographical continuity of the country with its exclave unit (Nakhichevan) that it is the biggest strategic problems of Nakhichevan, Which it can be used for dependence of Nakhichevan to Iran and changing the level of relations between two countries. The method research of this paper is descriptive-analytic and collecting data for this paper is based on using library resources and questionnaire for surveying and prioritizing of various variables in Political-security fields for increasing dependency of Nakhichevan to Iran. According to the results and the experts' views, Development of regional cooperation between border regions in northwestern of Iran, Nakhichevan,Trying to reduce the influence of regional power such as Turkey in Azerbaijan (Nakhichevan),Using of the same religion as a political factor for increasing level of relation, have been the most effective factors for increasing Nakhichevan's dependence on Iran in the political-security dimension.

Introduction Power is among the notions that in the focus of attention of experts in political geography and Geopolitic. Accordingly, many scholars have discussed the nature, scope, deminsion and function of power. According to the one of the newest classification of power, it is divided into three forms of hard power, soft power and smart power. on the other hand, of years away, science and Nowadays, along with its; technology are considered as one of the main sources of the power. Hence, considering the fact that the Interest of global powers in the field of science and technology have been added more than the past, this research seeks to analyze the position of science and technology in the realm of hard and soft and smart power.
Methodology In this research, has been used through descriptive-analytical research method.Therefore, in the first stage, by studying library resources such as books, research projects and articles in Farsi and Latin, the role and position of science and technology has been Surveyied ; And its advantages over hard, soft and smart power dimensions have been described and analyzed. In the next step and in the field research, a three-question questionnaire was developed in two Persian and English languages based on Likert, and was attended by 400 domestic and foreign experts in the field of political geography, and International Relations and Geostrategic; finally, comments They have been investigated about the effects of science and technology on hard, soft and smart power.
Findings The findings of this study have been derived from two parts of library resources and field research. Accordingly, in accordance with library finding , science and technology have three approaches to influencing various forms of power, including hard, soft and smart.
1. The first approach: the hard power approach; that in it used the capacity of science and technology to influence the components of hard power (military and economic power) and it also is used fo strengthen bargaining power with rival and hostile countries. to more precise phrase, if we concentrate the most important sources of hard power in the country's economic capacity and military power; science and technology, through various mechanisms, will have an impact on these two areas of power.
2. The Second Approach: Soft Power Approach; in the sense that the benefits of science and technology with the help of the diplomacy of science and technology are used for effect and strengthen soft power. According to the findings of this section, science and technology, as a tool for the application of soft power, have the basical potential in foreign policy and especially in diplomacy of science and technology, Hence, these benefits will be thoroughly examined in this approach.
3. Third Approach: Smart Power Approach; in the sense that from the capacity of science and technology will be used to combine and unite mechanisms of hard power and soft power under the guidance of diplomacy tool in order to apply of smart power. According to this approach, The center of smart diplomacy is science and technology, which has both the hard power and soft power features , while at the same time demonstrating the ability to boycott, and the ability to partner and converge. of course, this role is more under the ownership of diplomacy of science and technology. But the field findings and results and average scores obtained from domestic and foreign thinkers Also have emphasized that science and technology have high degree of influence in three dimensions hard, soft, and smart power. Analysis The analize of research's findings reflect the fact that the new developments have leded the role of science and particularly technology, as a key element, have attractived more than ever by the view of the majority of global powers. which, of course, partly reflects nature and character of science and technology; So that Between the various components that are influencing the power of a country, whether either in viewpoint of appearance or in viewpoint of Thinkers, Science and technology have a double nature. therefore, it have this the capacity and potential that hard power and soft power can been connectived under of the ownership of diplomacy of science and technology. on this basis, science and then technology can be thought of as the most important linker of hard power, soft power and smart power.
Conclusion The results showed that although in the past centuries, territory, population, agricultural resources, military power were the sources of authority, but in the present time, this role has been transferred to science and technology; in fact, though that from ancient times, science as a the source of authority has been important; but in the current era, this role has been enhanced with the help of technology; therefore, today, science and technology not only in its vast definition are probably the most important source of power, but also been impressed on the use of other forms of power and altered their mechanism and actions. Therefore, in the context of the globalization process and the complexity of the social and international environment, after the collapse of the bipolar system, we are witnessing the growing impact of science and technology on political issues and the equations of power on the international level. So, As America's position at the top of global geometry of power, to a large extent, reflects the use of science and technology in pursuit of political, economic, military, cultural and other goals.For this reason, in today's world, science and technology can be used as a rating card in the confront with global equations, since that it have a significant impact on hard, soft, and smart power of countries.

The borders of many countries of the world are in the shape of waterways and rivers and unlike the land borders river water borders due to their complexity are creating more tension and crisis among the states. Many observers call the twenty first century as the hydro-politic era. It is due to the fact that shortage of water resources will lead to numerous conflicts and war among different countries. The climate change, occurrence of long period of drought, expansion of development plan in agriculture and industry in border areas, the increase in urban population are among the most important factors leading to intensification of disputes on border rivers. In Central Asia region, the flow of two important rivers of Amu Darya and Syrdarya along with their sub-branches have created several problems and challenges among the five countries region. In fact after the disintegration of Soviet Union the countries of Central Asia region inherited the wrong management regime of the water resources. The present article with a descriptive-analytical method wants to study the hydro-politic disputes of the countries of Amu Darya and Syr Darya basin and attempt to analyze the most important grounds and causes of the intensification of the conflict on common rivers. The finding of the study shows the divergent interest of the countries located on upstream and downstream and improper management of the problem, construction of several dams, climate changes, intervention of the regional and extra-regional powers, are among the important causes of differences on common water resources.

Introduction Science and technology play a geopolitical role in the global geography of power which is called the power of science and technology. In this regard, statesmen emphasize on science and technology as a key source for the promotion of geopolitical prestige as well as a fundamental tool for improving their people’s standard of living. In other words, science and technology are not only considered as one of the main factors of national power, but also play fundamental role in strengthening other dimensions of national power such as economic, military, territorial, political, cultural power, and so on. Therefore, the study of indicators and variables demonstrating the power of science and technology is very important in terms of evaluating the scientific and technological power of countries and comparing them to each other, as well as analyzing the function and influence of scientific and technological power on other dimensions of national power, such as territorial, military, political, economic, cultural dimension, and so on. This study intends to explore and recognize the most important variables and indicators shaping the scientific and technological power of countries and describe it in a conceptual model.
Theoretical Framework Although power is one of the terms that there is no general consensus about its meaning, it can be defined simply as the dominant ability of the individual, society and government over the opinions and actions of others. However, this phenomenon has the special place in the political geography literature, particularly in geopolitics. The scholars in geopolitics and international relations fields along with the statesmen have always concerned about the components and factors of national power and actually indicators can accurately reflect the nature of national power. Generally, national power is considered as a combination of the material and spiritual capacities of a country. More precisely, the national power of countries is arisen from the diverse sources such as land and geography space, human resources, military, scientific and cultural capabilities. Meanwhile, science and technology in the opinion of most scholars is one of the main components of national power. In this framework, if science, on its general concept, refers to any kind of consciousness about objects, phenomena and relationships; and technology is defined as the systematic use of scientific information and other systematic consciousness for practical purposes; and also, innovation is considered as the equivalent of putting creative ideas into a new product or service, power of science and technology will be defined as a power of human which is appeared by the ability for knowledge generation, knowledge application, innovation and skilled human resource training. Obviously, variables and indicators of scientific and technological power have a fundamental impact on other dimensions of power such as economic, military, territorial, political, and social power.
Methodology This study has been carried out with the reference to materials of library and fieldworks in descriptive-analytical method. First, in the library step, the most important variables and indicators influencing on scientific and technological power of countries in 102 indicators was gathered referring to reliable sources. In the next step, these indicators were classified in terms of their nature and function in six factors including human resources, financial and economic factors, mediator, information and communication technology (ICT), academic output and performance in strategic sciences. Then, in fieldwork part, the importance of the indicators of each factor, as well as the prioritization of the six factors of the scientific and technological power were determined in fieldwork approach and a questionnaire was prepared by domestic and foreign experts. Accordingly, a researcher-made questionnaire consisted of 108 questions was designed in both Farsi and English based on the Likert scale. Then, regarding the interdisciplinary nature of the research, professors and experts in various fields of political geography, international relations, science and technology policy, economics with an emphasis on economic development, strategic management, management and strategic planning were asked to fill out the questionnaire. Finally, more than 300 questionnaires were provided to internal and external experts and field analysis was based on the filled out questionnaires.
Findings and Discussion The results of this research in two parts of the library and fieldwork show that the phenomenon of the power of science and technology, like national power, has a mixed nature; in other words, since this concept is influenced by the various fields including human resources, financial resources and information technology, it requires a combination of operational indicators to define itself and consequently, assess the power of science and technology. Accordingly, the combinative model of the power of science and technology is proposed as the result of research in the form of six conceptual factors on the priority importance order (economic factors, human resources, scientific output and innovation, information technology, performance in strategic sciences and mediator) with 44 operating indicators.

Interodaction: There are several theories to understand the causes of convergence and divergence in multi- ethnic countries. Each scientific field based on its nature considers to the ethnic issues. Sociologists have referred to structural aspects of the issue such as geographic and human issues of the region, and political scientists consider the issues such as the role of ethnic elites and legitimacy of political system and finally, psychologists consider the mental issues of society. A comprehensive approach to consider the role of different geographic factors (natural or human) is essential. Rational management is one of effective factors. It shows that the governments have reached to the rational understanding and awareness about the existence of weaknesses and potentialities. The research methodology adopted here is descriptive- analytic and data gathering procedure is based on library findings.Research Effective factors on the convergence are as follows: firstly, internal factors affecting the convergence include mutual trust between the people and the government, satisfaction of the people, decentralization and de-concentration of industries and decision- making centers, strengthening ethnic identities in direction with national identity, the power of central government to guarantee convergence, promotion of education, constitutional rules and its role in national integration. Secondly, external factors affecting the convergence include development and promotion of cross- border ethnics and cultures, the policies of regional stability, religious centrality of Iran in the region, economic communications with neighboring countries and development of border markets, aggressive policies toward ethnics in neighboring countries. Factors which affect divergence are as follows: firstly, regional and trans-regional factors affecting the divergence include the boundary location of minorities, return in ethnic policies of neighboring countries, geopolitics of the ethnicity and instrumental use of ethnicity in foreign policies, the US hegemony and its effect on the divergence. Secondly, external factors affecting divergence include the factor of religion, ethnicity and language, the topographic structure of Iran inappropriate communicational system, imbalance in participation of ethnicities in political power, the luck of development. Divergence and convergence forces are central in determining wherefore of the composition and consolidation of Iran's nation, and their investigation is more vital. Some of these forces have relatively fixed role in divergence and convergence process and some of them are not stable and their function maybe change. So, they can be used in both divergence and convergence processes -depending on political motivations. For example, central government of Iran can employ these forces to develop convergence and national unity and vice versa, interventionist forces and opposition groups can use these forces to collapse national unity. Based on research findings, I.R.I has three options: integrative model, neutralization or maintenance of status quo and divergent model. Each model has its results and consequences.

One of the major and lifelong concerns of humanity throughout history has been security, particularly security of the country borders. Nowadays, establishing security is not a detached phenomenon that could be obtained by only using military power, but is also affected by political, economic, military and cultural factors. In this context, securing the borders requires designing and developing plans and policies for economic, social and cultural issues. Taking economic approach and focusing on improving livelihood and economic conditions of frontiersmen is one of these solutions and a clear example of this solution, is establishing border markets in these areas. Improving Activities in these border markets causes people to turn to healthy economic activities and leave aside illegal and false jobs such as smuggling, drug trafficking etc. besides, the activity of these markets causes’ cross-border relations to improve and paves the way for international cooperation. This article uses a descriptive-analytical method and relies on library and field findings to study the effects of establishing the Mahyrood border market, located in Sarbishe County, on the security of borders in this area. The Results of this study showed that the activity of the Sarbishe Mahyrood border market has caused fuel and goods smuggling, and drug trafficking to be reduced dramatically. On the other hand, the activity of the market, has strengthened the political, economic, and security relations between Iranian province of South Khorasan and Afghan province of Farah, and ultimately has led to improved development and security in the border areas of the province.

Undoubtedly, one of the key and most fundamental issues in political atmosphere of the world is the political systems’ instability and stability. Political stability is essential for a political system to achieve its goals. This is why achieving sustainable stability and security is the most important concern of each government and political system. Political stability means that nature of political system remains stable in spite of some fluctuations and transitions. Meanwhile, every dynamic political system having interaction with its internal and external environment is necessarily involved in some tensions and crises and if it cannot settle them, the political system would become instable and will be treated by various threats. Hence, governments are usually seeking to design and perform long- term policies which help their sustainability. Investigation and recognition of variables affecting political system’s instability are among important methods which can contribute to control and handle them. The research is basic in terms of its goal and is descriptive- analytic in terms of nature and method. Data gathering procedure is based on library and field finding. The field study is a questionnaire type, and statistical sample will include experts. Data analysis will be done using qualitative and quantitative analysis methods, and conclusion will be done using the two methods. A review on literatures regarding political system instability reveals that evaluation of the concept is difficult. In fact, evaluation of political instability like assessment of national power is also entangled with such fundamental challenges like: power is a multidimensional concept; variables are multiple and divers; variables have different values; there are some qualitative variables etc. Political instability stems from different origins which as a whole application they make the political system instable. Primary factors causing instability are resulted from different so-called political, economic, social and cultural and such other factors which exist in quantitative and qualitative forms. In other words, each of these variables could hold qualitative or quantitative aspects. Since geo-politicians, political scientists, scholars in international relations and politicians are interested in political instability they have tried to provide a list of those factors affecting political instability. In the research we made effort to recognize the most important variables affecting political system’s instability using investigation scholars’ theories, and then to evaluate the degree of importance of each of these variables. Accordingly, the most important and effective variables respectively were such factors like: political factors including revolutions, coup detat, civil wars, declining the regimes’ legitimacy, repression of people by governing regimes, ethnic-racial riots, and political despotism and dictatorship; socio-cultural factors including urban chaos, social inequity, administrative corruption, lack of civil liberties and extreme ethnic-religious conflicts; and finally economic factor including high rate of unemployment, financial corruption in administrative – political system (bribery, embezzlement, money laundering, etc.), increase in poverty and deprivation and high rate of inflation were the most significant and effective variables.

Political power’s structure and its spatial distribution is one of the most important issues in political geography. Iran, with thousand years of civilization, has a centralized state and its causes must be seek in ancient Iran and the roots of the formation of the first Iranian government (Medes) and the trend to centralizethe power. This paper deals with the exploration of reasons that influenced the power structure in ancient Iran by investigating the structure and spatial distribution of power in ancient Iran in the Median, Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid eras. Researchers claim Iran's geographical location and the existence of a powerful foreign enemy named Assyria were the reason of formation of the first centralized government of Iran named Medes. In the beginning, the power structure was not centralized, but was more like an Oligarchy and this structure gradually and in particular in the Sassanid era turned into a centralized and unitary system, and one of the most important reasons was the influence of missionaries in the power structure. It is also necessary to mention that other factors like geographic area and ripples have been effective in the pattern of spatial distribution of political power in Iran.

Regionalism is regarded as paying special attention to a defined geographicalregion. Therefore, for the membership and formation of regional organizations,countries should consider regions to which they have the most important economic,political, security and cultural connections. Governments, in fact, choose regionalorganizations on the basis of their regional preferences and geopolitical views. Inthis study, applying the spatial structure of the theory of the world geopoliticalsystem, the place of Iran and Shanghai Cooperation Organization member states inthe geo-strategic realm and the geopolitics of regions is explored, and theirgeographical features and regional preferences are identified. Using analytical–descriptive methods, this study also evaluates the geopolitical views of China andRussia, as the two main powers in the organization, as well as those of Iran. It isconcluded that while for Russia and China, the formation and membership in thisorganization is in accord with their regional preferences and geopolitical views,Iran’s membership is not in conformity with its regional preferences andgeopolitical identity.

All the documented evidence and experiences in the wars of the 2.th century and the first decade of the 29st century have portrayed this reality as objective and irrefutable examples before the world’s eyes, that cities, due to being the center of physical and human capital as well as having vital, sensitive, and significant installations and centers, are among the primary and basic targets for enemies at the time of war. One of the basic applications of passive defense knowledge is to protect cities and citizens against military and terrorist attacks. Therefore, in addition to explaining the types of military and terrorist threats, it is necessary to analyze and identify the most important areas, installations, and centers of the city that are exposed to threats in order that authorities and relevant institutions could deal with the threats through taking passive defense measures. Through descriptive-analytical method and by using library and field information and findings, this paper tries to study and analyze vital, sensitive, and significant centers of the city of Neishabour in terms of their safety when facing military and terrorist attacks.

Controlling and supervising borders is one of the most significant issues concerning international borders، especially in unstable and unsafe regions. Appropriate supervision and imposing control on borders has attracted government attention throughout history، due to its important role in national security (Glassner 2004:80); The Great Wall of China، Hadrian''s wall، and Golestan''s wall، etc، provide some evidence corroborating this claim. Different types of electronic devices are currently used alongside more traditional methods، for this purpose in the present time. Nevertheless، in some parts of the world، imposing optimal control over the borders is still a challenging issue for the governments، who are constantly looking for more effective and better methodologies (Lotfi 2011:77). After China، Iran and the Russian federation have the largest number of neighboring countries in the world. On the other hand، Iran''s borders lie within ten major physiographic regions، including mountains، foothills، deserts، swamplands، lagoons، rivers، forests، steppes، lakes، and seas (Karimipour، 2000:22). Such geographical features and having numerous neighboring countries has provided a special situation for Iran. Obviously، strategic or military control of these long border lines is extremely difficult. Based on this fact، numerous plans، policies، and methodologies have been used by different responsible organizations to manage and control borders within recent years. It seems necessary to evaluate the level of their effectiveness on border security. Research The present research can be described as descriptive and analytical in nature. Gathering the needed information has been done through library research and field research methods (questionnaires and interviewing authorities). The questions included in this study were as follows: 1- How effective do you describe the physical devices which are being used to control and supervise Iran''s eastern border (Khorasan Razavi province-Afghanistan) on making that border impenetrable? 2- How effective do you describe the electronic devices which are being used to control and supervise Iran''s eastern border (Khorasan Razavi province-Afghanistan) on making that border impenetrable? 3- How effective do you describe the plans (frontage defining policies، evacuating border villages، setting up border markets، defining forbidden border areas) which are being used to control and supervise Iran''s eastern border (Khorasan Razavi province-Afghanistan) on making that border impenetrable? Arguments and Numerous factors can threaten the national security of a country on borders، including border disputes and military invasion، having long border lines and enemy penetration through borders، the existence of similar languages، tribal values، and religions on both sides of the border and their anti-national activities، smuggling، especially drugs، human trafficking، border crimes، etc. As a result، different countries in the world have adopted different approaches to maintaining their border security، considering the existing threats to their borders with the neighboring countries. Different threatening factors are causing disturbances in Iran''s eastern borders، especially where this survey focuses on (Khorasan Razavi province - Afghanistan)، and this has attracted more attention toward this region. Based on these facts، Iran''s government and involved organizations are employing three methods to impose control on the border lines، these three methods include 1) physical approaches 2) electronic approaches 3) plans and policies for controlling the border lines (defining a frontage، setting forbidden areas، etc). This survey has studied every single one of these approaches. The results indicate that the management policies and methods have had an influential role in making the borders impenetrable، along the borders with Afghanistan. In more precise words، electronic supervision، physical supervision، and controlling plans have respectively played the most effective roles in making Iran''s eastern borders impenetrable.

State divisions are one of the most effective tools for political space organizing. The background of dividing the territory of the country into smaller units in Iran may be historically traced back to the formation of the first territorial state by Achaemenids. The role and function of state divisions، its relationship to national survival، facilitation of exerting the government’s will، a balanced regional development، and the like، all indicate the importance of creating a suitable developmental platform for the country. In our country، however، the existence of some threatening factors in the state divisions system have caused weaknesses and led to inefficiency in the functioning of the divisions. Meanwhile، economic - functional and form-physical threats، due to the role they can play، are of utmost importance. The researchers in this article have tried their best to analyze the most important threatening elements related to economic-functional or form-physical aspects of state divisions in the country.

The Countrys divisions is the process of countrys space break to smaller units in order to easier governing, better security, and improving social and economical conditions. In fact, it is one of the most important implementations that governments use in order to managing the countrypolitical environment. In Iran, the countrys divisions has a long history. It came back to the first kingdom of Iran (Achaemenid Empire) and continues unit now. Governments use this to better governing of the countrys region. We can see that in this long history (about 2500 years) many factors such as Countrys geographical extent, regions natural traits.Dispersal and diversity of races, descents and religions, military issues, urban centers and etc. Have had influenced countrys divisions. In resent period factors such as ecological minorities, strategic environment, countrys peripheral regions etc. Also have influence in this field.

Various and complex human activities in geographical contexts need proper ground if at most efficiency is to be achieved. Land preparation regulates the relationship between human, space, and human activities. Land preparation has various dimensions related to value system, political, scientific, artistic, and defense-security aspects. One of the most important dimensions of land preparation is its defense-security aspect. Defensive-security considerations have not received due attention in preparation plans yet and presentation of plans and strategies for land defense and protection of military installations and vital, sensitive and significant centers and establishments against the military threats and attacks has been neglected. Observance of defensive and security considerations in preparation plans is affected by several variables that should be noticed in such plans. The most important of these variables are geographical location of the given area, type and level of the military and security threats in the region, civil defense strategies and plans appropriate for the particular types of the regional threats. Border provinces of Iran have specific locations, conditions and characteristics and differ politically and spatially from the central provinces; therefore in preparation plans for border provinces, defensive-security considerations proportionate to these features should be developed and implemented. The present paper attempts to explain the importance and position of defense-security considerations in preparation plans for Mashhad.