hadi masoudifar

Today, the field of criminal law in Iran is facing the challenge of creating a crime and a broad interpretation of criminal behavior, and in addition to ordinary people, this trend has also entered the sphere of administrative duties and responsibilities, especially with the plan of "police responsibility" in addition to criminal responsibility and Civil includes the actions and activities of the general officers of the judiciary such as the police force. Based on this, the main goal of the current research is to identify and introduce an approach that can be emphasized to violate the criminal responsibility of the general officers of the judiciary when conducting covert information and security operations. According to this purpose, in the present research, which is based on the descriptive-analytical method, the role of the theory of "virtuous participation" in removing the criminal responsibility of the general officers of the judiciary when carrying out policing, security and intelligence missions in a secret manner has been evaluated. . The main hypothesis is that participation in a typically criminal act provided that it is based on a preventive or restorative virtue, will not be responsible for the bailiff. In the discussion of this relationship, based on the method of analogical reasoning, it was determined that by emphasizing this theory, the responsibility of the judicial officer who secretly infiltrated the criminal groups in disguise and committed a typically criminal act while collecting information was removed. Branke's conditional: the judicial officer must observe the principle of proportionality in the emergency situation and not be the cause of the extraordinary situation. Moreover, in this research, it was found that the condition of exigency and good performance of duties can relieve the officer's responsibility during the implementation of covert operations.

Increasing the use of marine areas and international waterways in the extraction, production and transportation of oil has led to serious concerns regarding the application of preventive legalenvironmental mechanisms to preserve and maintain the marine environment. In this regard, so far, the international responsibility regarding the environment and possible damage to it has only been towards the commitment of the governments, and this is while the exploitation of the sea and its environment is actually done by multinational companies. Based on this, in this research, which is organized in a descriptive-analytical method, the main question is whether it is possible to transfer responsibility from governments to multinational companies. And how can the "polluter pays" principle help to strengthen the environmental responsibility of multinational companies in the oil industry? In this regard, it was found that the governments have been able to block the financial accounts of companies accused of marine environmental damage through the mechanisms available in the National Treasury Department, and as a result, they have made it possible to apply the principle of paying the polluter in compensation and provide environmental protection in the oil industry.

Considering the need for women to play a role in less developed societies such as Afghanistan and emphasizing the creation of legal infrastructure to guarantee women's rights in the current century, reflecting new approaches in human rights through treaty-based mechanisms of international law is an impossible necessity. It is denial. Based on this, it is necessary to identify the priority of effective rights in women's rights in Afghanistan and evaluate the process of localization of human rights in this country. In the discussion of this connection, the current research, which was compiled using a descriptive-analytical method with the benefit of library studies, while examining the concept of gender equality, it was determined that human rights mean women's rights, along with guaranteeing men's rights, so human rights cannot be He considered it only for men and allocated it based on human gender. Also, in this research, it was determined that the right to education and the right to health of women in Afghan society should be recognized as the basic priorities in guaranteeing the examples of international human rights, and after that, the stage of legal confrontation with violence against women It can be evaluated as a theoretical approach and legal protection of women in the society cannot be achieved without creating a stable and treaty-based structure.

Blocking borders in times of emergency has been associated with conflicting interpretations and approaches, so that its interpretation as a governance-oriented issue is intertwined with criteria such as national security. However, it is necessary to adapt the issue of border movement restrictions to the special situations of immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers in the realm of international law and to answer the question: Can these restrictions be synonymous with violating human fundamental rights? be considered Therefore, in this research, which is based on a descriptive-analytical method, it was firstly determined that preventing the access of refugees by blocking the borders is a clear violation of Articles 9 and 33 of the Geneva Convention and governments cannot impose restrictions on their movement. especially that the situation of refugees or asylum seekers is different from ordinary people. Based on the method of analogical reasoning, it was determined: national security cannot act as an element to justify the blocking of borders in widespread epidemics, because the needs of national security must be interpreted based on an objective and potential threat and in practical terms, the threat against national security has also been raised. from a collective reaction.

The expansion of the range of benefits of self-propelled marine vessels simultaneously with the development of technology and related knowledge has increased the need of governments and actors active in the maritime field to develop and formulate rules and regulations about this maritime tool. On the other hand, the unknown area of responsibility of self-driving vessels for violating international rules has increased the necessity of identifying the legal regime of this instrument in the realm of international law of the seas. Therefore, in this research, which was carried out in a descriptive-analytical method along with a field study, in addition to the legal definition of marine self-propelled vessels, the basic question has been raised that the basis of assigning responsibility to self-propelled marine vessels is based on what element? In this context, it was found that the legal regime of self-propelled marine vessels is different depending on the purpose and operations defined for this tool on the one hand and whether the self-propelled vessels are "under the surface" or "on the surface" on the other hand, and in line with the explanation of this legal structure The role of the International Maritime Safety Organization is very key. It was also found that the international responsibility for compensating the possible damages resulting from the activity of this category of vessels is of the type of "responsibility for internationally prohibited actions" and is based on the level of control and autonomy of this tool from the ability to be extended to the operator, owner or controller of this tool. It looks distinct.

Among the general principles of law and progressive scientific rules, the rule of fairness has a prominent value and position, and since this rule has considerable flexibility, it has the ability to be applied in dealing with new issues and challenges of public international law. Is. Therefore, while defining the rule of fairness, it is necessary to evaluate the position of this rule in the implementation of international agreements related to the field of international environmental law, and also to analyze the need to protect the environment based on the requirements of public opinion in jurisprudence. Accordingly, in this study, which was conducted inductively and using library studies, while evaluating the application of the rule of justice in ensuring human security, it was found that the rule of justice through the principle of "joint but different responsibility" in the Paris Climate Change Conference Has been exploited. On the other hand, it has been shown that the rule of fairness in international environmental law has led to the introduction of the term "climate justice".

Considering the evolutions of international relationships in modern world, development of the related needs of human society in social, economic, political, and cultural grounds in particular, and human societies entering trade and technological competitions, it seems necessary to provide a new classification of the concept of human security to be more compatible with current realities in the development of international trade. Accordingly, it is necessary, first, to examine transition from the concept of national security towards economic security, then, suggest and explain modern concepts in the field of human security. Accordingly, in the present research, the concept of human security has transited from merely military and environmental necessities and, in a modern approach, is considered in the form of the concept of international trade with the aim of protecting the trade data. Also, in this research, edited based on inductive method and library studies, the prevention principle is considered, as a modern method, to prevent trade data and intellectual property from being leaked to trade security to be realized.

Due to cultural, economic, political, and social development of international relationships between the countries around the world, and increased need of human societies for more and more enjoyment of natural resources in developing economic infrastructures, a new threat to the survival of human benefits has emerged which generated a need for a new approach to the promotion of national security concept from having a mere military dimension to have also an environmental dimension. For the same reason, first we need to explain the transition from national security concept to environmental security concept and through the process assess the realization of human security concept. Therefore, while studying human security concept, the present research which was carried out by inductive reasoning and library studies, reviewed the role of assessing environmental consequences of realization of a sustainable human security and, how to approach to climate changes. Also, it was determined that the recognition of precautionary principle in international environmental law could play a significant role in guaranteeing human security.