haghani

The bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a serious pest of Poaceae plants, especially wheat and corn, in the world and in Iran. In this study, the demographic parameters of R. padi were determined at seven constant temperatures (8.5, 15, 20, 25, 27.5, 29 and 31±0.5 °C), 65±5% RH, and 14:10 (L: D) photoperiods on Zea mays L., KSC704 cultivar. The total lifespan, from birth to death, decreased with increasing the temperature from 8.5 to 29 °C, but the nymphal stage duration increased a little at 29 °C. The highest value of life expectancy (ex) was observed at 8.5 °C and at 31 °C, the nymphs died before reaching the adult phase. The percentage of survival for nymphal stages was highest at 15 and 25 °C, and the net reproductive rate (R0=23.671 female/generation) had the highest value at 15 °C. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and the finite rates of increase (λ) increased at the temperature interval of 8.5 to 25 °C. At this range, the doubling time (DT) and the mean generation time (T) decreased as the temperature increased. According to the highest value of rm (0.22 day-1) and λ (1.134day-1) and also the lower value of T (9.095 d) and DT (2.16 d), the temperature of 25 °C was determined as the optimal temperature and the data showed that the proper temperature range for growth and reproduction of this aphid was between 15-25 °C. The effect of temperature on reproduction, especially the intrinsic rate of increase (rm), of R. padi would be useful for predicting its long-term population fluctuation over several generations and establishing integrated pest management (IPM) strategies against this pest.

Indoor levels of 222Rn in some residential areas in Ramsar are as high as 31,000 Bq/m3, resulting in mean internal exposures up to 71 mSv/y. The main goal of this study was to develop a simple mathematical model for predicting radon concentrationfrom gamma radiation level in dwellings located in high background radiation areas (HBRAs) and a nearby normal background radiation area (NBRA) of Ramsar.

The levels of gamma background radiation and indoor radon were measured in 350 dwellings located in normal and high background radiation areas (210 dwellings from HBRAs and 140 dwellings from NBRAs). Moreover, data about the most important environmental factors such as temperature and humidity as well as the inhabitants’ nutrition were collected.

The mathematical relationship between the gamma radiation level and indoor radon concentration in NBRAs and HBRAs is introduced in this study. The findings obtained in this study clearly indicate that in normal and high background radiation areas of Ramsar the majority of confounding factors such as the type of building materials and ventilation in different houses are almost identical. Therefore, the level of gamma radiation can be used as a strong predictive tool for radon concentration.

As radon concentration in indoor air strongly varies with time, the simple mathematical methods developed in this study, can help health physicists and environmental scientists have an estimate of the mean radon level in these areas.

White-Spotted Stink bug, Eysarcoris ventralis (Westwood) (Hem.: Pentatomidae) was reported as one of the major destructive pests attacking rice worldwide. In Iran, it has been recorded on weeds, grape, alfalfa and wheat. In a survey on rice pests in Guilan province (Northern Iran) during 2017-2018, a large number of adult stink bugs were collected on rice panicles feeding on grains. The sucking on rice grains by adults as well as nymphs caused various symptoms, either empty glumes or spots around the feeding site. This is the first report of the damage symptoms caused by E. ventralis on rice in Iran (Guilan province).

The radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) produced by widely used mobile phones are classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Current data on the relationship between exposure to RF-EMFs generated by commercial mobile phones and brain cancer are controversial. Our studies show that this controversy may be caused by several parameters. However, it seems that the magnitude of exposure to RF-EMFs plays a basic role in RF-induced carcinogenesis. There is some evidence indicating that, in a similar pattern with ionizing radiation, the carcinogenesis of non-ionizing RF-EMF may have a nonlinear dose-response relationship. In this paper, the evidence which supports a nonlinear J-shaped dose-response relationship is discussed.

Aging is an inevitable part of human life, which is associated with reduced ability, increased dependence, and susceptibility to a variety of diseases. Those who experience this period with previous long-term injuries are exposed to more difficulties. The aim of this study was to compare the quality of life and the ability to perform daily activities in elderly and middle-aged monocular veterans. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015 among 1271 monocular veterans in 19 provinces of the country, who were selected by available sampling. The participants were divided into two groups: middle-aged (between 40 and 59 years) and elderly (60 years and older). The research tools were quality of life, activities of daily living (ADL), and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). The data were analyzed by SPSS 23 software, using independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test. The mean age of the middle-aged and elderly veterans was 46.3±4.1 and 68.7±7.9 years, respectively. In quality of life, there was a significant difference in physical dimension (p=0.010) and 3 areas including physical functioning (p<0.001), limitation in physical role (p=0.003), and vitality (p=0.002) between two groups. In ADL, in both groups, the least independence was related to transfer and mobility on uneven surfaces. Except for the bowel control, there was a significant difference between two groups on all activities (p<0.001). In IADL, the highest dependency was on laundry and except for housekeeping, there was a significant difference between the two groups in all areas (p<0.05). The levels of quality of life, the ability to perform daily activities, and instrumental daily activities are lower in elderly monocular veterans compared to the middle-aged group.

In this research, the effect of system parameters on the chaotic behavior of rotor-disk-bearing with rubbed between the disk and the stator is studied. The governing equations of motion according to Newton's second law extracting and are dimensionless. Non-linear force the oil film bearing under short bearing theory in the equation is included. Also, since the rub in the rotary axes a secondary defect, so in the equations of motion unbalance force and bow axis that the cause is rubbed between the disk and the stator is considered. At first, the dynamic behavior of the system by bifurcation diagrams, time series diagrams, phase diagram, power spectrum diagrams, Poincaré sections diagrams and maximum Lyapunov exponent is studied. Then, the influence of various parameters of system including the coefficient of friction between the disk and the stator, clearance between the disk and the stator and stiffness between the disk and stator on the behavior of chaotic system in different rotational speeds is investigated.

Chest tube is a flexible plastic tube used to discharge secretion in the cavity between the lungs and chest named pleural cavity. Normally, there is a small amount of fluid in the cavity between the lungs and chest; This fluid helps the movement of lungs during breathing without abrasion. Entrance of bit of air, blood or pus because injury in the pleural cavity can prevent the lungs from fully opening. Full or partial collapse of the lungs makes breathing difficult and can lead to respiratory arrest; putting chest tube in the pleural cavity causes the discharge of secretion and helps patients comfort.
Chest Electro-Drainage mobile system is designed to drain air, blood, water and pus accumulated in the space between the visceral and parietal pleural cavity. Based on low volume and weight, this system can be used to treat Pneumothorax, Hemothorax and Hydrothorax and so forth, both in the emergency state and treatment centers. Obviously, this system will be an action to reduce deaths especially in the case of Pneumothorax.

MRI workers are occupationally exposed to static and time-varying gradient magnetic fields. While the 24-hour time-averaged exposure to static magnetic fields is about a few mT, the maximum static field strength can be as high as 500 mT during patient setup. Over the past several years, our laboratory has performed extensive experiments on the health effects of exposure of animal models and humans to different sources of electromagnetic fields such as cellular phones, mobile base stations, mobile phone jammers, laptop computers, radars, dentistry cavitrons and MRI. This study is to investigate the adverse health effects in MRI workers and also to assess the effect of exposure of MRI workers to static magnetic fields on their cognitive functions. In the first phase of this study a questionnaire was designed to collect information from 120 MRI personnel. The collection of data about the adverse health effects was based on self-reporting by the participants. In the second phase, 47 volunteer university students were asked to continuously move around a 1.5 T MRI scanner. Visual reaction time and working memory tests were performed on all participants before and after the experiment. Forward digit span and backward digit span were used for assessing the working memory. Furthermore, participants were asked to report the symptoms they had experienced during the movement. The first phase of our study showed increased frequencies of adverse health effects in MRI workers. In this study the rates of self-reported symptoms such as a headache, sleep problems, myalgia, palpitation, fatigue, concentration problems, attention problems, nervousness and backpain were possibly affected by static magnetic field. Furthermore we found that reaction time and working memory could be influenced by the movements of the body around a MRI scanner. It can be concluded that movement through a high magnetic field can also lead to some adverse cognitive effects in MRI staff.

The prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) can decrease the duration of mechanical ventilation, length of hospital stay, and healthcare costs. One of the interventions is raising the head of bed (HOB) to 45 degrees. This study was perfomed with the aim of determining the effect of the HOB elevation to 45 degree on the incidence of VAP on hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit (ICU).
This study was a randomized clinical trial. It consisted of 80 patients who were under mechanical ventilation and hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) from February to July 2016 in the selected governmental hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences. The samples were assigned to two groups, i.e. control and intervention, using a randomised block method. The patients in intervention and control groups had HOB elevation to 45 degree and routine position for three consecutive days. In both groups, HOB elevation in every shift was measured using the goniometer and was recorded by nurses in the angel of bed form. At the end of the third day, ventilator-associated pneumonia was evaluated, using the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS). Data analysis was performed with chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, and T- Test via SPSS v.20.
There was a statistically significant difference between two groups with regard to VAP (P-value=0.002). The incidence of VAP were 52.5% in the control group and 20% in the intervention group.
According to the results of this study, HOB elevation of 45 degree were effective in preventing VAP. Hence, it is recommended that the patients hospitalized in ICU,and under mechanical ventilation, should be positioned 45 degree according to their conditions.

As regards the significant role of stethoscopes in the diagnosis of congenital and adventitious heart diseases and prevention of irreparable complications of these diseases, the quality of hearing sound of these stethoscopes by a physician has a significant impact on the disease diagnosis. This device plays an important role in the early diagnosis of congenital heart and respiratory diseases and provides this feasibility since birth. Also, the importance of this device performance in the diagnosis of heart, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases at different age periods is not a secret. This new invented device, in comparison to a variety of available stethoscopes in the field of diagnosis, is capable of hearing the sound of a very high quality and cancelling the noise of sound that sometimes leads to wrong diagnosis or misdiagnosis. This new invented stethoscope is approved by cardiologists, lung and Infectious disease specialists as well as being registered under No. 78382 in Patent Islamic Republic of Iran.

The purpose of this research is the investigation of management information system (MIS) with the use of seven skills ICDL (International Computer Driving License) on increasing the effectiveness of training and learning of staff Payame-noor universities staff of Ilam province. The descriptive survey method was used in this research due to the kind of hypothesis and research objective. The population was 176 people of staff of Payame-noor universities in Ilam province. The sample was 123 people who were selected by Morgan table. The theoretical model of the research is information and communication technology education (ICTE) model in training and learning process.
The samples were selected by stratified random method. Data was gathered with researcher made questionnaire which consisted of 34 questions of Likert with the reliability of 0/83 using alpha Cronbach. Data was analyzed based on one-sample t-test, independent-sample t-test, and variance analysis using SPSS 16.0 software. The results from the perspective of Payame-noor universities staff showed that there isnt any valuable attention to management information system. Moreover, using management information system and ICDL made effective results on training and learning and also it showed that the degree of knowledge of respondents is not at an acceptable level. Besides, there arent significant differences between the degree of respondents’ familiarity with management information system (MIS) in relation to their gender, and also there is relationship between familiarity extent background with attention to the management information system (MIS) and work history and work place with familiarity degree with management information system (MIS).

Streblote siva (Lefebvre) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) is one of the important potential pest of Conocarpus erectus L., Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. and Acacia ampliceps Maslin at Bushehr, Khuzestan and Hormozgan provinces. The life table parameters of S. siva was studied on C. erectus and Z. spina-christi based on the age-stage, two-sex life table at 27±2 ºC, 65±5% RH, and a photoperiod of 12:12 (L:D) h under laboratory conditions using TWO SEX-MS Chart program. The mean and standard errors of the life table parameters were estimated using paired bootstrap method with 200,000 bootstraps. Results showed that S. siva completed its development on every two hosts. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) of S. siva on C. erectus and Z. spina-christi was 0.081 and 0.068 d-1. The finite rate of increase (λ) revealed that the population of S. siva increased as 1.08 and 1.06 times per day on C. erectus and Z. spina-christi, respectively. The mean generation time (T) was 56.24 and 62.74 days on C. erectus and Z. spina-christi, respectively and this difference was statistically significant. The net reproductive rate (R0) of S. siva was 94.83 and 62.93 offspring, respectively. According to the results, it seems that C. erectus is a more suitable host plant for this pest.

The Streblote siva (Lefebvre) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) is an invasive defoliator of Conocarpus erectus, Ziziphus spina-christi and Acacia ampliceps in southern of Iran. The relationship between fecundity and body size, egg size, Mating as well as longevity in female insects was studied under laboratory conditions. Effect of host’s quality on growth and gain of S. siva was performed using hosts nitrogen content which was measured by the Kjeldahl technique. The strange data range of larva weight, pupae and adult female insects rose to crescendo of oviposition in order to using different nutrition on plant species. However, there were strange relationships among fecundity and pupal weight, adult weight, there was no significant difference in the egg size of the insect reared on different plants hosts (P

Reflection is regarded as an integral and essential component of teaching and learning in health professions. Reflection is a controllable process and various educational strategies can be used to create and reinforce Reflection. Reflection makes rote learning become a deep and meaningful learning. Applying models and structured strategies of reflection contributes to reinforcement and creation of reflective thinking in clinical practices. This study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the concepts of reflection, reflection models and strategies and methods of teaching and creating reflection in medical education.
In this study, databases such as Science Direct, Ovid, PubMed, Sid and Magiran and Google Scholar search engine were searched using keywords such as: reflection; reflection teaching; reflection and medical education; reflection and clinical education. English papers published during (2000 to 2016) and Persian papers during (2006 to 2016) were retrieved. Finally 68 articles were obtained. After a two-step review, 32 articles were identified as relevant to the objectives of the study and were used in compiling the study.
Reflection has been accepted as an important learning and teaching tool in higher education. Methods such as storytelling, group discussion, flash cards, portfolio and strategies including giving feedback and providing the proper conditions for written reflection can contribute to creation and reinforcement of reflection.
Teaching and reinforcing reflection in the learners is considered as educational requirements of health professions. The relations which exist among the ability of learners to reflect, critical thinking, problem solving, self-assessment, integration, theoretical and practical learnings, self-regulated learning as well lifelong learning have turned reflection into one of the essential components of training medical professions; Therefore, it is necessary to use various teaching methods to reinforcement and teaching of reflection.

The main problem in hospitals that leads to spread the musculoskeletal disorders among staff is related to the activities that achieved in order to carry and dislocate the patients. Since training has an important role in development of nurse’s safety, this study has done to determine the effect of training about carrying patients on musculoskeletal disorders among nurses assistance.
Material & This study was a non randomize experimental-clinical (quasi-experimental) that nurses assistance were the samples of the study. The research environment included emergency, internal, surgical and parts of the selected educational centers of iran university of medical sciences. The number of participants in the control and test group was 50, who were entered in to the study by using a complete sampling method. The data collection tools were demographic questionnaire and the Nordic musculoskeletal disorders questionnaire that were completed by the participants before intervention and 3 months later. The training programme for experimental group was performed during 3 sessions in the form of lectures, role playing, practical exercises, group discussion, question and answer with the use of slides, show clips, training booklet about how to carry patients were presented. Then the data was analyzed with SPSS soft-ware version 16 and using descriptive statistical methods such as frequency,frequency percent,mean and standard deviation and inferential tests such as chi-square, independent t-test and Fisher test.
Research results showed that frequency distribution musculoskeletal disorders in terms of pain and numbness in the experimental group before and after 3 months of training program intervention in the neck and shoulder (P=0/031) and back (P=0/008) organs, The difference was statistically significant. But compared with two groups control and experimental before and after the 3 month, musculoskeletal disorders only foot and ankle in nueses aid showed statistically significant statistical differences (P=0/006).
Although training program transport patients in this study only in reducing the frequency mean musculoskeletal disorders area of foot and ankle figure and failed to all musculoskeletal disorders , but these results could be due to the limitations need time to practice learned skills, a shortage of manpower, high workload and the lack of mechanical and electrical tools in the transportation of patients has arisen,and also the medical team staff still good enough and correct understanding of the importance of transport patients are not in need. As a result in addition to providing more effective training the abovementioned factors should also be considered.

The birth of a preterm infant is a stressful event for parents and affects the quality of life especially in mothers. The present study aimed to compare the quality of life and sense of coherence among the mothers with term and preterm infants.
Methods & Materials: This is a comparative study conducted on 50 mothers with term infant and 50 mothers with preterm infant. Data collection instruments were the WHO Quality of Life questionnaire and SOC-13 questionnaire which were evaluated in the two groups. T test, exact Fisher test, Chi-square and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data on the SPSS software version 19.
The study revealed that the sense of physical health among the mothers with term infant was higher than that of the mothers with preterm infant (P In terms of the physical health dimension of quality of life, mothers with preterm infant need appropriate care and planning to enhance their quality of life and sense of coherence.

Introduction; The European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermüller, 1776), (Lep.: Tortricidae) is the most serious insect pest of vineyards in Sisakhat. It is a polyvoltine pest and can complete two to four generations in one year depending on environmental conditions. The larvae penetrate berries very quickly after egg hatching and damage the grapes directly by feeding and webbing or indirectly by favoring the gray mold. Its control is necessary to harvest crop in commercial vineyards. In spite of two to four times of chemical control in this region, its population is always high especially in the first generation which is mainly rooted in inappropriate chemical spraying time. In the present study, it was attempted to optimize spraying time by determination of number of generations, population fluctuation and density of adult moths through sex pheromone-baited traps.
Materials and Methods; This research was done in two consecutive years (2012 and 2013) using sex pheromone traps in vineyards of Sisakht, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province. Three vineyards selected which were 1.5 kilometers away from each other and three traps installed in each vineyard within tree canopy at height of 1.5 meters above the ground. the pheromone trade mark was Scentomos and traps were delta type. Traps in each vineyard were more than 150 meters away from each other. Traps were being replaced once every 15 days and inspected once every 5 days. Trapped moths were being removed with a forceps and recorded in each inspection. This trend continued from late March to late September when no longer moth trapped. Finally mean of trapped adults were calculated and plotted against time to determine generation numbers, flying periods and flight peaks.
Results and Discussion; The results of different vineyards and years coincided and confirmed each other well. Pest population graph had three distinct ups and downs during each season which was indicative of three generations per year. The first moths were trapped at the end of March and the beginning of April. Then, number of trapped moths increased until late April and continued in a steady state up to May 20th when it started to decrease. For a long part of June, number of trapped moths was averagely less than one moth per trap per night. From June 20th, the trapped moths increased again and reached its peak very soon at early July and decreased gradually up to late July. Late July to early August, trapped moths were less than one moth per trap per night. Early August onwards, trapped moths started to increase once again and reached its peak nearly about late August. Then it decreased up to 25th September when no moth was trapped any longer. Flight peaks of generations occurred early May, early July and late August, respectively. Flying periods of second and third generations were equal but was shorter than flying period of first generation which makes the control of first generation more difficult. In spite of chemical controls, population of the moth was high especially in first generation which could be attributed to chemical spraying at inappropriate time and insufficient knowledge of farmers about the pest overwintering stage and places. Spring rainfalls during emergence of the first generation reduced the trapped moth adults severely which have to be considered in the interpretation of the adult population fluctuation. The optimal spraying time could be adjusted based on the adults population fluctuation and type of the insecticide used. As usual, the insect growth regulators should be applied before egg laying or egg hatching. Contact and ingested insecticides (e.g., organophosphates, pyrethroids, and carbamates) should be applied after egg hatching to kill larvae as they emerge from eggs. Since the pesticides which are used in this region are mostly contact organophosphates or pyrethroids, the peak flights could be considered as the optimal spraying time. Since first generation emerge gradually and its population is high, optimizing the first chemical control is more critical and may decrease the necessity of next spraying. Due to spring rainfalls during May, any chemical spraying against the first generation should be done with considering the weather forecasting.
Conclusions; In this region, European grapevine moth adults emerged from early April to late May (60 days), mid-June to late July (45 days) and early August to late September (45 days), respectively. Flight peaks of the moth generations occurred early May, early July and late August, respectively. The moth population was high especially in first generation which implies that control of first generation is necessary. Flying period of the first generation was much longer than that of the other two generations which makes the control of first generation population more difficult. However, the chemical spraying time could be adjusted based on the mentioned peak flights and type of insecticide which have to be applied in this region.

Since plant quality could affect biological performance of natural enemies (bottom-up effects), compatibility of parasitoid wasp, Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko with susceptible ("Infinity") and resistant ("Goldy") tomato cultivars to Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) was evaluated in laboratory conditions with 25±1ºC, relative humidity of 65±5 % and a light period of 16 h. Data analysis was performed using Age-Stage Two Sex Life Table theory. The value for total immature stages of T. brassicae on the cultivar "Infinity" was 12.80 ± 0.06 (days), which was significantly different from the recorded value of this parameter on "Goldy" (12.31 ± 0.07 days). The mean number of parasitized eggs of T. absoluta by this parasitoid wasp on the cultivars "Infinity" and "Goldy" was not significantly different and the obtained values for this parameter on the above-mentioned cultivars were 36.28 ± 2.67 and 39.30 ± 2.65 (eggs/female), respectively. Immature mortality of this parasitoid wasp was not significantly different on the cultivars "Infinity" and "Goldy" (65.97 ± 3.95 and 64.00 ± 4.05 (%), respectively). Furthermore, the values for net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) of parasitoid wasp T. brassicae on the cultivar "Infinity" was 7.31 ± 1.33 (offspring/individual), 0.139 ± 0.013 (day-1) and 1.150 ± 0.015 (day-1), which was not significantly different from those obtained on the cultivar "Goldy" (8.36 ± 1.47 [offspring/individual], 0.154 ± 0.013 [day-1] and 1.167 ± 0.015 [day-1], respectively). Furthermore, the cultivars "Infinity" and "Goldy" had significant effects on the mean generation time (T) of T. brassicae and the recorded value for this parameter on the above-mentioned cultivars was 14.26 ± 0.08 and 13.76 ± 0.09 (days), respectively. Regarding the results obtained in the present study, partially resistance of cultivar "Goldy" had a relative compatibility with parasitoid wasp T. brassicae and therefore, these two control procedures could be combined together for integrated management of T. absoluta.

The health effect of rapidly increasing everyday exposure of humans to radiofrequency radiation is a major global concern. Mobile phone jammers prevent the mobile phones from receiving signals from base stations by interfering with authorized mobile carriers’ services. In spite of the fact that mobile jammer use is illegal, they are occasionally used in offices, shrines, conference rooms and cinemas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biological effects of short term exposure of human sperm to radiofrequency radiation emitted from a commercial mobile phone jammer.
Fresh semen samples were obtained by masturbation from 50 healthy donors who had referred with their wives to Infertility Treatment Center at the Mother and Child Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Female problem was diagnosed as the reason for infertility in these couples. The semen sample of each participant was divided into 4 aliquots. The first aliquot was subjected to swim-up and exposed to jammer radiation. The second aliquot was not subjected to swim-up but was exposed to jammer radiation. The third and fourth aliquots were not exposed to jammer radiation but only the 3rd aliquot was subjected to swim-up.
Semen samples exposed to radiofrequency radiation showed a significant decrease in sperm motility and increase in DNA fragmentation.
Electromagnetic radiation in radiofrequency range emitted from mobile phone jammers may lead to decreased motility and increased DNA fragmentation in human semen. It can be concluded that mobile phone jamming might exert adverse reproductive health effects.

Due to rapid advances in modern technologies such as telecommunication technology, the world has witnessed an exponential growth in the use of digital handheld devices (e.g. smartphones and tablets). This drastic growth has resulted in increased global concerns about the safety of these devices. Smartphones, tablets, laptops, and other digital screens emit high levels of short-wavelength visible light (i.e. blue color region in the visible light spectrum).
Material and At a dark environment, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were exposed to the light of the tablet and smartphone. The control samples were exposed to the same intensity of light generated by a conventional incandescent light bulb. The growth rate of bacteria was examined by measuring the optical density (OD) at 625 nm by using a spectrophotometer before the light exposure and after 30 to 330 minutes of light exposure.
The growth rates of bacteria in both smartphone and tablet groups were higher than that of the control group and the maximum smartphone/control and tablet/control growth ratios were observed in samples exposed to digital screens’ light for 300 min (ratios of 3.71 and 3.95, respectively).
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that investigates the effect of exposure to light emitted from digital screens on the proliferation of Staphylococcus aureus and its association with acne pathogenesis. Our findings show that exposure to short-wavelength visible light emitted from smartphones and tablets can increase the proliferation of Staphylococcus aureus.

The African fig fly has been reported from Iran in 2009. The use of chemical insecticides has several environmental limits therefor the efficiency of some attractants has been evaluated for trapping of this insect in Iran. A field experiment was conducted in Completely Randomized Factorial Design with four replicates to determine the best attractant for trapping and the best height for installing traps on trees in Shiraz city, in 2009. The first factor was attractants including: Solution of pomegranate sauce 3 % (3% pomegranate sauce%water), Solution of hydrolyzed plant protein 3% (3% hydrolyzed plant protein %water) and Ceratrap. The second factor was height for installing traps on trees including: 75, 150 and 225cm. Results revealed significant differences among the attractants and height for installing traps in all weeks except 13th week and also the interaction effect between them. The evaluation showed that the best attractant for capture was solution of pomegranate sauce 3 % with significant difference from the others. Evolution about the best height for installing traps showed that 150 cm height for installing traps was better than the others. So traps with solution of pomegranate sauce 3 % that installs on trees at a height of 150 cm could have an important role to decrease the population of this pest and it is an approach in order to non-chemical control.

Child sexual abuse is a serious social problem which is a priority health issue in many countries due to profound impact on child’s growth and personality. This study was conducted to explain the effect of child sexual abuse prevention education program on knowledge, attitudes and practices of parents with children aged 6 to 12 years.
Material & A quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design with the control group. A convenience sampling method was used to recruit a sample of parents referring to Health Centers in Aligoudarz, Iran. Participants were recruited and enrolled in the experimental (n = 50) or control group (n = 50). This study was conducted using Persian version of “Child Sexual Abuse” (CSA) questionnaire. The experimental group received education about identifying different types of child sexual abuse and preventing methods, focused on the importance of family and the role of parents in the prevention of sexual abuse and providing self-protection training for children. Different methods including questions and answers, group discussion, lecture, educational film, brochures and booklet were used to educate parents during the four (60 minutes) sessions. Data collecting took 6 weeks after intervention from parents in both groups and data analyzing have been done via paired and independent samples t-test, chi-square and fisher tests using SPSS software (version 16).
The results showed significant difference in terms of the mean scores of knowledge and performance of parents after 6 weeks of training (P The findings of this study revealed that designing and implementing training programs for the prevention of child sexual abuse can lead to increased knowledge and practice of the parents but making change of attitude requires more studies. It is recommended that further studies should be conducted in teachers working in schools and kindergartens.

In the present study, antibiosis resistance of five greenhouse cultivars of tomato (‘Cindel’, ‘Santella’, ‘Infinity’, ‘Dafnis’ and ‘Goldy’) to tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta, were investigated in the laboratory. The experiments followed a complete randomized design using 100 same-aged eggs on each cultivar. Data analyzing was performed using Age-Stage Two Sex Life Table theory. The results showed that the highest (27.11 ± 0.31 days) and lowest (23.44 ± 0.16 days) duration of total immature stages were recorded on ‘Santella’ and ‘Infinity’, respectively. The highest mortality of immature stages (29.17 ± 4.64 %) was recorded on ‘Cindel’. Population growth parameters of T. absoluta were significantly affected by different tomato cultivars. The lowest (37.731 ± 7.489 offspring/individual) and the highest (74.521 ± 10.386 offspring/individual) net reproductive rate (R0) were recorded on ‘Dafnis’ and ‘Infinity’, respectively. The highest estimated intrinsic rate of increase (r) was recorded on ‘Infinity’ (0.147 ± 0.005 day-1). According to results obtained, ‘Goldy’ and ‘Infinity’ had the highest and lowest antibiosis resistance to T. absoluta, respectively. Our finding could be useful in integrated management programs of this gelechiid pest on tomato in the greenhouse.

Although it is one of the most toxic nonradioactive elements, mercury is widely used in dental amalgam. Mercury is a toxic element which can damage various organs such as central nervous system, renal, respiratory and hematologic systems. The adverse health impacts associated to exposure to some common sources of electromagnetic fields including laptop computers, mobile phones, MRI and mobile phone jammers have been evaluated by our laboratory in our previous investigations. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of X ray exposure on microleakage of amalgam restoration.
Standardized class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of 46 non-carious freshly extracted human premolars. The teeth were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Experimental group were exposed to X-ray using an intraoral radiography machine at 60 kVp, 0.1 s, 7 mA with 2.5 mm Al total filtration. The absorbed dose was 245.0 ± 0.5 µGy. All specimens were placed in 2 % basic fuchsin solution for 24 hours. Then the specimens were sectioned and microleakage was assessed according to dye penetration using a stereomicroscope. Statistical analysis was performed with the Mann-Whitney U-test.
Microleakage was significantly higher in the X-ray exposed teeth compared to those of the non-irradiated samples.
The results of the present study suggest that X-ray exposure increased microleakage of amalgam restorations

As a tendency to use new technologies, gadgets such as laptop computers are becoming more popular among students, teachers, businessmen and office workers. Today laptops are a great tool for education and learning, work and personal multimedia. Millions of men, especially those in the reproductive age, are frequently using their laptop computers on the lap (thigh). Over the past several years, our lab has focused on the health effects of exposure to different sources of electromagnetic fields such as cellular phones, mobile base stations, mobile phone jammers, laptop computers, radars, dentistry cavitrons and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Our own studies as well as the studies performed by other researchers indicate that using laptop computers on the lap adversely affects the male reproductive health. When it is placed on the lap, not only the heat from a laptop computer can warm men’s scrotums, the electromagnetic fields generated by laptop’s internal electronic circuits as well as the Wi-Fi Radiofrequency radiation hazards (in a Wi-Fi connected laptop) may decrease sperm quality. Furthermore, due to poor working posture, laptops should not be used on the lap for long hours.