فهرست مطالب hamed hamishehkar

Follicular delivery is one of the targeted drug delivery methods aiming to target the hair follicles. The accumulation and retention time of targeted drugs is enhanced when nanoparticles are used as drug carriers. Particle size is one of the important factors affecting the penetration and accumulation of particles in the hair follicles, and there is a controversy in different studies for the best particle size for follicular delivery. Mouse models are mostly used in clinical trials for dermal, transdermal, and follicular delivery studies. Also, it is essential to investigate the reliability of the results between human studies and mouse models.

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), as a fluorescent agent, with three different particle size ranges were prepared using the hot homogenization method and applied topically on the mouse and human study groups. Biopsies were taken from applied areas on different days after using the formulation. The histopathology studies were done on the skin biopsies of both groups using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). We compared the confocal laser scanning microscope pictures of different groups, in terms of penetration and retention time of nanoparticles in human and mouse hair follicles.

The best particle size in both models was the 400 nm group but the penetration and accumulation of particles in human and mouse hair follicles were totally different even for the 400 nm group. In human studies, 400 nm particles showed good accumulation after seven days; this result can help to increase the formulation using intervals.

The best particle size for human and mouse follicular drug delivery is around 400 nm and although mouse models are not completely suitable for follicular delivery studies, they can be used in some conditions as experimental models.

This study aimed to report a simple environmentally compatible method that is economically affordable for the facile biosynthesis of stable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in corn steep liquor (CSL) nutrient using the sewage of a leather factory.

The biosynthesis of AgNPs were done by reduction of AgNO3 in the sewage of leather factory as a mixed bacterial culture and corn steep liquor under anaerobic condition while protecting from light.

The AgNPs were found to have a characteristic absorption peak at 416 nm on the ultraviolet-visible spectrum. Characterization of AgNPs was performed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopes (TEM) images showed poly-dispersed spherical stable AgNPs with a maximum diameter of 20 nm. Moreover, the dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed that the average size of AgNPs was 15.57 nm with a zeta potential value of -19.2 mV. The synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated more antibacterial activity in opposition to gram-negative bacteria. The zone of inhibition of biosynthesized AgNPs in 1 mM concentration of AgNO3 against Escherichia coli was equal to that of gentamicin.

The interaction of protein residues with AgNPs was identified, supporting that the proteins not only act as a reducing agent but also as a capping. The synthesized AgNPs showed antibacterial activity, providing commercial viability in biomedicine.

 Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are dosage forms that are used via the pulmonary route. Their formulations include two major parts; drug substance and carrier. For many years, DPIs have been made with lactose, a particularly popular carrier. Leucine has drawn more attention in recent years when it comes to DPI formulations made using the spray drying technique. Leucine was utilized in conjunction with carriers like lactose to enhance physicochemical and aerosolization properties.

 In this investigation, when lactose and leucine were co-spray dried, the color of powders around the cyclone separators of the spray dryer turned brown while the produced powder in the collector was white. Both the white powder inside the collector and the brown powder around the cyclone separators were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) to determine the identity of the degraded chemicals and to look for any potential interactions.

 A new peak at 177 ºC in DSC analysis is a sign of interaction. Also, FT-IR analysis shows the new peak at 1627 cm-1 which is related to the carbonyl group. According to SEM and XRD analysis co spray dried leucine-lactose is amorphous. Obtained data from LC-MS analysis indicates the adduct compound of leucine-lactose that resulted from the Maillard reaction was detected in both white and brown powder. Also, the reaction proceeded to form n-formyl compound.

 There is a possibility of lactose and leucine incompatibility during DPIs manufacturing, especially in elevated temperature and humidity.

Emulsion-based formulations have gained attention in food and pharmaceutical products due to their unique properties. However, their use in food product formulation faces problems because of phase separation and fat oxidation, which seriously reduces the quality of the product. Therefore, finding ways to increase the physical and oxidative stability of emulsions is valuable. This work aimed to assess of physicochemical properties of sodium caseinate (SC)-tannic acid (TA) complex treated with heating and ultrasonication as well as their efficiency in physical and oxidative stability of high internal phase Pickering emulsion (HIPPEs) as antioxidant colloidal particles.

SC 1% (w/v) was mixed with a different concentration of TA (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1% w/v) and the pH of solutions was adjusted to 9. The unheated, heat-treated, and ultrasonicated SC-TA complexes were analyzed to elucidate possible interaction using FTIR, fluorescence spectroscopy, and DSC. Finally, HIPPEs were prepared by mixing the prepared samples and soybean oil at a volume ratio of 25:75 v/v respectively. The microstructure of the most stable HIPPEs was assessed using SEM.

Based on the FTIR results the covalent bond in heat-treated SC-TA was formed via the Maillard reaction. In addition, the reduction of free amino groups confirms Schiff base formation. All treated SC-TA samples showed a superior ability to stabilize emulsion in comparison with native SC when used as an aqueous phase of HIPPEs. The long-term physical was observed in heat-treated SC-TA HIPPEs for over two months. In PEs stabilized by SC-TA complex nanoparticles, primary and secondary oxidation product levels were significantly lower than in SC alone.

The fabricating antioxidant emulsions using heat-treated SC-TA are a good guarantee for the physical and oxidative stability of food formulations due to TA's intrinsic antioxidant properties and the protective role of SC-TA colloidal particles against coalescence.

 Pennyroyal is a species of the Lamiaceae family with potent anti-cancer and antioxidant properties. Combining this antioxidant with chemotherapeutic agents enhances the effectiveness of these agents by inducing more apoptosis in cancerous cells.

 Here, methotrexate (MTX) combined with pennyroyal oil based on PEGylated nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) was assessed. These nanoparticles were physiochemically characterized, and their anti-cancer effects and targeting efficiency were investigated on the folate receptor-positive human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and negative human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549).

 Results showed a mean size of 97.4±12.1 nm for non-targeted PEGylated NLCs and 220.4±11.4 nm for targeted PEGylated NLCs, with an almost small size distribution assessed by TEM imaging. Furthermore, in vitro molecular anti-cancer activity investigations showed that pennyroyal-NLCs and pennyroyal-NLCs/MTX activate the apoptosis and autophagy pathway by changing their related mRNA expression levels. Furthermore, in vitro cellular studies showed that these changes in the level of gene expression could lead to a rise in apoptosis rate from 15.6±8.1 to 25.0±3.2 (P<0.05) for the MCF-7 cells treated with pennyroyal-NLCs and pennyroyal-NLCs/MTX, respectively. Autophagy and reactive oxygen species (ROS) cellular evaluation indicated that treating the cells with pennyroyal-NLCs and pennyroyal-NLCs/MTX could significantly increase their intensity in these cells.

 Our results present a new NLCs-based approach to enhance the delivery of pennyroyal and MTX to cancerous breast tissues.

The frankincense essential oil was successfully incorporated into nano-sized microemulsions systems through low energy self-emulsification technique. The effects of main formulation parameters, namely, surfactant, co-surfactant, essential oil, and water concentrations, as well as the mixing rate and temperature on mean particle size, polydispersity (PDI), turbidity and antioxidant activities of colloidal frankincense essential oil nanoparticles, were investigated. The results show that all studied independent parameters affect the most characteristics of frankincense essential oil microemulsions, significantly. The antibacterial activities of essential oils were also considerably increased as incorporated into nano-sized microemulsions. It resulted that the most desired frankincense essential oil microemulsions, with desired characteristics (less particle size, size distribution, turbidity, and greater antioxidant activity) could be obtained using high concentrations of surfactant (0.7 g), medium concentrations of co-surfactant, essential oil and water (0.2 g, 0.1 g, and 9.2 mL, respectively), and medium levels of mixing rate and temperature (500 rpm and 40 °C). Thus, by tuning the formulation or process parameters the most desired nano-sized essential oils can be prepared as natural preservers or health-promoting agents for various food and beverage applications.

 The development of platinum-based metal complexes in oncology is limited due to vigorous toxicity and drug resistance.

 This work aimed to study the cytotoxic activity and apoptosis induction of ruthenium complexes in a B16F10 cell line therapy.

 We prepared a series of innovative Ru(II) complexes [Ru(Tzphen)(bpy)(dcbpy)]+2 (S1), [Ru(dcbpy)2(Tzphen)]+2 (S2), [Ru(Phen)2(Tzphen)]+2 (S3), [Ru(Tzphen)(bpy)2]+2 (S4), [Ru(dmbpy)2(Tzphen)]+2 (S5) based on 1,10-phenanthroline ligand containing tetrazole and their anticancer properties investigated by cytotoxicity in vitro, reactive oxygen species, apoptosis with annexin V/PI staining method, autophagy, and cell uptake.

 S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 complexes showed comparable cytotoxicity activity relative to cisplatin against the B16F10 model. Moreover, intracellular ROS levels increased due to the presence of the complexes. Among the investigated complexes, the cells treated with the S5 complex indicated the highest apoptotic percentage (Q3) of 14.9% compared to the controls. The cell adsorption of the complexes also showed that the S4 and S5 complexes had higher cell adsorption, better internalization, and higher fluorescence light intensity.

 The present work provides important guidance for designing and using Ru complexes in cancer therapy.

 Sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) encompass various problems throughout the body, and two of its major problems are the creation of oxidative substances in the body and decrease of the body’s antioxidant capacity to deal with the stress and organ damage. Optimal enteral nutrition fortified with antioxidant or immunomodulator amino acid is a hot topic concerning sepsis in the critical care setting. Taurine plays a protective role as an antioxidant in cells that is likely to have a protective role in inflammation and cytotoxicity.

 In the present study, 20 septic patients and 20 healthy volunteers were enrolled. The blood and plasma taurine levels of the patients on days 1, 3 and 7 were measured. Blood and plasma taurine level and the correlation between them, organ failure, and severity of the disease were assessed.

 Taurine concentrations in the plasma of the septic patients were significantly lower than control group, and the whole blood concentrations were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.001). There was not a significant correlation between the blood and plasma taurine levels in control and septic patients. In addition, there was not any correlation between the severity of the disease, organ failure, mortality, and plasma as well as the blood concentration of taurine.

 In septic patients, taurine concentration in plasma and blood are low and high, respectively. These concentrations are not linked to each other and not associated with the patients’ outcome, and the disease severity, and organ failure.

Vitamin D3 is a fat-soluble vitamin and one of the most important vitamins for body. Enriching foods, especially juices, with this vitamin requires encapsulation due to dispersion problems and sensitivity to oxidation and light. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of using zein hydrolysate and the effect of ultrasonic frequency (40 kHz) on the structure of nanocomplex carrying vitamin D3 and its stability in orange juice were investigated. The encapsulation and loading efficiency as well as the size of the prepared nanoparticles were measured and physicochemical, microbial and sensory evaluations were performed on the juice during days 1, 15 and 30. Encapsulation and loading efficiency for nanoparticles containing vitamin D3 by ultrasonic pretreatment increased by about 12.2 (70 vs. 62.4) and 14.73% (10.69 vs. 9.32), respectively. Particle size and zeta potential for different treatments were respectively obtained in the range of 49.59–58.49 nm and -24.5 – -36.62 and the use of nanocomplexes reduced the particle size and zeta potential compared to free vitamin D3 in orange juice. Regarding the physicochemical, microbial and sensory results obtained for fortified orange juice, zein hydrolysate nanocomplex has the potential to be used as a suitable and valuable carrier for enriching fruit juices with bioactive substances, especially vitamin D3, without any harmful effects.

 The present study was done to assess the effect of molecularly-targeted core/shell of iron oxide/gold nanoparticles (Fe3O4@AuNPs) on tumor radiosensitization of SKBr-3 breast cancer cells.

 Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2)-targeted Fe3O4@AuNPs were synthesized by conjugating trastuzumab (TZ, Herceptin) to PEGylated (PEG)-Fe3O4@AuNPs (41.5 nm). First, the Fe3O4@Au core-shell NPs were decorated with PEG-SH to synthesize PEG-Fe3O4@AuNPs. Then, the TZ was reacted to OPSS-PEG-SVA to conjugate with the PEG-Fe3O4@AuNPs. As a result, structure, size and morphology of the developed NPs were assessed using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The SKBr-3 cells were treated with different concentrations of TZ, Fe3O4@Au, and TZ-PEG-Fe3O4@AuNPs for irradiation at doses of 2, 4, and 8 Gy (from X-ray energy of 6 and 18 MV). Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay, BrdU assay, and flow cytometry.

 Results showed that the targeted TZ-PEG-Fe3O4@AuNPs significantly improved cell uptake. The cytotoxic effects of all the studied groups were increased in a higher concentration, radiation dose and energy-dependent manner. A combination of TZ, Fe3O4@Au, and TZ-PEG-Fe3O4@AuNPs with radiation reduced cell viability by 1.35 (P=0.021), 1.95 (P=0.024), and 1.15 (P=0.013) in comparison with 8 Gy dose of 18 MV radiation alone, respectively. These amounts were obtained as 1.27, 1.58, and 1.10 for 8 Gy dose of 6 MV irradiation, respectively.

 Radiosensitization of breast cancer to mega-voltage radiation therapy with TZ-PEG-Fe3O4@AuNPs was successfully obtained through an optimized therapeutic approach for molecular targeting of HER-2.

Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a newly emerged therapeutic peptide to reduce the frequency of relapses in multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite its good performance in controlling MS, it is not widely used due to daily or biweekly subcutaneous injections due to rapid degradation and body clearance. Therefore, implant design with sustained release leads to prolonged biological effects by gradually increasing drug exposure and protecting GA from rapid local degradation.

Different emulsion methods, PLGA type, surfactant concentration, drug/polymer ratio, drying processes, stirring method, and other variables in preliminary studies modified the final formulation. The release kinetics were studied through mechanistic kinetic models such as zero-order, Weibull, Higuchi, etc. In this study, all challenges for easy scale-up, methodological detail, and a simple, feasible setup in mass production were discussed.

The optimized formulation was obtained by 1:6 drug/PLGA, 0.5% w/w polyvinyl alcohol, and 0.75% w/w NaCl in the external aqueous phase, 1:10 continuous phase to dispersed phase ratio, and without any surfactant in the primary emulsion. The final freeze-dried particles presented a narrow distributed size of 1-10 µm with 7.29% ± 0.51 drug loading and zero-order release behavior with appropriate regression correlation (R2 98.7), complete release, and only 7.1% initial burst release.

Therefore, to achieve improvement in patient compliance through better and longer efficacy, designing the parenteral sustained release microspheres (MPSs) of this immune modulator is a promising approach that should be considered.

Today, consumers' interest in consuming healthy foods with high nutritional value has drawn the attention of everyone, especially researchers, to the use of healthy foods, further the use of probiotics and prebiotics in bakery products, especially sourdough bread. Bulk bread samples prepared with sourdough containing probiotic Bacillus coagulans and prebiotic fructooligosaccharide (FOS) were characterized for their physical, chemical, and sensory attributes. The results showed that by adding sourdough containing B.coagulans to bulk bread compared to the control, acidity, specific volume, moisture, height, crust hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, chewiness, and sensory evaluation decreased but hardness increased. In this study, water activity was not influenced by factors. In contrast, adding sourdough containing B.coagulans and FOS to bulk bread significantly affected hardness, chewiness, crust penetration, color, and hardness during storage, as well as sensory evaluation. However, it significantly reduced the specific volume, height, and moisture indices compared to the control sample. Consequently, sourdough containing B.coagulans and FOS has provided bread with desirable properties and may be used as a starter culture for creating bulk bread with high nutritional and functional properties.

Cinnamon has proven health and healing effects due to its numerous phenolic compounds. On the other hand, the use of nanoliposome to overcome incompatibility between bioactive compounds and food matrices targeting fortification has been widely acknowledged. Therefore, in order to produce a functional product and increase the desire to consume milk, in the present study, high-fat milk enriched with cinnamon was prepared by a nanoliposomal system with zein hydrolysate. Encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, particle size, and particle size distribution of the prepared liposomes were evaluated and then the amount of total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, color index, viscosity, and sensory properties of enriched milk were evaluated on the first and seventh days. The results were compared with milk containing cinnamon extract and control milk. The particle size and distribution of the liposomal system were in the range of 376-403 nm and 0.63-0.54, respectively, and the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity were higher than 85% and 53%, respectively. The results showed that the addition of cinnamon using the liposomal system had no significant effect on the properties of fortified milk and was evaluated similarly to the control sample. The amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of cinnamon-enriched milk by the liposomal system on the seventh day was higher than the control sample and also the sample enriched with cinnamon extract. In terms of color, the addition of cinnamon as extract decreased the L*, increased a* and b* of milk, while it was evaluated similarly to the control sample as the liposomal system was used as a carrier. Sensually, enriched samples using the liposomal system due to lack of negative effect on sensory properties had a high similarity to the control sample and no significant difference was observed between the two samples

The lemon juicing waste encompasses valuable bio-components that stimulated the development of novel and biodegradable films. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of producing biodegradable films from lemon waste powder (LWP) (1, 3, and 5%) and subsequently evaluate the effect of ultrasonic and citric acid solution on mechanical and physical properties (thickness, solubility, water vapor permeability (WVP), color changes, and transparency) of LWP-based film samples. According to the results, elevating the LWP concentration from 1 to 5% had led to an increase in the tensile strength, thickness and color changes remarkably and decreases the solubility, water vapor permeability, and transparency of the film samples. However, utilizing 5% LWP had resulted in a reduction of elongation at the break value of the film samples compared to the prepared films from 3% LWP. The results also revealed a significant effect of utilizing ultrasonic and citric acid in improving the mechanical and physical properties of the film samples. Therefore, utilizing ultrasound and citric acid in the production of biodegradable LWP-based films could improve the functional characteristics of films. In conclusion, the sample prepared from 3% LWP and treated by ultrasound and prepared with 1% citric acid was selected as an optimum film sample with a desirable physical, mechanical and barrier properties.

The use of pulmonary drug delivery as a non-invasive drug delivery system for the systemic treatment of diseases as well as the topical treatment of respiratory diseases is increasing. Among the various inhaled formulations, inhaled dry powders show advantages over the other forms of inhaled medicines due to high stability, bioavailability and ease of use. The effect of particle properties on the rate of drug delivery to the lungs in inhaled dry powders has been investigated in previous papers.

Since the physicochemical properties of particles of dry powder inhalation formulations such as particle size, surface and particle shape, as well as the electrical charge of the particles play a decisive role in drug pharmacokinetics, in the present review article we intended to discuss the effect of these parameters of inhaled dry powder formulations on bioavailability, dissolution rate of drug particles and the rate of drug clearance from the body.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) is a worldwide life-threatening infection. The recommended anti-TB regimen contains oral administration of classical first-line drugs such as rifampin for 6-24 months which often leads to low patient compliance due to high adverse effects; therefore, lung localized pulmonary delivery of anti-TB agents may be a suitable alternative. Proliposomes free-flowing powders are well-known carriers for lung delivery since they can form liposomes by hydration. Liposomes are safe and useful carriers for lung delivery due to their phospholipid structure.

Porous lactose and mannitol as proliposome carriers were prepared by spray drying technique using sucrose and citric acid as templating agents. Design expert® software was used to develop forty formulations based on the porous and non-porous carriers, which were characterized with respect to their weight yield, density, and flowability. Rifampin-loaded hydrated liposomes were produced and evaluated for size, morphology, loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency. The optimized proliposomes in vitro release and aerosolization properties were evaluated. Solid-state analysis was confirmed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).

Porous lactose surface area was 80 folds higher than non-porous one, respectively. Optimized porous-based proliposome indicated the acceptable aerosolization properties, including mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 6.21±0.36 µm and fine particle fraction (FPF) of 9.17±0.18% with a fast rifampin release (80%) within one hour. DSC results proved that there was no change in the solid-state of rifampin during the production process.

Hence, it seems; rifampin loaded inhalable proliposomes may be a suitable system for delivering liposomal rifampin into the lungs.

Quinoa with scientific name "Chenopodium quinoa Willd", unlike real grains that belong to the family Poaceae, is a pseudocereal belonging to the Amaranthaceae family of dicotyledonous or dual-leaf vegetables, and Its origin is in South America. Quinoa seeds also contain a variety of bioactive components such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and oleic acid, all of them are beneficial to human health. Quinoa, with its essential amino acids, protein content, and high protein bioavailability, can be a good alternative for plant and animal proteins in patients with celiac disease. Seventeen bioactive peptides with potential properties were isolated and identified from quinoa proteins. In recent years, much research has been done on use of quinoa and its bioactive peptides for its functional properties. Nowak et al., (2016) in study of nutrients in quinoa expressed that; Quinoa is an ancient agricultural product and can play an important role in food safety around the world. Fischer et al., (2017). In present study, amino acid sequence is extracted and quinoa protein is hydrolyzed using pancreatin enzyme and its functional properties such as emulsifying, foaming, solubility, antioxidant activity, etc. are investigated, so it can be used as a bioactive compound with nutritional and functional properties in food systems.MATERIAL AND METHODS Quinoa seeds purchased from National Salinity Research Center dependent to Yazd Agricultural investigation organization (Yazd, Iran), Pancreatic enzyme (active at pH of 8.0 and temperature of 37 °C ) and DPPH free radical prepared from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany).Chemical analysis, preparation of sample for protein hydrolysis Flour preparation from quinoa seeds and defatting by hot method and solvent extraction Whole seeds were washed for 4-5 times until there was no foam in the solution that was the sense of saponins, then seeds oven-dried at 45+1 ˚C until being dry, then whole seeds were ground into flour using Miller (Proctor Silex model EI60, UPC) with a sixty-mesh screen (Elsohaimy et al., 2015). Defatting from quinoa flour was performed with Soxhlet technique and by hot solvent of hexan (normal) at a raito of 1:4 seed flour to solvent in 9 hr. (Sánchez-Vioque et al., 1999).Amino acids compositionsProtein samples hydrolyzed with HCI 6 N in time of 24 hours at 110 ˚C. The excitation wavelength was 330 nm and the emission spectra were recorded at 480 nm, The analysis was carried out with a gas flow rate of 1.3 ml/min at separation temperature of 35 °C.Obtaining of quinoa protein concentrateAt first, defatted Quinoa flour was suspended in distilled water in ratio of 1:10. Then pH of solution was adjusted to 10.0 using NaOH at a concentration of 1 N and resulted solution was thoroughly stirred at room temperature for 60 min. During this time interval, pH was kept constant at set value to maximize proteins dissolution. The mixture was then mixed for 30 minutes at 9000 rpm at 4°C in a centrifugal refrigerator (K241R, Pro-Research, Centurion Scientific Ltd, UK), The solid phase was then separated and pH of the supernatant was reduced to 5 using 1 N hydrochloric acid to precipitate quinoa proteins. same centrifuge operation, with above conditions was repeated again. The centrifuge precipitate, which is protein concentrate, was lyophilized with freeze dryer (Christ, Germany). And were stored in freezer at -18 °C for subsequent experiments )Živanović et al., 2011).Preparation of protein hydrolyzate from quinoa protein concentrateTo complete enzymatic hydrolysis process, first, protein isolate sample was dispersed and dissolved in 0.01 M phosphate buffer with pH = 7.4 for 30 minutes at a concentration of 5% (w/v). And constant stirring at ambient temperature allowed it to be completely hydrated. Then, initial solution of pancreatin enzyme was prepared in 0.01 M phosphate buffer, This solution was added to the protein isolated solution in ratio of enzyme to protein substrate equal to 2.5% (w/w). Reaction temperature for pancreatin enzyme was 40 °C and continuous stirring was performed at 200 rpm for 4 hours. After completion of enzymatic hydrolysis process, sample reaction medium was placed in a 95 °C water bath for 15 minutes to inactivate enzyme and stop reaction. After that solution was cooled to ambient temperature, centrifugation was performed for 15 minutes at 9000 rpm, then supernatant solution was separated and lyophilized at a temperature of -20 °C with an approximate pressure of 0.1 mB, and then stored at -20 °C until use .resuultsThe results were in a completely randomized design with three replications and a significance level of 5% with a moisture content of 9.36, ash 2.29, crude fiber 4.6, protein 12.51, fat 5.36 and carbohydrate 71.48%. Results of chemical properties, shows quinoa seeds as an excellent potential food source with functional properties and this is due to quinoa essential nutrients content (such as proteins, carbohydrate, lipid and fiber). Result of present study is in agreement with (James, 2009), which in case quinoa seeds had about 11.2% moisture, 13.2% protein, 9% crude fiber, 1.2% total ash, and about 48.2% carbohydrate, however, this amount of carbohydrate was relatively less compared to present study. previous studies have shown that average protein content in quinoa seeds varies between 12% to 23%. The highest percentage of quinoa amino acids were glutamic acid and lysine, but there was a shortage of sulfur amino acids. The highest degree of hydrolysis (19.17%) was obtained after 180 minutes. Quinoa peptides had the lowest solubility in the isoelectric pH range and their solubility was increased in pH values below and above the isoelectric range. Quinoa bioactive peptides significantly reduced DPPH radical reduction and had high antioxidant activity (67.8% after 6 hours of hydrolysis and decreased to 59.8% after 8 hours). Quinoa with high percentage of protein has favorable physicochemical, functional and antioxidant properties and the resulting peptides can be used as bioactive food sources in pragmatic products.

Hydrophilic drugs are extensively applied in clinical applications. Inadequate dermal penetration of these drugs is a great challenge. Incorporation of drugs into nano-carrier systems overcomes lower penetration drawbacks. Invasomes are novel nano-carrier systems which enhance transdermal penetration by using terpene and ethanol in their structures. buprenorphine and bupivacaine hydrochlorides are two potent analgesic drugs that are loaded simultaneously in the nano-invasome structure as opioid and non-opioid drugs.

The full factorial experimental design was used for planning and estimating optimum formulations of invasome systems. Three influential factors like terpene type, terpene concentration and preparation method were comprehensively analyzed for achieving high encapsulation efficiency and optimum size.

The mean sizes of designed invasomes were in the range of 0.39-5.86 µm and high values of EE and LC were reported as 98.77 and 19.75 for buprenorphine-loaded invasome, respectively. Zeta potential measurements confirmed that the obtained high value of EE might be as a result of reversible ionic interactions between positively charged drugs and negatively charged phospholipidic part of invasome structure. Another characterization of the prepared formulations was carried out by FTIR, XRD and DLS technique.

The satisfactory obtained results of formulations encourage researchers to get optimum topical analgesic formulations with potent and rapid onset time properties required in invasive cutaneous procedures.

Natural bioactive compounds, such as essential oils, with antimicrobial or antioxidant activity, have received considerable attention recently, especially with rising concerns on the safety of synthetic food preservatives. However, due to their low water solubility and structural stability, their incorporation into water-based food formulations are limited, as is the other lipophilic functional compounds. Moreover, in order to investigate the possible synergistic effects of the most combinations of the essential oils, the aim of this study was to prepare water-dispersible licorice-garlic-fennel essential oil nanoparticles using nanoemulsion systems through a low-energy self-emulsifying technique. The effects of essential oil proportions in the oil phase on nanoemulsion characteristics were also evaluated using a simplex-centroid mixture design, and various empirical models were developed to predict changes in the obtained nanoemulsion characteristics. Finally, multi-goal optimization was applied to obtain the most desired composite nanoemulsions with the least mean particle size, polydispersity index, turbidity, and the greatest antioxidant and bactericidal activity. Based on this optimization analysis, the most desired product was obtained using 39% licorice, 40% garlic, and 21% fennel essential oil as oil phase. The results also confirmed the synergistic effects of selected essential oils towards one another, which the nanoemulsions with two- and three- components oil phase exhibiting higher antibacterial and antioxidant activity than those with a single-component oil phase. The prepared nanoparticles had reasonable physical stability at 5 ± 1 °C during 40 days of storage.

Owning to drawbacks of synthetic polymers, biodegradable packaging materials (biopolymers) have received more attention both in studies and industrial applications. However, compared to conventional packaging, the biodegradable materials have some limitation must be eliminated either by using composite preparation method or introduction of nanotechnology. Inclusion of metal nanoparticles and their oxides are of the new approaches to improve the properties of packaging films. Therefore, the present study attempted to investigate the effect of ZnO (0, 2.5 and 5%) and β-glucan (0, 10 and 20%) incorporation on chemical and microbial properties of gelatin based biodegradable film over storage of chicken fillet. Results showed that incorporation the both of ZnO and β-glucan have significantly (p<0.01) improved the barrier properties against both of moisture absorption and water vapor permeability and the best properties obtained with film containing 5% of ZnO and 20% β-glucan. In addition, based on microbial tests result, it was obvious that the ZnO loaded films have antimicrobial properties and the highest inhibition activity obtained with 5% of ZnO against the all of studied pathogenic bacteria. Accordingly, the film containing 5% ZnO and 20% β-glucan is introduced as the most effective film for packaging of chicken fillets.

In recent years, high atomic number nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as promising radio-enhancer agents for cancer radiation therapy due to their unique properties. Multi-disciplinary studies have demonstrated the potential of NPs-based radio-sensitizers to improve cancer therapy and tumor control at cellular and molecular levels. However, studies have shown that the dose enhancement effect of the NPs depends on the beam energy, NPs type, NPs size, NPs concentration, cell lines, and NPs delivery system. It has been believed that radiation dose enhancement of NPs is due to the three main mechanisms, but the results of some simulation studies failed to comply well with the experimental findings. Thus, this study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the physical, chemical, and biological factors of the NPs. An organized search of PubMed/Medline, Embase, ProQuest, Scopus, Cochrane and Google Scholar was performed. In total, 77 articles were thoroughly reviewed and analyzed. The studies investigated 44 different cell lines through 70 in-vitro and 4 in-vivo studies. A total of 32 different types of single or core-shell NPs in different sizes and concentrations have been used in the studies.

Thanks to their outstanding advantages, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have recognized in various fields these days. One way to discover extra useful products against typical bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus epidermidis) is NLCs loaded with essential oils. This paper aims to provide NLCs to encapsulate MA oil and characterize and survey the obtained MA oil-loaded NLCs on S. ep < /em> Thanks to their outstanding advantages, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have recognized in various fields these days. One way to discover extra useful products against typical bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus epidermidis) is NLCs loaded with essential oils. This paper aims to provide NLCs to encapsulate MA oil, characterize, and survey the obtained MA oil-loaded NLCs on S. epidermidis. The combination has provided using the hot melt homogenization technique. Afterward, the particle size distribution (PSD) (particle size analyzer), morphology (SEM), zeta potential (surface charge of NLCs), and the stability (the effect of acidity) of the prepared NLCs were analyzed. This has followed by estimating the MIC of MA oil-loaded NLCs and comparing carriers and oil emulsion of MA against S. epidermidis. MA oil-loaded NLCs are spherical NPs with a mean size of 104.5 nm and narrow size distribution (PDI=0.22). The antibacterial evaluation results demonstrated that MA oil-loaded NLCs had a higher in vitro antimicrobial activity compared to the oil emulsion of MA. Consequently, NLCs could be a suitable carrier to enhance new antimicrobial agents. idermidis. The combination has provided using the hot melt homogenization technique. Afterward, the particle size distribution (PSD) (particle size analyzer), morphology (SEM), zeta potential (surface charge of NLCs), and the stability (the effect of acidity) of the prepared NLCs were analyzed. This has followed by estimating the MIC of MA oil-loaded NLCs and comparing carriers and oil emulsion of MA against S. epidermidis. MA oil-loaded NLCs are spherical NPs with a mean size of 104.5 nm and narrow size distribution (PDI=0.22). The antibacterial evaluation results demonstrated that MA oil-loaded NLCs had a higher in vitro antimicrobial activity compared to the oil emulsion of MA. Consequently, NLCs could be a suitable carrier to enhance new antimicrobial agents.

The bioactive compounds of Cornus mas are known as powerful antioxidants. The stability of polyphenols extract is very important and encapsulating is a good technique to increase their stability by increasing the use of bioactive compounds in food and medicine. In this research the antioxidant activity of encapsulated bioactive compounds of cornus mas extract with enteric coated nanocubosomes and their release under semi-digestion conditions were evaluated. In order to determine the effect of encapsulation on the stability of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity, encapsulated extract into enteric coated nano-cubosoms and free extract were investigated. Characterization analysis of the mean particle size and zeta potential value of the nanocobosomes were reported to be 49.3 nm and -16 mV, respectively. The results of release studies showed that after 30 hours the secretion of Cornus mas extract at pH 1.2 (simulated gastric media) and pH 7.4 (simulated intestinal media) were about 38% and 61%, respectively. The FTIR results showed no interaction between the extract and cubosomes. Therefore Cornus mas extract retained its antioxidant activity.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the geometric shape on the dissolution rate of the domperidone, a drug model for immediate release dosage form. In this regard, a lack of sufficient information about the effective dissolution rate of the drugs regarding their shapes has made this issue an interesting subject for researchers.

For this purpose, three tablet shapes, namely flat and biconvex both in a round and oblong shapes, with different four sizes were modelled for the preparation of domperidone tablet. In vitro dissolution test was accomplished using a USP dissolution apparatus II. The drug dissolution rate was assessed by calculating various dissolution parameters; e.g., dissolution efficiency (DE), mean dissolution rate (MDR), mean dissolution time (MDT), and difference and similarity factors (f1 and f2 ).

Regarding the disintegration time, the larger tablets showed a faster disintegration time. When the size of the tablets was smaller, the amount of released drug was significantly decreased. In addition, #9 tablets with a flat or biconvex geometry had obvious effects on the DE values. Generally, biconvex tablets had higher DE percentage than the flat tablets.

Noticeable differences in dissolution parameters by considering the different geometric shapes play an important role in the drug release kinetics which makes a significant effect on quick onset of action in oral administration.

Previous studies have examined the effect of resveratrol as a potent antioxidant for free radicals in semen. While, the prepared spermatozoa are more affected by ROS factors due to centrifugation and incubation.

To evaluate the RSVchr('39')s effects on the prepared sperm parameters and chromatin quality in both normozoospermic and asthenozoospermic cases before and after freezing.

The sample of 10 normozoospermic and asthenozoospermic men was prepared through the swim-up method. The groups were then divided into two samples of control and experimental (exposure to 30 µmol/l of RSV) to evaluate and compare the sperm parameters and chromatin quality before and after freezing.

The motility and viability of spermatozoa were seen to be significantly different before and after freezing separately in the control and treatment samples of the groups (p ≤ 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). However, the stated difference between the control and treatment samples of normozoospermic and asthenozoospermic patients were not significant (p > 0.05). In addition, the sperm morphology and chromatin quality were not significantly different between the two samples of each group; nonetheless, chromatin quality of the treated sample was better than that of the control before and after freezing.

Despite the protective effects of RSV on the semen samples, RSV cannot affect significantly the prepared sperms parameters and chromatin quality in normozoospermic and asthenozoospermic patients.