فهرست مطالب hamid abdollahian

place as a phenomenon. In phenomenology, places do have personalities and spirits depicting themselves to human beings through architectural elements and those objects being located at certain locations. Recognizing personality and Genius Loci brings about a sense of place. Sense of place differs from one person to another according to certain individual characteristics. The phenomenology of imagination regards places in the connection they have with imagination. Analyzing phenomenology of place and imagination in prison stories focuses on the location of a prison in order to identify the way a character interacts with the prison in regard to the sense of place. We’ve been trying in this study to deal with prison as a location in the fictional works of Reza Baraheni. In the stories such as Avaz_e koshtegan, Razha-ye Sarzamin_e Man, Ba’d az Arusi Che Gozasht? , and Chah be Chah Well to, Reza Baraheni deals with the location of prisons. The location of the prison is solitary confinement in those stories. Elements such as blindfolds and voices have a conspicuous presence in the above-mentioned stories. Prison, in Baraheni’s stories, helps to bring about identity formation and otherization. In order to escape the pain they feel at the torture chambers, Baraheni’s characters call on imagination with the help of literature and occasionally by means of memories, making agonizing moments of torture somehow bearable.

The purpose of this research is to meta-analyze the qualitative studies conducted on the "Iranian Digital Diaspora". The statistical population includes the research done about the issue during the last 20 years inside and outside the country out of which 13 studies were selected using purposeful sampling. The research results show that the most important study foci of the Iranian Digital Diaspora include "narratives and ways of self-expression of the Iranian immigrants", "representation of identity dimensions of the Iranian immigrants", "the role of Digital Diaspora in increasing political, economic, and sociocultural activism in Iran", "the importance of place in the activism of immigrants in the virtual space" and "the existence of diversity, ambiguity, and individualism among Iranian Digital Diaspora". Research, also, shows that this field of study has not received enough attention from domestic researchers. The research findings indicate the tangible effects of virtual space on the identity and cultural dimensions of the Iranian Diaspora. These studies have emphasized the effect of positive and influential aspects of modern technologies on activism of the immigrants, and the possible negative aspects of the virtual space have not been studied. Based on the results, with the help of virtual space, communication among the Iranians inside and outside the country has increased the ability and social capital of the Iranian immigrants and has caused Iranian immigrants to have a more prominent presence in Iran’s political and civil activisms. Also, despite the trans-spatial and trans-temporal nature of communication in cyberspace, the shadows of the elements of place and the nation-state are obvious in the communication of the Iranian Digital Diaspora

One of the common features of epic texts is war and belligerence. A high volume of such texts is devoted to describing war as well as war methods and techniques. The tendency to exaggerate in depicting battles is a main feature of epic language. This feature can be clearly observed in ‘Rostan and Shorab’ tragedy and ‘Amr ibn Kulthum’. The present study made an attempt to comparatively analyze this literary device in the lines depicting battles in ‘Rostam and Sohrab and ‘Amr ibn Kulthūm'. The results show that natural factors form the main elements of exaggeration accompanied by such literary devices as metaphor and simile. In ‘Rostam and Sohrab’, the psychological aspects are also visualized besides the sensory aspect, but the visualizations in ‘Amr ibn Kulthum’ do not go beyond visual and sensory aspects and no abstract element is represented. Among the different types of exaggeration, auxesis is very frequent in Ferdowsi’s poem whereas overstatement and hyperbole predominate ‘Amr ibn Kulthum’. Another difference between the two literary works is the chain of exaggerative visualizations, which are absent from Arabic pre-Islamic poetry in general and from ‘Mu'allaqat’ in particular.

Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh is full of stories which are rooted in myths. The characters of stories can be analyzed from different viewpoints. Keykhosrow is one of the eminent characters of myths. In this paper, relying on desk study, document and content analysis, and the adoption of Marcel Mauss’ anthropological approach and Eliade’s theory about magic doctors we have analyzed Keykhosrow and his magical actions. The findings of this paper show that the Iranian-Turanian Keykhosrow is a potential witch. He also has characteristics and actions which can be found in witches. Keykhosrow, like a king-priest who dominated Classical Elements and adept in witchcraft, conquers Afrasiab with unusual magical tricks and ends the Great War.

In the phenomenological approach, television does not exist as an object in the outside world, but is only embodied in the consciousness of individuals. In other words, television is the subject of the study of present phenomenology, not as an objective reality, but as its mentality and perception. Given the emphasis of the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting on marginalized and poor groups, it is very important to know the perception of different groups, especially vulnerable groups on television. This article describes how television is shaped in the world of homeless women. 10 homeless women living temporarily in the Niloufar Abi Chitgar Home were interviewed Using theories of media constructivism and phenomenology, and using the method of experimental phenomenology. Data were analyzed using Cresol Analysis method and maxqda 10 software. From the total number of semantic units extracted, 10 textual categories were obtained. The four structural categories of textual categories were "labeling TV", "classical TV ", "fake TV homelessness" and " exclusionary TV". Analyzes have shown that homeless women do not resist this perception of television, and this mentality has deprived them of the possibility of social demands. Therefore, it is necessary for the media, in an equal structure and with a structuralist rather than individualistic view, to enable them to move and change socially, and to challenge other exclusionary structures.

One of the approaches to the criticism of fiction that has changed a lot from a linguistic point of view is Roger Fowler’s linguistic theory. This theory is a mixture of Chomsky’s transformational grammar and Halliday’s functional linguistics theories. The story of Golshiri’s “Khaneh-ye-Roshanan” was written in the mode of stream of consciousness, and Fowler believed that in such stories, the surface structure helps to understand the deep structure. The present paper analyzed the story of “Khaneh-ye-Roshanan” based on Fowler’s linguistic approach using the descriptive-analytical method along with library research tools. The results of the study indicate that the types of transformations and the mode of stream of consciousness in this work cause shifts in syntactic structure of sentences, non-compliance with grammatical rules, repetition of pronoun references, creation of rhythm and music in speech, application of associative contrasts, repetitions based on emphasis, confusion in the readers’ minds, and creation of suspension and postponement in speech. The main characters of this work, the actor and alternating narrators, are all passive and sensory-perceptive. It is as if they should not utter a word against the dominant ideology of the text, which would disrupt its monotonous atmosphere. In this work, like the rest of his works, Golshiri wanted to delve into the problems of society and to dominate his interventionist judgments in the text. In terms of looking at the text, the author sometimes dealt with the text from an external perspective and did not consider himself to be able to understand the perceptions of the characters in the story, while he sometimes explored the text from an internal perspective and assimilated his cognitive tendencies into the text. In terms of representation of speech and thought, both direct and indirect speech were used in this work. Both methods could reveal as much as possible the internal and verbal secrets of the main and secondary characters.

Statistical consideration of syntactic issues in verse and prose makes the analysis of verse and prose structure easier and helps us to understand how two poets use acquaintance techniques in conveying the message in their poems. Naser Khosrow and Sanaei are prominent ode composers in Persian literature. Investigating the syntactic structure of two odes composed in Bahr Hazaj shows the frequency of informative form, variety of adjectives, conjunction and simple sentences in Naser Khosrow poems. Meanwhile, the rate of verb transfer, prepositions, and conjunctions has more frequency in Sanaei’s poem. This feature makes Sanaei’s poem more technical. Examination of the lexical arrangement of the poems shows that Naser Khosrow’s poetry is closer to the standard and aimless language. The frequency of words related to the wisdom motif in Naser Khosrow’s poetry and words associated with the Love motif in Sanaei’s poetry are largely related to the dominant aspect in each of these two poems. This case study reveals that the dominant aspect in the formation of the syntactic structure and lexical arrangement of the poems of both poets have a direct and significant relationship. One of the reasons for the significant change in the syntactic structure of Nasser Khosrow's poems with Sanaei’s poems, which distinguishes each style of poetry, is the change in the dominant aspect. This research provides a model for examining the linguistic and literary characteristics of poets that can provide remarkable and authentic results.

The main element of national identity is the common country. Belonging feeling to a country always begins the geographical Considerations, and always there is a conflict and tension between landing dependency and its interest and global feelings that makes the role of national identity more clear. Attacking to the identical borders of Iran, after the wars between Iran and Russia are in the number of the most important events of contemporary history. meanwhile shahanshahnam_e_saba had formed as a great book in this sensitive period in this research the degree of attention of this book to the borders of Iran and sensitivity of Saba to the had studied geographical identity by the way of analytical descriptive, and by using the content analysis approach. High frequency of the word «border» in shahanshahname and emphasis of Saba on border cities of Iran, with the Ruth this book for the consecutive losses by Iranian the fronts or bias on the Abbas Mirza’s victories, is the factor to understand the amount of geographical identity reproducing in this book is more than the other factors of national identity.

The purpose of this search is to study the lifestyles of men in advertisements of family journals. Thus, using Giddens's theory of life style and semiotic method, Bart seeks to answer the following question: Advertising is the story of contemporary family journals of lifestyle based on male gender stereotypes?In this regard, individual identity, social identity, anesthetization of everyday life, commodity fetishism and body management as theoretical components of lifestyle in family journals are the field of research of family journals.  The research findings based on the statistical sample of four journals: Sib-e-Sabz, Zendegi-e-Ideal, Zendegi-e- Irani and Zendegi-e-Mosbat, suggest that adverts of new life styles represent consumption-based masculinity. Men are more likely to be in shopping and leisure mode, they are consuming cosmetics, and are trying to get closer to the roles that were previously in the women's lifestyle. Meanwhile, the modern concept of masculinity is interwoven with the male body.

Shahnameh of Ferdowsi has been continuously studied by numerous researchers and scholars from literary, mythological and cultural aspects. One of the rarely and less noticed issues in this regard is investigating the ideological role and function of language in this piece of literature based on a certain adopted theory and method. In other words, the writers of this article try to understand how Ferdowsi utilizes language to engender the ideology of Iranian superiority and revive Iranian identity by producing the relevant discourse. To achieve this goal, the current study has been constructed over the theoretical framework of critical discourse analysis introduced by the famous linguist Teun van Dijk. We also focus on the battle of Rostam and Chengesh in the story of “Rostam and Chinese Khaghan” (“Rostam and the king of China”) to restrict the research area. The results show that Ferdowsi employs some strategies such as ideological polarization, positive self-presentation, negative other-presentation, lexicalization, and actor description to make a discourse on the supremacy of the Iranians.

Magical realism was one of the trends that quickly became known, translated, and imitated in Iran’s fiction. The firs t time the door to magic realism was opened to Iranian literature was when Ahmad Mir-alai, translated the short s tories of Borges. After him, Bahman Farzaneh, with a translation of One Hundred Years of Solitude, introduced the Iranian community to magical realism. This trend used elements that were similar to those of the Old Iranian culture and literature, and Iranian contemporary fiction writers had produced works close to or similar to these works based on their own common tas tes long before the prevalence of this trend in the world. Therefore, the message of Latin American authors was not so new and out of reach to Iranian writers. The widespread and global acceptance of this trend and the exis tence of similar elements in Iranian rural culture, which was going through a transitions from tradition to modernity, created a fascination among Iranian writers if the sixties and seventies. Mos t of the active writers of this period tried to experiment with the genre. Moniroo Ravanipour, Shams Langroudi, Reza Barahani, Shahrnoush Parsipour and others were among the renowned authors that produced works in this genre. Some of these writers remained at the level of superficial imitation, and found accessible elements such as belief in supers titions and fairy tales the basis of works that are not very popular today. Others went deeper and created inner realms and native worlds. In general, Iranians became acquainted with magical realism through the translation of fictional works and s tories. At the beginning, no one thought of the translating the theory and the underlying thought frame for the idea of magic realism, therefore the unders tanding and, consequently the imitation remained superficial and of all the aspects and dimensions of this genre only a one or two dimensions were recognized and pursued. Translation of theories and intellectual foundations happened long after the translation of novels and short s tories. In the seventies and later in the 80s and 90s (Persian Calendar), there was initially one or two papers published on this topic which followed by several s tudies in this field. Undergraduate and pos tgraduate s tudents wrote dissertations on the subject, some of which facing pitfalls due to a lack of unders tanding of the theoretical foundations. The Adaptation of Magic Realism in Iran, written by Mohammad and Mohsen Hanif, is one of the late s tudies that was long due and should have been done twenty years ago. Despite extensive research and the use of new and rich sources of material about magical realism, this book shows weak points such as disunity, misunders tanding in recognition of mis takes, and the inaccurate categorization of some of some texts as magical realis t texts.

The Khurramian were the continuation of the Mazdakians in the Sassanid era who were the founder of movements against the Abbasid caliphate in the Islamic era. The Khurramian creed had an intriguing, eclectic, and mysterious nature. Their key beliefs reported in Islamic sources comprised of an invitation to elation and ecstasy, ritual reverence of wine, mystical and cryptic expression and resurrection. According to historical sources, Khurramian continued to live in Iran until the Seljuk era and some decades after Khayyam's death. The findings of this study suggest that the common themes reflecting fundamental beliefs of Khurramian are also among the central themes of Khayyam's quatrains. This paper, adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, and citing authentic historical accounts and authentic sources on Khayyam's quatrains, sets out to explore Khurrami’s creed and its continuity by reflecting on some of its underlying beliefs in. Khayyam’s quatrains.

Generally speaking, this article offers a critical analysis of the land tenure systems in Iran with an emphasis on land tenure system in Kurdistan and prior to the land reform in 1962. The objective of this article is to address the contradictory narratives that have taken shape regarding the geographical boundaries of Boneh in Iran. This is an attempt to offer a new and fundamental analytical alternative compared the existing literature, about the pre-capitalist land tenure systems in Iran. The article then attempts to provide a more comprehensive insight regarding the nature of the Bonehs, their variants and their characteristics exactly as they represented collective land tenure system. This system was the dominant land tenure system prior to the land reform of 1962 more known as Muzare-eh or sharecropping system. The Kurdistan's land tenure system is also compared with Bonehs which is known as a collective tenure system in Iran sometimes known as Muzare-eh. The authors claim here that Kurdistan's Muzare-eh system used to be different from Bonehs or its variants; nevertheless the plausibility of this claim require them to answer the question of how it could have been neglected by the existing literature that claim it was also a variant of Boneh. The authors think that answering such a question generates an epistemological gap between what they know about Iran and what they assume knowing about Kurdistan, while they collected ample evidence that indicate we dont know much about Kurdistan's land tenure system. The bigger issue is revealed where The authors came to learn about many literatures on rural development that have been produced based on the assumption that Kurdistan's sharecropping is also a variant of Boneh. Lambton, for example, studied land tenure system in Hasanabad village near Sanandaj (Kurdistan Prouince) in which she discussed the mode of division of crop among landlords and peasants. The authors launched an explorative study that helped them to her its findings for establishing a new argument on rural Kurdistan. This preliminary study motivated the second round of their study on other parts of Kurdistan. Parts of this study are presented in this paper.

Najdi is one of the outstanding contemporary writers due to his specific style. He has a different attitude towards human life and cultural elements of Iran, which makes his stories a good subject for discussion and research. In this article, two stories of Najdi are analyzed in the light of Deconstruction: “The Day of Asb-rizi” and “The Night of Killing Sohrab”. Deconstruction is mostly based on Derrida’s theory. It originated and was initially used in Philosophy and then it spread to literary criticism. The aim of Deconstruction is to find the binary oppositions, to analyze them in order to reveal the contradictory points and to deny the accepted assumptions. The results of this process is to doubt those beliefs that have been considered as axiomatic up to that time. In Najdi’s stories, the binary oppositions include man/animal, man/nature and man and civilization. In “The Day of Asb-rizi”, the opposition between man and animal, and, freedom and slavery causes some contradictions in the major themes of the story. In “The Night of Killing Sohrab”, the binary opposition is that of harsh patriarchal world/ innocent childish world, or, experience/inexperience.

This article studies the religious concept of ending of history in American cinema during decades of 2000 to 2011 by paying attention to the text itself not the film. From the end of decade of 1970, the war-elitism genre films were made in order to prove an actual element named as the cultural superiority of the Western societies and then gradually, they were made in order to prove the endlessness of the history and were made to prove the history ending in its religious sense. If we really demonstrate how much this perception is sensual or reasonable, the identification of the narration of such films which are usually made by themes against Iran is being studied.Theoretically, I make use of a multidisciplinary approach for the communication and the cultural studies. The concept of the ending of history has been reflected within the context of symbolic acts in dialogues of the films to represent the communicative phenomenon and considering the cultural studies, it can be shown that the hierarchy of power has influenced on the concept redevelopment.Methodologically, in addition to having interviews with two experts of Iranian Films, I make use of the debate analysis and the historical study of tradition in order to identify representation of the ending of history concept at the texts of such cinematic films.The possible results are laid over this principle that the power relations by themselves cannot be assessed or defined by the ancient relations of the political economy and instead, they are of software and intangible types and they are more found in the movie dialogues and the cultural commodities. Such films also direct the human being not only with having fear from the supernatural powers or the strenuous forces, but with a hope that the history will move toward a social balance and adherence to the norms of global empire.

This article, being a methodological text in the field of ideology analysis in the press, deals with the representation of ideology in communicative texts so that it brings to light the relation between structural elements of ideology therein. One of the questions is how communicative texts are affected by the existing ideological structure of the society. The second is whether there is any relationship between the language used in communicative texts and the ideological structure or social organization. Taking the contemporary Iran as a case in point, we realize that its press are under the influence of the political, cultural and economic contexts to the extent that the interaction between communicative context and texts have caused the continuation of the ideology- based press system. Our theoretical claim is that the press of every society shape their identity under the impact of the existing ideologies. That is why the article first offers a theoretical model for the study of the ideological structure. Then the role of the latter's components in the continuation of ideological relations in the press are discussed. Since there has been no practical method for the ideological analysis in communicative studies, we have presented a model for that. This model could be used further as a basis for later communicative studies when discussing the relation between communicative texts and the reproduction of ideological relations. To this end, first there is a reference to the concept of ideology as considered by Thomson, Goldman and Manheim, and then a new method is introduced which can be used as a suitable framework for the study of ideology structure in communicative texts especially the press.