فهرست مطالب hamid jamali

Quantitative methods to the evaluation of vegetation are the basis for describing and analyzing the plant communities and density as one of the main characteristics plays an important role in evaluating the performance (short and long effects) of rangeland ecosystems and management decisions. Therefore, the efficiency of plotless plant density methods in different density intensities and distribution patterns have been examined using a simulated population based on the real density of Astragalus albispinus (control method) in a semi-arid region of Marjan, Boroujen. Simulation schemes in the three density intensities and three distribution patterns within eight 40×100 m sampling units were designed. The predictive precision and accuracy of seven distance-based methods in various density intensities and distribution patterns were investigated comparing with the control method and the ideal point error index. Overall, angel order method in regular distribution pattern and point centered quarter method in random distribution pattern were the best plotless density methods of plant populations in low density. Third closest individual method was the most accurate and precise method of density among the studied methods in other different density intensities and distribution patterns. Therefore, in selecting the most appropriate distance method for estimating the density, the type of distribution pattern and in some cases the intensity of plant species density should be considered to achieve an unbiased estimation of plant populationʼs density, accordingly, the different habitats of this plant species can be monitored and evaluated in terms of management and utilization.

To investigate the effect of intravenous regional anesthesia with single-cuff forearm tourniquet and hematoma block on intraoperative and postoperative pain intensity of patients with distal radial bone fracture. In this randomized clinical trial, a total number of 52 patients with distal radius fractures were randomly assigned to receive either a traditional Bier block with 3 mg.kg-1 lidocaine (D group) or a single-cuff forearm tourniquet intravenous regional anesthesia with 1.5 mg.kg-1 lidocaine and a hematoma block with 10 mL 0.5% bupivacaine (S group). Pain intensity score of numerical rating scale (NRS) was measured hourly for 6 hours, then every two hours till 12th hour and every 4 hours until 24th postoperative hour. Total morphine consumption in the first 24 hours after surgery, its side effects and the patients’ global satisfaction were assessed in each group. Mean total morphine consumption during the first 24 hours after surgery was 11.68±7.88 mg in group D and 7.12±4.42 mg in group S (p=0.13). Pain intensity score of NRS both during recovery room and surgical ward stay was less in S group compared to D group (0.016 and 0.02, respectively). Intravenous regional anesthesia with single cuff forearm tourniquet and hematoma block compared to the traditional Bier block reduced intraoperative and postoperative pain intensity more effectively in patients with distal fracture of the radius bone and also reduced morphine consumption during the first 24 hours after surgery. Clinical Trial Registry: IRCT201604223213N4

Density is an important indicator of vegetation evaluation, which several methods have been developed for its assessment, but their accuracy is concerned. To reveal accuracy of each methods, a study site of 32000-m2 in the steppe rangeland of Marjan, Boroujen was selected and divided into eight macroplots of 4000-m2. Then, the individuals of Astragalus verus and Astragalus albispinus were counted in each microplots. A transects of 100-m established parallel to the length of the macroplots (40 × 100 mm) and density was measured using closest individual, nearest neighbor, random pairs, point-centered quarter, third closest individual, angle order and variable area transect methods, systematic-randomly in 10 sampling points in each macroplots. The results indicate that the real density of A. verus and A. albispinus were 0.1593±0.084 and 0.0622±0.0282/m2, respectively. Closest individual (0.1357±0.1315/m2), nearest neighbor (0.1368±0.1432/m2), point-centered quarter (0.1016±0.1664/m2), random pairs (0.0588±0.0536/m2), third closest individual (0.1107±0.0775/m2) and variable area transect (0.0221±0.0105/m2) for A. verus and angle order (0.0927±0.0523/m2), nearest neighbor (0.0424±0.0357/m2) and third closest individual (0.0524±0.0447/m2) for A. albispinus showed no significant difference with controls. The results revealed that the closest estimation to the controls belongs to the nearest neighbor (-0.141) and third closest individual (-0.0098) for A. verus and A. albispinus, respectively. Moreover, the nearest neighbor (RMSE=0.6877, SE=0.0026 and R=0.1147) and closest individual (RMSE=0.5609, SE=0.0007, R=0.0320) showed the most precise estimation of densities of A. verus and A. albispinus, respectively. Generally, the closest individual for estimating plant density of A. verus and the nearest neighbor's for A. albispinus are proposed.

This paper is the translation and critical review of ‘the European scholars’ view about the Qur’an’, which had been published in the kitab e farhang e lughat e Islam [the book of Islamic terminology] written by Thomas Patrick in London. He has narrated the opinion of three orientalists about the Qur’an namely Sale, Palmer, Lane Poole.In this paper, after narrating the views of each orientalists and observing their mistakes and doubts about the Qur’an and their misunderstandings such as writing the Qur’an by the Prophet Muhammad and rejecting the view of its being revealed and believing certain portion of the Qur’an and surats lacking eloquency, existence of contradictory things in the Qur’an, and presence of Heterogeneous and disparate issues in the Qur’an in particular, in Medinanian Surat where dull repeatation has frequently occurred, has been dealt with. All these issues have been critically dealt with academic and authentic approach and a proper answer to these issues have been placed.