فهرست مطالب hamid kardan moghadam

Today, the importance of modern science and technology, especially the use of environmental isotopes in various studies, including hydrology and geohydrology, is obvious for anyone. Given the quantitative and qualitative crisis status of groundwater resources in Iran, having accurate isotopic data on the quantitative and qualitative status of water resources can lead to good planning and, consequently, proper management of water resources. Due to the lack of sufficient studies on the environmental isotopes in Iran, which, of course, is due to the lack of technologies, high costs of sample transfer to overseas and sanctions, while reviewing the sampling of Groundwater resources, sample preparation methods for stable isotopes of 2H, 18O, 34S and 13C, and the standards for each isotope; related devices such as Gasbench+ DeltaPlusXP, Elemental Analyzer-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (EA-IRMS), and Total Inorganic Carbon-Total Organic Carbon (TIC-TOC), as well as measurement methods are presented.

Water is an important element of the economic and social development of any region, and the availability of safe and clean water is one of the most important issues facing for human. As water consumption increases, the need to extract water sources and use new sources increases. Many problems related to the quantity and quality of water originates from the cities development and the increase in the urban population. On the one hand, successive droughts and the declines of groundwater tables and on the other hand, the increase in water demand have caused other approaches to be used to supply water from other basins. In this research, the opportunities and challenges of transferring water from the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf to provide drinking water and industrial use in the three eastern provinces of Iran (South Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, Sistan and Baluchestan) have been investigated. The spatial and temporal non-uniform rainfall in the eastern regions of the country and the increase in population growth has caused hydrological and qualitative problems in the region. There is no permanent river in the study area, and these regions need transboundary water from Afghanistan. Rainfall amount in these provinces is between 75 and 200 mm. Therefore, the majority of water supply in these areas is from groundwater resources. Also, in addition to climate change effects, high evaporation in these provinces (more than 3000 mm) is one of the most challenging issues in these three provinces, which has caused a negative water balance and water deficit and a decrease in the quality of groundwater. In current situation, the amount of extra groundwater pumping of these regions is equal to 856 million cubic meters (MCM) per year. Toward overcoming this problem, and assessing all approaches carefully, it can be said that the justification of water need for industry sectors from an economic point of view can only be achieved in the cities near the origin of the transfer (southern border areas close to the Oman Sea) and therefore, a mega project of water transfer can be redefined in such a way that it only needs to supply industrial uses for the cities close to the source.

Border rivers serve as vital water sources for countries, playing a crucial role in establishing and maintaining security and stability, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide. The Arvand Rud River’s geopolitical position in Iran’s southwest has endowed it with a unique hydropolitical function in Iran-Iraq relations. This paper employs a descriptive-analytical approach and Micmac and Scenario Wizard software to explore future patterns of Iran’s hydropolitical relations in the Arvand Rud River basin and develop an appropriate strategy. The research results indicate that, among the eighteen potential scenarios associated with five strongly and likely compatible patterns, the scenarios depicting Iran’s future hydropolitical relations in the Arvand Rud River basin on the brink of crisis are the most probable. As such, the recommended model for Iran’s hydropolitical relations in this basin is a cooperative strategy.

The entanglement of power relations with the interactions of societies and political-spatial units over fresh water resources is in the field of hydro politics. Those rivers that cross international borders or its different parts are located in the territory of several countries, have had more frequency in hydro political researches. The purpose of this article, which is of a practical nature, is to explain the possible scenarios for the future hydro political relations of the border and joint rivers of Iran and Iraq. The research methodology is descriptive- analytical. The data needed for the research has been collected by library and field method (interview and questionnaire) and analyzed using FCOPRAS, FSOARA, SAW models and Micmac and Scenario Wizard software. The results of the research showed that out of 31 possible situations related to seven scenario models with strong and likely compatibility, the situations that describe the future hydro political relations of the border and common rivers of Iran and Iraq as critical, the most possible situations are in they take. Therefore, the future situation of the hydro political relations of the border and joint rivers of Iran and Iraq has become critical.

The concept of risk is considered as a method and technique in expressing the emergence and presentation of risks. There are different approaches to present this concept, one of these techniques is using the fishbone method. On the other hand, determining the risk without knowing the conceptual dimensions is meaningless, so the purpose of this study is to use a combination of brainstorming, SWOT and fish bone decision making methods to analyze the main causes of accidents and risks associated with canals, deal with details, categories classifying them and turning threats into opportunities. After holding brainstorming sessions to identify the damage to the canals, the SWOT matrix based on weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats was completed and the root causes were analyzed using the fishbone method. The results of the SWOT method showed that the proposed strategies should be defined as conservative strategies in terms of strength from the perspective of internal factors with a score of 2.57 and threats from the perspective of external factors with a score of 2.49. On the other hand, the results of the risks of using the aqueduct are divided into two categories: potential risks of the aqueduct and effective external risks, and the results indicate the high importance of technological risks with an average score of 7.85, which is why conservative strategies based on risk conditions were defined. The results and strategies presented in this study can provide appropriate management approaches to the trustees for the optimal use of this water source.

The water crisis is one of the most important conflicts of the day, and Iran is also in the field of water resources from countries with tension. Following the drop in groundwater levels in aquifers, most of the country's plains have experienced water crisis and water scarcity and their groundwater aquifers have been limited. Among the water stresses, Hashtgerd Plain, which has been selected as the study area. In order to exit the plain from the aforementioned situation, water management should be undertaken with basic management measures, which requires the provision of water resources predictive tools through these measures, one of which is the Bayesian network; In this study, to create a water-borne water prediction model, the predicted variable, groundwater surface parameter in the following month and predictive variables, temperature, precipitation, evaporation, aquifer feeding, The discharge level of the aquifer and the groundwater level were considered in the current month. To reduce information uncertainty, two predictive approaches were used with categorized data (discrete data) and prediction with explicit data (continuous data), and by examining the precision of the pre- The aquifer nose by the two approaches referred to provides explicit precision approach to observational hydrographs. As a result, this approach has been selected as a superior approach for predicting groundwater level due to the application of management scenarios in which the values ​​of the coefficient of explanation 0.94 and the RMSE is 0.207. The approach used in this study can be used in other water resources stresses.

Water, as a major natural resource, is a basic human need and a valuable asset in the absence of which no activity will be sustainable for socio-economic development. In arid areas, groundwater resources are more important and priority given the lack of surface water resources. In addition to the importance of groundwater quantity, its quality is very important and is a direct function of human activities. Groundwater pollution by various types of organic matter and mineral compounds is one of the most common environmental problems today. These pollutants travel with groundwater and will therefore contaminate groundwater resources. Therefore, groundwater pollution is a common threat due to the destruction of groundwater quality and the poisoning of water used by humans. In the present study, MT3D numerical model was used to simulate groundwater quality in Birjand aquifer. Modeling for calcium concentration has been done in 5 years from October 2007 to September 2012. In the calibration step, the error values ​​ME, MAE and RMSE were obtained as 2.147, 6.556 and 9.304 mg / l, respectively. The measured model has been validated using the available information for the next 5 years. The results of the qualitative model showed the appropriate matching of the observational and computational values ​​of calcium concentration.

Springs as one of the groundwater sources and suppliers of high volume of river basin discharge have been less analyzed and studied.  The origin of these resources, due to the passage of natural heights and filtration, has a good quality and only some formations or human activities cause a change in the quality of these resources. This study evaluated the quality of springs in Ajabshir study area in the east of Urmia Lake in 2018. According to the type of geological formations, discharge and location of springs in the region, 13 springs were analyzed for qualitative analysis and evaluation of qualitative changes. Studies have shown that 100% these springs are very good quality in terms of drinking, and the GQI quality index is 33.23-95.32, indicating good to excellent condition for these resources. In terms of exploitation in the agricultural sector, the only issue was the high level of electrical conductivity (157-6490 µs/Cm) in some springs, and the alkalinity of all springs was in class S1 in Wilcox diagram. The quality situation from the industry point of view also indicated a low range of changes, and 77% of the springs in the region were corrosive. Evaluation of water source in this area showed a high ratio of sodium to chlorine and differences in calcium and sodium origin, so that the initial sections of the study area and the east of the area had magnesium source and the rest had calcium source. Finally, the study of geological formations showed their low impact on quality and the high concentration of nitrate in the part leading to the plain and aquifer due to human activities and sewage leakage was evident and reached 27 mg/l.

The porpose of this study is the ground water potential mapping.using four methods, stochastic forest, GLM, Domain, and GAM. in addition, four methods for combining these methods for potential mapping were also evaluated. for this purpose, eleven criteria include the slope , profile curvature ,(Topographic Curvature), total curvature, index (spi), index (spi), index (twi), land use, soil and demographic elevation model were used according to the experience of experts and researchers. in order to validate the 76 of wells with high discharge were, it has been used for simulation (70 %) and validation (30%) before modeling the linear test on the criteria, there is no linear relationship between variables. according to, the results of the evaluation using the ROC curve showed that all four used methods have excellent accuracy and AUC over 90%. then, the results of four methods were combined with mean averaging method. The final potential showed that 32.89% of the lands have good potential for exploiting groundwater resources. The results of the importance factors also showed that the slope, height, and power index were the most important factors. The results of this research can serve as information bases for planners and local authorities to evaluate, plan, manage, sustainably use and synthesize groundwater resources in the future.

Acoustic Tomography (AT) technique is widely used in developed countries for water resources monitoring of the oceans, seas, and rivers. The 10-kHz Coastal Acoustic Tomography System (CATS) is previously applied to monitor coastal seas in the scale of kilometers. In this study, we evaluated the capability of the 10-kHz CAT system. The equation of sound propagation in water was developed to introduce a new equation to estimate the maximum operational range of 10-kHz CAT system. The results showed that with the assumption of clear seawater, the minimum and maximum operational ranges are 57 and 18000 m, respectively. Moreover, the velocity resolution is better than 0.1 cm/s in the range of greater than 7000 m. Choosing a suitable M Sequence due to the distances between acoustic stations is another point of operation to have the best performance. It is suggested that scientists apply this technique to monitor the Persian Gulf currents.

Acoustic Tomography (AT) Technology transmits reciprocal acoustic waves to measure the flow characteristics such as flow velocity, water temperature, suspended sediment concentration, salinity and the flow direction in rivers, dam storages, lakes, seas and the oceans. Although, this technique is widely applied in developed countries, it was not used in Iran yet. This research shows the first acoustic tomography experiment in Iran for measuring the flow velocity in a shallow lake located in the western of Shiraz City. Reciprocal sound transmissions were performed between the two acoustic stations located on both sides of the lake. The length of sound transmission line was 262m and the central frequency was set to 30 kHz. The experiment period was 20 minutes and the acoustical data was collected at time intervals of 40s. The surface temperature was measured by a Temperature Sensor (accuracy= 0.1 oC) at four positions along the acoustical ray path. The results showed the arrival time of acoustic waves were approximately constant and it was 177 ms. Finally, the depth- and range-averaged sound speed and the water temperature along the ray path were estimated from the mean travel time. The temperature varied between 19.7 to 19.9 oC that was confirmed by Temperature Sensor data. The temperature resolution of AT technique was estimated around 0.04 oC that shows the more accuracy than the Temperature Sensor. The result of this study showed the ability of acoustic tomography technique to monitor the water temperature in natural aquatic environments.

The acquisition of continuous and precise river flow velocity is a high-priority issue for water resources management. In Iran, the river flow velocity is estimated using mechanical propeller flow meter. In this research, for the first time in Iran, the river flow velocity at the Chamtagh hydrometric station of the Zayanderud River was measured using Fluvial Acoustic Tomography System (FATS) technology. The reciprocal sound transmissions were performed between a pair of acoustic stations, located on both sides of the hydrometric station. Acoustic frequency was 30 kHz and the sound pulses were transmitted every 30 seconds. The measured stream flow discharge was 9.9 m3/s, while, the estimated flow rate by propeller flow meter was 10.3 m3/s. In this experiment, the maximum uncertainty of FATS was less than 15%. Moreover, the error analysis of the FATS was investigated for different rivers and the optimal setting of FATS was introduced.

Flood monitoring and accurate measurement of flood wave are important in order to flood management. Acoustic tomography (AT) technique is one of the best technologies that is widely being used to monitor streamflow and flood wave measurement. In this method, the flow characteristics are measured by the reciprocal sound transmission of two AT systems where are deployed on both sides of the rivers. In this study, the calculation of minimum and maximum operational ranges, as well as the accuracy of velocity measurement is investigated for the river with different widths. The results illustrated that the minimum operational range with using 7th order M Sequence is 19 meters that would have the lowest velocity resolution of 20 cm/s. In this technique, the velocity resolution improves in proportion to the increment of the operational range. Therefore, the accuracy of 100 and 200-meter ranges are 3.5 and 2 cm/s, respectively. The maximum operational range using 12th order M Sequence is about 1955 meter with the precision of 0.2 cm/s. Due to the previous studies of using AT technique for the purpose of flood monitoring, as well as the result of this research that evaluated the capability of 30-kHz AT system, the proposed system can provide the real-time and accurate flood data in wide rivers. The real-time flood data may be used by water resources decision makers.

Groundwater vulnerability assessment is of crucial importance for land use/cover management. Some methods have been proposed specifically for the karst hydrogeological settings. Among them, COP and PaPRIKa, as two commonly applied recent methods, were adopted for the resource vulnerability assessment of a humid temperate karst region, north of Iran. Comparison of water bacterial content and distribution of vulnerability classes within the catchments for nine springs suggests that PaPRIKa got some higher level of validity, showing more consistency to the catchment properties. Vulnerability class of "very low" was absent in the PaPRIKa map, while the "low", "moderate", "high", and "very high" classes comprised 31.7, 48.7, 12.4, and 7.2 percent of the total region, respectively. Distribution of vulnerability classes within the spring catchments was also surveyed. Importantly, the catchment area of the largest spring, namely Sefidab, which has been supplying drinking water for almost one hundred thousand people in Amlash and Roudsar cities, was predominantly located in the "very high" vulnerability class, enclosing 368 sinkholes. Presence of Escherichia Coli in water emerging from all springs stressed the importance of enforcing strict regulations on the land use planning and conducting required treatments for drinking water supply. Moreover, since infiltration from precipitation and direct-runoff is substantial in the "high", and "very high" vulnerability zones, rainwater and floodwater harvesting may face serious technical challenges there. Hence, intrinsic vulnerability assessment in a karst region can be deserved as a basic criterion for the design of water harvesting systems.

Water is the most important parameter in the development of human societies. One of the pillars in the development of water resources is the investigation of environmental conditions and environmental compatibility of the project.. Identify areas vulnerable to pollution can play a major role in development strategies. In most area of Iran، which is located in the arid and semi-arid region، groundwater is the most important water supply for agricultural، domestic and industrial uses. In most areas، the risk of groundwater contamination is considered to be a serious restriction for this source. Therefore avoid groundwater contamination in groundwater resources management is essential. One of the methods to identify vulnerable areas is the use of qualitative indicators. Among the qualitative indicators، the DRASTIC index of vulnerability to groundwater pollution has many applications. This index is obtained by combining seven different parameters. Each of the parameters of the model، investigate the potential and the possibility of accepting the contamination of the aquifer and each parameter has a unique weight. So far، most studies which have been done with this indicator have led to aquifer vulnerability mapping and calibration and the model calibration and optimization of input coefficients is less studied. This study was conducted to investigate the vulnerability of Birjand aquifer and increase the accuracy of the model. In this study for estimate the vulnerability to contamination، different hydro-geological data were used. These data are including depth to water table، net recharge، aquifer environment، soil environment، topography، environment unsaturated and hydraulic conductivity. Then، plain vulnerability maps were computed using DRASTIC index with combination of these data. One of the most important and influential parameter in environmental contaminations is nitrate. In this project، in order to evaluate the vulnerability of the Birjand aquifer obtained by DRASTIC model، observed data of nitrate in Birjand aquifer which was tasted in 1390 were used. According to the concentration of the Nitrate in the observation wells; model was calibrated using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). For this purpose، parameters of the DRASTIC model، with respect to the inconsistency rate as stated، was modeled by AHP method using of software provided by the Export choice modeling، and calibration weight and then analysis these weights was done using the incompatibility coefficient. DRASTIC layers was obtained Using interpolation and classification tools in the Arc Gis 10. 2 software. According to the preliminary results، depth to the water table and slope parameters has the highest weight in aquifer data. Also، recharge rate of the aquifer in two parts of urban areas، due to the recycled water، has higher weight than in other parts of the aquifer. Also، according to drilling logs، influence testing، pedological testing and the aquifer environment classified in two classes، the soil environment in four classes and unsaturated zone in tree classes. Considering to the high levels of recharge due to return flow were divided in urban areas and agricultural land and according to the test results of pedological and influence، hydraulic conductivity parameters in three classes. After obtaining the required parameters for vulnerability assessment، vulnerability map of the Birjand. Aquifer was obtained using DRASTIC model. Incompatibility factor was chosen as one of the major constraints to optimize the coefficients and weights DRASTIC model. Based on the obtained results and the value of using AHP method incompatibility factor of less than 0. 08 is selected as the best option for analysis. Figure classification of Birjand aquifer vulnerability was presented based on DRASTIC with weight of AHP modelare including four categories very low، low، moderate and moderate to high. The results show the sensitivity of the aquifer in the outlets due to the high water table. The results provided by the DRASTIC model showed that the model was not accurate enough to identify vulnerable areas and it is need to calibrate the weights of models. Therefore، in this study using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and observational data of nitrate، model was calibrated in the Birjand aquifer. The results showed that the modified DRASTIC model has the higher accuracy in compare with common DRASTIC model، and there is a good correlation between improved weights using AHP method and the observed nitrate concentration in observation wells.