فهرست مطالب hamid reza alizadeh

Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) is a problematic weed in vegetables production systems in eastern and southeastern of Iran, To evaluate the different levels of polyethylene mulches, Tuber burial depths, and times on Management on purple nutsedge, a factorial experiment base on randomized complete block design with four replications, at Jiroft University Research Farm, was conducted, field experiments to investigate the effect of mulch type including, (one and two layer clear polyethylene film, one-layer clear polyethylene + hen manure, one layer black polyethylene and non-mulched as control), second factor was times application at three levels including (20, 40 and 60 days) and third factor tubers burial depths at three levels including (5, 15 and 25cm) on C. rotundus above and below ground growth were conducted. Results showed that two-layer clear polyethylene mulch provided greatest suppression of C. rotundus growth was observed in plots covered with 2-layer clear LDPE, at 60 days in all depths (5,15 and 25cm). However, one-layer clear mulch at 60 days in 5 cm depth and one-layer clear polyethylene + hen manure at 60 days in 5 and 15 cm depth, inhibited viability tubers significantly. But positive effect was not shown on the growth control of the period in the other treatment. Generally, the results showed that two factors of polyethylene mulches and period of solarization of have a direct effect on the control of purple nutsedge.

Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea is one of the most important diseases in strawberry, causing pre– and postharvest fruit rot. One of the safe and healthy ways to reduce this disease is biocontrol and the use of biological control agents. In this study, using culture–based methods, 268 bacterial strains, and 136 fungal isolates, were isolated and purified from the phyllosphere of strawberry plants in the greenhouse and field in Jiroft city. The antagonistic effect of the isolates against the pathogen B. cinerea was investigated using dual culture and investigation of the inhibition zone, and the effect of volatile compounds under in vitro conditions, as well as the antifungal properties of the antagonistic bacteria on strawberry fruit. Identification of the selected bacterial and fungal strains was made by polymerase chain reaction, respectively, by determining the nucleotide sequence of a part of the 16S–rDNA gene and its region. The results showed that among the examined isolates, bacterial isolates UJB1, UJB3, UJB4, UJB10, UJB5, UJB6, UJB7, UJB11, UJB2, UJB8 and UJB9 and fungal isolates UJF1300, UJF1301, UJF1302, UJF1303, UJF1304, UJF1305 had an effective inhibitory effect against B. cinerea and their volatile compounds reduced pathogenic mycelium growth. In evaluating the antifungal impact of bacterial isolates on strawberry fruit, bacterial isolates UJB8, UJB2, UJB11, UJB6, UJB5, UJB10, UJB4, and UJB1 significantly increased the disease index caused by B. cinerea compared to They reduced the witness. According to morphological and molecular data, bacterial isolates belonging to the genera Delftia (isolates UJB1, UJB3, UJB4, UJB10), Bacillus (isolates UJB5, UJB6, UJB7, UJB11, and UJB2) and Stenotrophomonas (isolates UJB8 and UJB9) and fungal isolates belonging to Albifimbria verrucaria, Aspergillus terreus, Leptosphaerulina australis, Pilidium lythri, Pseudozyma flocculosa, and Seimatosporium pistaciae species.

Root and stem rot of cucumber with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum is one of the most harmful diseases in cucumber greenhouses in Iran. Chemical fungicides do not have the acceptable ability to control this pathogen. Also, due to their economic costs and adverse effects on the environment, the use of biocontrol agents in the control plant diseases has been considered in recent years. Trichoderma antagonist isolates has been shown to be an effective biocontrol agent against a wide range of fungal pathogens. In this study, the effect of Trichoderma isolates on root rot and cucumber rot fungi was investigated. Three Trichoderma isolates were obtained from the mycology collection of the Department of Plant Protection, University of Tehran. Mean peroxidase activity (POX) as a marker of induced resistance was measured using a spectrophotometer. Also, the effect of Trichoderma isolates on disease control in greenhouse conditions was determined by soaking the soil with spore suspension of antagonist and fungal pathogen. All three Trichoderma isolates T11, T6 and T9 have an acceptable effect on growth inhibition of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum. T11 and T9 isolates showed 85.51% and 81.03% inhibition of mycelial growth of F42 strain, respectively. Peroxidase activity was assessed within seven days after inoculation. The highest peroxidase activity was observed on the fourth day in T11 isolate. Based on the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that T11 isolate (T. harizianum T11) had the greatest effect among Trichoderma isolates in inducing resistance.

During recent years, the newly emerging disease, citrus sudden decline (CSD) has destroyed many of citrus trees grafted onto bael rootstock in the south of Kerman Province. The disease is caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and its simultaneous infection to soil born pathogens or Ca. Phytoplasma aurantifolia, or heat and drought stresses can increase the disease severity and appearance of the decline symptoms. Using the healthy and certified rootstock, using the Sour Orange or Volkamer Lemon as rootstock, control of the sucking insects at the time of flushing, optimum irrigation with appropriate distribution especially during the summer season, control of soil born fungi and nematodes, avoiding stress to plant and appropriate pruning are recommended for prevention and management of CSD disease in the south of Kerman Province.

The emerged citrus quick decline disease has destroyed many of citrus plants grafted onto Bakraee rootstock in southern Kerman during recent years. Disease symptoms are included leaf wilting, root rot, and quick decline. In this project, the etiology of quick decline disease was studied. Symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were tested for the presence of plant pathogenic prokaryotes using PCR with universal and specific primers, and Miseq Illumina method. Furthermore, ELISA, RT-PCR, inoculation on index plants, and dsRNA extraction were used for detection of viruses and viroids in symptomatic and asymptomatic plants. The correlation between the presence of Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Phytophthora nicotiana, and quick decline disease was investigated by isolation and quantification of pathogens from root and rhizosphere of asymptomatic and infected plants. Overall, results indicated the association of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus with citrus (on Bakraee rootstock) quick decline disease in southern Kerman. In addition, drought and heat stresses and co-infection of the diseased plants by Ca. Phytoplasma aurantifolia, Phytophthora nicotiana, and Tylenchulus semipenetrans lead to severe symptoms of the disease and accelerated the decline of the infected plants.

Cucumber downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis is one of the most important diseases of cucumberin Iran. In this investigation the role of β-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) in reducing this disease was studied via spraying of leaves and soil drench. The plants were treated with BABA and after 24 hours leaves were detached and inoculated with the pathogen and kept in a plastic box with favorable conditions for the disease agent. The disease was evaluated six days after inoculation with pathogen by scoring the leaves between 0-9 and the disease index calculated. Result showed that spraying the leaves by BABA had no effect on the disease reduction but soil application of this compound statistically reduced the disease (p≤0.05). The second phase of the experiment was done for evaluating the effect of BABA on the activity of enzymes such as β-1,4-Glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. Enzymes activity was assayed at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after inoculation with the pathogen. Results showed an increas jn enzyme activity at 48-hours post-inoculation with the pathogen and then β-1,4-Glucanase, PAL, and POX enzymes activities decreased slowly, while PPO enzymes activity decreased rapidly.

Due to the competitiveness in tile and Ceramic Industry, the purpose of this research is to investigate the role of knowledge management on the competitiveness of the company through technology-driven strategy in tile and Ceramic Industry. For this purpose, a questionnaire based on the research of Ahmad and Schroeder (2011) was distributed among the managers of Iran's ceramic tile factories and 87 questionnaires for analysis. The findings of Pearson and regression tests via SPSS showed that all aspects of Technology-driven Strategy have a positive effect on competitiveness. When manufacturing companies use all of these three dimensions (active technology status, process and test adaptation, common technology resources) simultaneously in their processes, they can lead to effective competing so corporate executives should have a comprehensive look at these dimensions.

Allegiance is one of the most important social-political issues in Islam which according to conditions and historical developments crystallized from the early days of Isla till now in many forms. In the present article, the goal is this that first to raised quiddity and how allegiance and then to be investigated its forms. Thus, In the ahead study trying to answered to these questions. what is the nature of allegiance and how was its implementation? What has the allegiance's position in Quran and Nahj al-Balaghah? The difference between the basic views of Sunni and Shia regarding the allegiance issue is in which point of view? Nowadays, allegiance has symbolic function or that preserved its importance and fundamental application in the course of political issues? Allegiance is executed to what forms and the faces? Research important findings conforms the supreme value of allegiance's concept in the fundamental framework of Islam and emphasis of the Quran and divine guardians on it. Even though there is no unit opinion, relative to the allegiance issue and its implementation process among Islamic religions, but it can be said Muslim political system today unaware of allegiance to gain political legitimacy therefore, preserved its importance and its political application throughout the history of Islam. Employed method in this study, is descriptive-analytical type of library studies.

Root-knot nematodes are economically important plant pathogens in the world. The use of biocontrol agents usually is more stable and safe for environment. In this study the effect of Glomus mosseae (Gm) and chopped cabbage (C) tissue as well as mixes of treatments to control of tomato root knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica were studied in greenhouse experiments. In mixed treatments, colonized tomato seedlings by Gm were transferred to the pots in which amended with chopped cabbage tissue (0.5 &1%). All treatments were inoculated by nematode after one week. The results showed, applying of Gm 1% C could significantly (P

Fluorescent pseudomonads produced a variety of siderophores in which the pyoverdine type siderophore is the main one. These bacteria employ siderophores to increase availability of Iron for their own and plants consumption. Siderophores have a special role in the biological control activity of these bacteria against plant pathogens.
Siderophore production was checked in 21 indigenous Pseudomonads strains, two reference strains and one Bacillus sp. strain by qualitative CAS-Agar, semi-quantitative CAS-AD and quantitative spectrophotometric methods.
Colony growth in some of isolates such as UTPF93 has been inhibited in CAS-Agar method because of the detergent compound HDTMA. So, siderophore production was low in these strains. All strains produced siderophore by the CAS-AD method. The highest and the lowest siderophore production were recorded in UTPF76 and UTPF45 with 1.005 and 0.0026 mM of defroxamin equivalent, respectively. The Pyoverdine mutant strain MPFM1 and the Bacillus sp. strain also produce low amounts of siderophore in two recent methods. So, these methods are non-selective to the type of siderophore. In quantitative method only Pyoverdine type siderophore was detectable and the strains MPFM1 and Bacillus sp. did not produce this type of siderophore. The highest amount of pyoverdine was recorded in non-indigenous strain 7NSK2 with 625.29 mM/L followed by UTPF65, UTPF81 and UTPF87.
Discussion and CAS-AD was the best method for total siderophore measurement and spectrophotometric was the accurate and efficient method for detection of pyoverdine type siderophore in fluorescent pseudomonads.

Biological control of soil-borne diseases of plants has received serious attention among plant pathologists in recent years. In this regard, Rhizobacteria, more specifically fluorescent pseudomonads are known as an effective biocontrol of plant diseases. Pseudomonas spp. are promising agents to manage the disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Pythium aphanidermatum. In this study, we screened 81 bacterial isolates from cucumber rhizosphere for their antagonistic effects against the pathogens using dual culture method and investigating their ability to produce inhibiting volatile metabolites. Results indicated that isolates 19C, 21B, 24A, 33B, 33C, 38A, 42D, and 43C had significant inhibitory effects on the pathogens and their volatile metabolites significantly reduced the mycelial growth of the pathogens in comparison with controls. In greenhouse trials, isolates 19C and 24A reduced disease index of Pythium aphanidermatum more than 70% and that of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum more than 60% compared with controls. The isolates 19C, 24A, 33B, and 33C were able to produce protease. Isolate 19C was able to produce surfactin and isolates 33B and 33C were able to produce hydrogen cyanide. Molecular identification of isolates was conducted based on partial sequence of 16srDNA amplified by specific primers fD1 and rD1 thereby the isolates showed significant homology with Pseudomonas spp., Stenotrophomonas spp. and Flavobacterium spp.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an important plant pathogenic fungi. Biocontrol agents such as Bacillus spp are promising to manage the disease caused by this fungi. In this study, we isolated 63 strains of Bacillus spp from cucumber rhizosphere based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristic. The antagonistic activity of isolates were assessed using dual culture method and the producing of volatile metabolites against pathogen. The isolates Ba17¡ Ba24¡ Ba14 and Ba29b showed the most inhibitory effects against the pathogen in dual culture method. Volatile metabolites of isolates Ba21, Ba29c, Ba10b, Ba17, Ba29b, Ba9c and Ba12a, reduced mycelial growth of the pathogen 87.14, 84.85, 83.42, 82.42, 79.14, 79.14 and 77.71%, respectively and had a significant difference with control. In greenhouse trails, isolates Ba17 ¡Ba21¡ Ba10b¡ Ba29c and Ba14 decreased the disease index of Sclerotinia stem rot, significantly. The isolates of Ba29c, Ba10b, Ba17, Ba29b, Ba24 were able to produce protease. The Isolates of Ba29c, Ba10b and Ba21 were able to produce surfactin. Molecular identification of isolates with antagonistic activity against this pathogen by partial sequencing of 16S rDNA gen which amplificated with specific primers fD1 and rD1 was performed. The isolates had homology with Bacillus cereus, B. licheniformis, B. endophyticus and Lysinibacillus sp.

Clinical Grand Rounds method is a common clinical training in most of university hospitals. Its purpose is to provide an opportunity for students to link their practical realities to theoretical ones. The study purpose was to compare the views of trainees, interns, residents, and teachers about grand rounds method at Iran University Medical Sciences in Iran.
This study is descriptive analytical performed on 237 individuals including trainees, interns assistant, and professors of teaching hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences using census method. The designed questionnaire used Likert type multiple-choice questions. The data were analyzed through SPSS v.21.
The results showed that 29.4% of interns and externs showed assessed Grand Rounds training as very well and good, 36.3 as moderate and 34.3% of poor and very poor. But 62% of professors and residents’ assessment was very good and good, 27.6 moderate and 10.4% of poor and very poor. The quality of Grand Round based on type of participants’ ward was: interior1.89%, surgery 1.87%, pediatrics 1.87%, gynecology 2.1%, and also for their academic levels as interns1.85%, externs 1.82%, residents 1.92%, and for professors as 2.13%
The results showed that undergraduates’ attitude toward medical Grand Round is more negative than residents. The dissatisfaction of medical students of Grand Rounds was mostly due to lack of participation because of large number of students. Strengths of Grand Rounds include strengthen reasoning skills, improving decision making, scientific findings, motivating students in education, ethics and professional communication, and evidence-based medicine.

Trichoderma spp. are known as efficient plant growth promoting agents. Hence, enrichment of soil by appropriate population of Trichoderma is useful and important for effective plant growth promote. Present study aimed to investigate the plant growth promoting effects of five strains of the genus Trichoderma species include: Trichoderma harzianum Tr6, T. harzianum T22, T. asperellum T34, T. atroviride P1 and T. harzianum on cucumber and select the most efficient candidate under greenhouse conditions. Then this superior strain was applied in various soils including normal, phosphorus-defective soil, potassium-defective soil, alkaline soil, soil with two levels of salinity and acidic soil to evaluate the detailed effects on cucumber growth parameters under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that Trichoderma strain Tr6 led to statistically significant improvement in examined growth indices in soils suffering from salinity and potassium- and phosphorus deficiency. In view of stability of Trichoderma population in different soils, comparison of means showed that the highest population was achieved in acidic and normal soil and the lowest population occurred in the soils with high level of salinity and alkaline soils. Generally, we concluded that low Trichoderma population under some soil conditions is likely due to the lack of optimum condition for its growth and it can improve plant growth under these stressed soils by restoring its population by adding successful strains of Trichoderma to the soils.

In order to assess our skill in the tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty technique in children with hypospadias.
Material and Of 307 children (mean age 38 month) who received a TIP urethroplasty, all had primary hypospadias. Patients who were referred with complication were eliminated from our study. The hypospadias defects were subcoronal in 25 (8%), distal penile in 236 (76%), midpenile in 25 (8%), proximal in 14(4%) and unknown in 7(2%) cases. Chordee was present in 53 (17.2%) patients. Presence of complications requiring reoperation and overall general appearance was recorded.
The mean follow-up was 36 (19-72) months. Overall success rate was 70 % (215). Re-operation was required in 92 patients (30%): for urethrocutaneous fistula in 79 (26%), complete disruption of the repair in 2(0.6%) cases and meatal stenosis requiring meatoplasty in 12 (3%). Complete glans dehiscence occurred in 3 patients, which was repaired using the MAGPI technique. Partial breakdown of the glans occurred in 10 cases which did not require further surgery. One case had a huge urethral diverticulum.
This technique is relatively common compared to other accessible operations, but attention to details is necessary in order to achieve good results. It appears that complications, such as fistulas and meatal stenosis are more common in this method than other techniques, which require more research in the future.

There are numerous problems for using essential oil due to its low solubility in water, high vapor pressure and chemical and physical instability. Use of nano-emulsions is a good idea for decreasing side effect of the essential oils and enhance their efficiency as well as delivery to hot spot. In addition, nano-emulsion system make smaller size particles and increase stability and shelf-life of the active compounds to enhance their antimicrobial activity. In this study, nano-emulsion of essential oil of cinnamon (Cinammon zeylanicum) was prepared and their physicochemical characteristics were determined. The size particle of nano-emulsions was determined 115.33±3.97 nm. Various concentrations of emulsion and nano-emulsion as well as fungicides thiabendazole were studied to control of fruit rot fungi Rhizopus stolonifer and Botrytis cinerea on PDA medium and strawberry. Generally, there was no significant difference between emulsion and nano-emulsion of oil to inhibit fungal growth in PDA medium. Both of them could completely inhibit B. cinerea and R. stolonifer at 500 and 1000 µl/l respectively. There was significant difference between emulsion and nano-emulsion to reduce fruit spoilage decay on strawberry. The nano-emulsion showed stronger antifungal properties than emulsion to suppress fungal strawberry decay. At the concentrations of the 2:1000, there was no significant difference between thiabendazole with cinammon nano-emulsion to suppress Rhizopus fruit rot. However, nano-emulsions of cinnamon at the concentration 2:1000 as well as cinnamon at 1:1000 exhibited the best impact to control gray mold caused by B. cinerea. Nano-emulsion of cinnamon recommends for making natural fungicide.

One of the new methods in plant disease management is induced resistance. β- amino butyric acid (BABA) is a compounds that able to induce resistance in plants. In this study، induction of resistance by this compound against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radices-cucumerinum F42 on cucumber plants was studied. This compound significantly reduced severity of the disease through induced resistance. Quantitative analysis of the expression of LOX1and PR1 genes using QPCR was showed that PR1 gene was up regulated after challenging with pathogen in pretreated plants with BABA. This finding suggests the pathway implicated in the induction of resistance is dependent on salicylic acid. Evaluation of the expression of chitinase and beta-1، 3 - glucanase showed that BABA potentiated the expression of these genes upon challenging with pathogen.

Epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cells into embryonic stem cells has attracted much attention, because of the potential for stem cell transplantation and compatibility with recipient. However, the therapeutic application of either nuclear transfer or nuclear fusion of somatic cell has been hindered by technical complications as well as ethical objections. Recently, a new method is reported whereby ectopic expression of embryonic specific transcription factors was shown to induce fibroblasts to become embryonic like SCs (induced pluripotent stem cells). A major limitation of this method is the use of potentially harmful genome integrating viruses such as reto- or lentivirus. The main aim of this investigation was generation of human hematopoietic stem cells from induced fibroblasts by safe adenovectors carrying embryonically active genes. Isolated fibroblasts from foreskin were expanded and recombinant adenoviruses carrying human Sox2, Oct4, Klf4, cMyc genes were added to culture. After formation of embryonic like colonies and cell expansion, they were transferred to embryonic media without bFGF, and embryoid bodies were cultured on stromal and non-stromal differentiation media for 14 days. Expression of CD34 gene and antigenic markers, CD34, CD38 & CD133 in stromal culture showed significant difference with non-differentiation and non-stromal media. These findings show high hematopoietic differentiation rate of Adeno-iPS cells in stromal culture and no need to use growth factors. While, there was no difference between non-differentiation and non-stromal media.

Pasteuria penetrans is a bacterial parasite of some plant parasite of nematodes whichcan attach to the cuticle of nematode. Differences in attachment of P. penetrans spores to the second stag juvenile (J2) cuticle may provide evidence for nematode cuticle diversity even between different ages of J2s. For investigating this purpose, we studied the effect of different ages of the same population of Meloidogyne chitwoodi second stage juveniles (J2) on the attachment of a specific P. penetrans spores. Each 200 freshly hatched, 7 and 12 day old J2 were exposed to 40000 spores of P. penetrans. The J2s-spores suspension were centrifuged and were examined with a microscope and attached spores were counted. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in spore attachment between fresh M. chitwoodi J2 and 12-day-old J2. Although there were no significant differences between spore attachment using fresh J2 and 7day-old J2, the numbers of spores attached to the 7-day-old J2 were lower than the numbers attaching to the fresh ones. From this study we can suggest that age of J2s can affect on spores attachment and this may help to have a successful management program