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فهرست مطالب نویسنده:

hamid reza bidkhori

  • Halimeh Hassanzadeh, Ahmad Reza Bahrami, Hamidreza Bidkhori, Maryam M. Matin *
    Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a promising strategy in regenerative medicine. These cells can differentiate into chondrocytes, fibroblasts, or osteoblasts, essential components in bone healing. Dysregulated inflammation, resulting from a decreased or augmented immune response, can suppress bone healing. To overcome this problem, different strategies have been applied to improve the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potencies of MSCs. Several studies have explored the potential of using small molecules to enhance the process of bone formation and regeneration. In addition to the proven safety and efficacy of lithium in managing bipolar disorder over many years, it has been reported in several studies that it could potentially contribute to an increase in bone mass. Some have focused on the role of lithium chloride (LiCl) in activating the WNT/β-Catenin pathway, which is involved in the differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts. In this study, we evaluated the ability of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-MSCs) treated with LiCl to differentiate into bone cells. To assess osteogenesis, mineralization was evaluated in cells cultured in an osteogenic induction medium. In addition to checking the expression of genes related to bone formation, we also investigated the expression of several genes related to immunomodulation at the mRNA level. We observed that LiCl enhanced the osteogenesis of Ad-MSCs, as evidenced by an increase in mineralization and the enhanced expression of osteogenic markers. Moreover, the expression of cytokines, which promote the anti-inflammatory behavior of these cells, was augmented. These findings could potentially be clinically relevant to improving conditions associated with bone loss, such as osteopenia and osteoporosis.
    Keywords: Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Lithium Chloride, Osteogenesis, Bone Healing, Immunomodulation
  • Hamid Reza Bidkhori, Moein Farshchian, Halimeh Hasanzadeh, Reza Jafarzadeh Esfehani, Reihaneh Alsadat Mahmoudian, Mahdi Moradi Marjaneh, Houshang Rafatpanah *
    Objective

    The immunoregulatory properties of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) bring a promise for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, their ability to suppress the immune system is unstable. To enhance their effectiveness against immune responses, it may be necessary to manipulate MSCs. Although some dsRNA transcripts come from invading viruses, the majority of dsRNA has an endogenous origin and is known as endo-siRNA. DICER1 is a ribonuclease protein that can generate small RNAs to modulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. We aimed to evaluate the expression of several immune-related genes at mRNA and protein levels in MSCs overexpressing DICER1 exogenously.

    Materials and Methods

    In this comparative transcriptomic experimental study, the adipose-derived MSCs (Ad-MSCs) were transfected using the pCAGGS-Flag-hsDicer vector for the DICER1 overexpression. Following the RNA extraction, mRNA expression level of DICER1 and several inflammatory cytokines were examined. We performed a relative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and transcriptome analysis between two groups including DICER1- transfected MSCs and control MSCs. Moreover, media from the transfected MSCs were evaluated for various interferon response factors by ELISA.

    Results

    The overexpression of DICER1 is associated with a significant increase in the mRNA expression level of COX-2, DDX-58, IFIH1, MYD88, RNase L, TLR3/4, and TDO2 genes and a downregulation of the TSG-6 gene in MSCs. Moreover, the expression levels of IL-1, 6, 8, 17, 18, CCL2, INF-γ, TGF-β, and TNF-α were higher in the DICER1-transfected MSCs group.

    Conclusion

    It seems that the ectopic expression of DICER1 in Ad-MSCs is linked to alterations in the expression level of immune-related genes. It is suggested that the manipulation of immune-related pathways in MSCs via the Dicer1 overexpression could facilitate the development of MSCs with distinct immunoregulatory phenotypes.

    Keywords: DICER1, Immunomodulation, Mesenchymal Stromal, Stem Cells, RNA-Sequencing
  • HamidReza Bidkhori, Moein Farshchian, Mahboubeh Kazemi Noughabi, Halimeh Hassanzadeh, Houshang Rafatpanah *
    Objective (s)

    The B18R protein encoded by the Vaccinia virus decoys Type 1 interferons and inhibits the activity of several type I IFN members. In vitro transcription protocols benefit from this molecule’s involvement in enhancing cell viability by inhibiting interferon signal transduction. As a result of their immunomodulatory properties and potential to regenerate, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are increasingly considered an alternative treatment for a wide range of immune disorders. In this study, we investigated the modification of expression of several genes involved in immune-related pathways after preconditioning MSCs with two immune stimuli, including poly(I:C) and LPS. 

    Materials and Methods

    ASCs were isolated and primed with B18R, and after exposure to poly(I:C) and LPS, the expression of the same sets of genes as in the previous experiment was evaluated. Following total RNA isolation from primed cells and cDNA preparation, real-time quantitative PCR was performed for several immunomodulatory and immune-related genes, including IDO1, TDO2, COX-2, TGF-β1, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, TLR3, TLR4, and MCP-1. 

    Results

    Pretreatment of MSCs with poly(I:C) and LPS significantly increased the expression of all mentioned genes, while upon the B18R challenge followed by poly(I:C) and LPS treatment, they were down-regulated. Finally, it was observed that the relative expression level of IFN-β has significantly decreased in MSCs+B18R+poly(I:C) and LPS in comparison with these groups without B18R.

    Conclusion

    The data indicated that the presence of B18R prevents the overexpression of several immune-related genes, which are overexpressed in the in vitro inflammatory environment.

    Keywords: B18R, Gene expression, Immune-related genes, Interleukin, Lipopolysaccharide, Mesenchymal stromal cells, poly(I:C)
  • Reza Jafarzadeh Esfehani, Mohammad Shariati, Ariane Sadr Nabavi, HamidReza Bidkhori

    Relative internet search volumes (RSV) is now being consider as a measurement of awareness for most of the trending topics. During the recent coronavirus disease (COVID‑19) outbreak, many researchers used the RSVs to interpret the population responses to the pandemic in various ways. By using the RSVs searched by Persian language people, we demonstrated that the Iranian people increased their knowledge and awareness of COVID‑19 during the early phases of the disease before the first peak. However, their relative searches about the COVID‑19 and its clinical symptoms decreased gradually despite of the gradual rise of the confirmed cases. Their less tendency to seek information about the COVID‑19 could be one of the possible explanation for the increasing number of confirmed cases even several days after easing the disease related lockdown.

    Keywords: Awareness, COVID‑19, internet
  • سسچیده سادات حسینی، شادی مهرزاد، حلیمه حسن زاده، محبوبه کاظمی، ناصر سنجر موسوی، مجید مومنی مقدم، حمیدرضا بیدخوری *، معین فرشچیان

    سلول های بنیادی مزانشیمی برای درمان اختلالات مختلف ایمنی به کار رفته‌اند. کشت طولانی مدت این سلول‌ها در شرایط برون‌تنی باعث کاهش کارکرد درمانی آنها می‌شود. پیش تیمار سلول‌های بنیادی مزانشیمی با برخی مواد شیمیایی در محیط آزمایشگاهی می تواند این محدودیت را تاحدی برطرف نماید. در این مطالعه سلول‌های بنیادی مزانشیمی مشتق از بافت چربی با hCG که یک هورمون گلیکوپروتیینی است و ویتامین E که آنتی اکسیدانت است، پیش تیمار شدند و خصوصیت تعدیل ایمنی این سلول ها پس از پیش تیمار بررسی شد. برای این منظور، برای جداسازی سلول‌های بنیادی مزانشیمی مشتق از چربی از ضایعات عمل لیپوساکشن استفاده شد. ابتدا سلول‌ها با با لیپوپلی‌ساکارید القاء شدند. سپس با 10 واحد بین‌المللی hCG و 600 میکرومول از ویتامین E برای مدت 24 ساعت تیمار شدند. بیان ژن‌های TSG-6، COX-2، IL-1β و IL-6 در سطح mRNA در دو گروه تیمارشده و کنترل بررسی شد. برای ارزیابی عمکرد سلو ل‌های تیمارشده، هم‌کشتی با سلول های تک‌هسته‌ای خون محیطی (PBMC) انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که پیش تیمار با hCG و ویتامین E موجب بیان کمتر ژن‌های پیش‌التهابی COX-2، IL-1β و IL-6 شد. درحالیکه بیان TSG-6 افزایش معنی‌داری نداشت. همچنین هم‌کشتی سلول‌های دو گروه با PBMC نشان داد میزان PBMC در گروه تیمارشده به شکل معنی‌داری کمتر است. این نتایج نشان داد پیش تیمار سلول‌های بنیادی مزانشیمی مشتق از بافت چربی با hCG و ویتامین E می‌تواند باعث افزایش خصوصیت تعدیل ایمنی این سلو ل‌ها شود.

    کلید واژگان: تعدیل ایمنی, سلول های بنیادی مزانشیمی, پیش تیمار, ویتامین hCG, E
    Sepideh sadat Hosseini, Shadi Mehrzad, Halimeh Hassanzadeh, Mahboubeh Kazemi, Nasser Sanjar moussavi, Madjid Momeni Moghaddam, HamidReza Bidkhori*, Moein Farshchian

    Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) have been applied to modulate various immune-mediated conditions. Prolonged culture of MSCs in vitro reduces their therapeutic efficacy. Pretreatment of the cells with some chemical agents during in vitro expansion could overcome this limitation. This study intended to determine whether pretreatment of adipose-derived MSCs (ASCs) with Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), a glycoprotein hormone, and Vitamin E, an antioxidant, will improve their immunomodulatory ability. In this regard, ASCs were harvested from human processed lipoaspirate. LPS-induced ASCs were preconditioned with 1 mg of hCG and 600 µM of vitamin E for 24h. TSG-6, COX-2, IL-1β, and IL-6 were assessed at the mRNA level in preconditioned and control groups. ASCs were also co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro to determine the functionality of these cells. Results showed that hCG and vitamin E significantly downregulate the pro-inflammatory COX-2, IL-1β, and IL-6 gene expression, while they did not significantly increase TSG-6 expression. Besides, the co-culturing of pretreated ASCs with PBMCs demonstrated that the amount of PBMCs in treated groups (with hCG and vitamin E) was significantly lower than in control groups. These findings revealed that the preconditioning of ASCs with hCG and vitamin E might enhance their immunoregulatory capacity.

    Keywords: hCG, Immune regulation, ASCs, pretreatment, stem cells, Vitamin E
  • Reza Jafarzadeh-Esfehani, Mohsen Mirzaei Fard, Farzaneh Habibi Hatam-Ghale, Alireza Rezaei Kalat, Amir Fathi, Mohammad Shariati, Ariane Sadr-Nabavi, Rahele Miri, Hamid Reza Bidkhori*, Mohammad Hassan Aelami

    Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now of global concern due to its rapid dissemination across the globe. The rapid spread of this viral infection, along with many of its unknown aspects, has posed new challenges to the health care systems. The main challenging effects of COVID-19 are rapid dissemination through close contact and varying clinical severity among different individuals. Furthermore, the medical staff in endemic areas are becoming exhausted and deal with a considerable level of job burnout, which can negatively affect their medical decision making. Also, due to the variable pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19, some physicians may misdiagnose patients. To overcome these issues, we proposed a web-based software to aid physicians in detecting possible COVID-19 cases through online consultation with different specialists and educate the not-well experienced physicians. Our results demonstrated that this software could improve the diagnostic rate for not-well experienced physicians.

    Keywords: Coronavirus, Pandemics, Telemedicine
  • Shadi Mehrzad, Sepideh sadat Hosseini, Madjid Momeni Moghaddam, Moein Farshchian, Halimeh Hassanzadeh, Mahdi Mirahmadi, Fatemeh Sadeghifar*, Hamid Reza Bidkhori*

    species (ROS)) and antioxidants in cells. Several studies have shown that there is a close relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation at the sites of injury. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are exposed to endogenous and exogenous oxidants generated during their ex vivo expansion or following in vivo transplantation. α-tocopherol (vitamin E) is a fat-soluble compound known for its anti-oxidant and antiinflammatory properties. In many studies, the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin E have been observed in vivo. This study aimed to determine whether pretreatment of MSCs with antioxidants like vitamin E, will enhance the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of these cells. For this purpose, adiposederived MSCs (ASCs) were treated with vitamin E (600 µM) for 48 h. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) experiments were performed to evaluate the expression of genes related to inflammation (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-10) or immunomodulation (TSG-6, COX-2, TDO2, TGF-β1). Results indicated that vitamin E significantly increased the expression of COX-2, TSG-6, and IL-1β genes at the mRNA level compared with the control group, while it significantly decreased IL-6 and TGF-β expressions. No effect was observed for IL-17, IL-10, and TDO2 genes. These results suggest that in vitro preconditioning of ASCs with vitamin E may allow the cells to improve their anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory capacities. Vitamin E pretreatment could lead to the improvement of their therapeutic abilities in conditions that are influenced by oxidative stress.

    Keywords: Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Vitamin E, Immunomodulation, Oxidative stress, Preconditioning
  • Sepideh sadat Hosseini, Shadi Mehrzad, Halimeh Hassanzadeh, Hamid Reza Bidkhori, Mahdi Mirahmadi, Madjid Momeni Moghaddam, Fatemeh Sadeghifar, Moein Farshchian*

    Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) as one of the most important types of adult stem cells secrete a variety of immunomodulatory cytokines. However, their immunomodulatory features strongly depend on the molecular cross-talk between cells and the surrounding microenvironment. Hence, some strategies were proposed to empower their beneficial effects during cell-therapeutic procedures to avoid confusing results. Licensing the cells with chemical compounds could be considered as one of the most applicable methods for induction of anti-inflammatory status in the cells. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a pregnancy related hormone which has been shown to be essential for the establishment of a successful pregnancy. HCG supports the implantation of fetus in the maternal endometrium, due to its immunomodulatory effects. Moreover, the regulatory role of hCG has been previously mentioned in case of some autoimmune-based diseases. In the present study, the capacity of this hormone for induction of different immuneencountered genes expression was examined in primary cultures of human adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-MSCs). In this regard, Ad-MSCs were exposed to 10 IU of hCG for 72 hours. Molecular studies via quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) experiments were performed to detect gene expression modifications based on the application of SYBR Green as the fluorescent dye and in comparison to the RPLP0 as the housekeeping gene. Results confirmed that hCG significantly upregulated TSG-6, TGF-β1, IL-1β and IL-6 expression levels comparing with the control group, while it downregulates COX-2 expression, and had no statistically significant effects on IL-10 and TDO2. In conclusion, priming Ad-MSCs with hCG may enhance the proliferation and immunoregulatory potential of these cells, although it needs further investigations to reveal involved molecular pathways.

    Keywords: Mesenchymal stem cells, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Pregnancy, Immunomodulation, Pretreatment
  • Shahrzad Havakhah, Mojtaba Sankian, Gholam Hosein Kazemzadeh, Kayvan Sadri, Hamid Reza Bidkhori, Hojjat Naderi-Meshkin, Alireza Ebrahimzadeh Bideskan, Saeed Niazmand, Ahmad Reza Bahrami, Abolfazl Khajavirad *
    Objective(s)
    Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) as a severe condition of acute kidney injury (AKI) is the most common clinical problem with high mortality rates of 35-60% deaths in hospital. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) due to unique regenerative characteristics are ideal candidates for the treatment of the ischemic injuries. This work is focused on the administration of MSC to IRI-induced AKI Wistar rats and evaluating their significance in AKI treatment.
    Material and
    Methods
    Animals underwent surgical procedure and AKI was induced by 40 min bilateral renal pedicle clamping. Immediately after reperfusion, 2×106 rat bone marrow derived MSCs were injected via intra-parenchymal or intra-aortic route.
    Results
    Animals subjected to AKI after days 1 and 3 showed significant increase in the serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration along with a declined glomerular filtration rate (GFR) when compared with non-ischemic animals. On the other hand, treated animals showed a significant enhanced regeneration as compared to ischemic animals in both administration route groups.
    Conclusion
    According to the results concluded from the renoprotective effects of MSC in IRI/AKI, MSCs could be considered as promising therapeutic approach for AKI in clinical applications.
    Keywords: Acute kidney injury, Acute renal failure, Bone marrow, derived mesenchymal stem cell, Cell transplantation, Ischemic kidney injury, Rat
  • Sanaz Ahmadi Ghezeldasht, Mohammad Reza Hedayati Moghaddam, Khosro Shamsian, Farhad Fathimoghadam, Hamid Reza Bidkhori, Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
    Background
    Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is one of the major blood-borne infections worldwide. HCV carriers may develop chronic hepatitis leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There is no overall estimate of the infection prevalence in the northeast of Iran. We have performed this research in order to determine accurately the prevalence and risk factors of HCV infection among general population in Mashhad.
    Methods
    During 2009, 1678 people between 1 to 90 yr old with the mean age of 29.1±18.5 yr were selected randomly by multistage sampling from different geographical regions of the city proportionate to sex and age distribution of population in 2006 census. ELISA was used to screen for antibodies and RT-PCR tested the positive samples.
    Results
    HCV infection was detected in 7/1654 cases; overall prevalence of the infection was 0.42% (95%CI: 0.17-0.87%), 0.80% and 0.11% among males and females, respectively (P= 0.051). One HCV-infected subject was also positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), however, no cases showed HIV or HTLV seropositivity.
    Conclusion
    In comparison with similar studies, the prevalence of HCV infection in Mashhad is low.
    Keywords: HCV infection, Prevalence, General population, Iran
  • Naghmeh Ahmadiankia, Hamid Kalalian Moghaddam, Mohammad Amir Mishan, Ahmad Reza Bahrami, Hojjat Naderi, Meshkin, Hamid Reza Bidkhori, Maryam Moghaddam, Seyed Jamal Aldin Mirfeyzi
    Objective(s)
    Berberine is one of the main alkaloids and it has been proven to have different pharmacological effects including inhibition of cell cycle and progression of apoptosis in various cancerous cells; however, its effects on cancer metastasis are not well known. Cancer cells obtain the ability to change their chemokine system and convert into metastatic cells. In this study, we examined the effect of berberine on breast cancer cell migration and its probable interaction with the chemokine system in cancer cells.
    Materials And Methods
    The MCF-7 breast cancer cell line was cultured, and then, treated with berberine (10, 20, 40 and 80 μg/ml) for 24 hr. MTT assay was used in order to determine the cytotoxic effect of berberine on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Wound healing assay was applied to determine the inhibitory effect of berberine on cell migration. Moreover, real-time quantitative PCR analysis of selected chemokine receptors was performed to determine the probable molecular mechanism underlying the effect of berberine on breast cancer cell migration.
    Results
    The results of wound healing assay revealed that berberine decreases cell migration. Moreover, we found that the mRNA levels of some chemokine receptors were reduced after berberine treatment, and this may be the underlying mechanism for decreased cell migration.
    Conclusion
    Our results indicate that berberine might be a potential preventive biofactor for human breast cancer metastasis by targeting chemokine receptor genes.
    Keywords: Anticancer agents, Breast cancer, Berberine, Chemokine receptors, Metastasis
  • Hamid Reza Bidkhori, Naghmeh Ahmadiankia, Maryam Moghaddam Matin, Asieh Heirani Tabasi, Moein Farshchian, Hojjat Naderi, Meshkin, Mina Shahriyari, Mahtab Dastpak, Ahmad Reza Bahrami
    Objective(s)
    The limited homing potential of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) is the key obstacle in MSC-based therapy. It is believed that chemokines and chemokine receptor interactions play key roles in cellular processes associated with migration. Meanwhile, MSCs express a low level of distinct chemokine receptors and they even lose these receptors on their surface after a few passages which influence their therapeutic applications negatively. This study investigated whether treatment of BM-MSCs with hypoxia-mimicking agents would increase expression of some chemokine receptors and cell migration.
    Materials And Methods
    BM-MSCs were treated at passage 2 for our gene expression profiling. All qPCR experiments were performed by SYBR Green method in CFX-96 Bio-Rad Real-Time PCR. The Boyden chamber assay was utilized to investigate BM-MSC homing.
    Results
    Possible approaches to increasing the expression level of chemokine receptors by different hypoxia-mimicking agents such as valproic acid (VPA), CoCl2, and desferrioxamine (DFX) are described. Results show DFX efficiently up-regulate the CXCR7 and CXCR4 gene expression while VPA increase only the CXCR7 gene expression and no significant change in expression level of CXCR4 and the CXCR7 gene was detectable by CoCl2 treatment. Chemotaxis assay results show that pre-treatment with DFX, VPA, and Cocl2 enhances significantly the migration ability of BM-MSCs compared with the untreated control group and DFX treatment accelerates MSCs homing significantly with a higher rate than VPA and Cocl2 treatments.
    Conclusion
    Our data supports the notion that pretreatment of MSC with VPA and DFX improves the efficiency of MSC therapy by triggering homing regulatory signaling pathways.
    Keywords: CXCR4, CXCR7, CoCl2, Desferrioxamine, MSC, Chemical treatment, Homing, Valproic acid
  • Rahele Miri, Sanaz Ahmadi Ghezeldasht, MohamadReza Hedayati Moghadam, Farhad Fathimoghadam, Hamidreza Bidkhori, Seyed Aliakbar Shamsian, Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
    Background

    Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide, mostly in developing countries.

    Objectives

    This population-based survey was performed to investigate HAV seroprevalence in Mashhad, northeast of Iran.

    Patients and Methods

    A cross-sectional study was performed on 1563 randomly selected individuals from general population of Mashhad, Iran, between May and September 2009. Serum samples were tested for total anti-HAV antibodies using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Data was analyzed using SPSS ver. 18.0 by Chi-square and Student’s t-Tests.

    Results

    Seroprevalence of HAV infection was 69.6% (95% CI: 67.3-71.9%) with no difference between males and females. Anti-HAV seropositivity increased with rising age from 9.4% in subjects younger than 5 years to 100.0% in individuals older than 65 years old (P < 0.001).

    Conclusions

    As it was previously reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) on HAV infection in the country, this study revealed a high prevalence of HAV infection in Mashhad.

    Keywords: Hepatitis A Virus, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Iran
  • Iman Eftekharzadeh, Mashhadi, Mohammad Reza Hedayati, Moghaddam, Farhad Fathimoghadam, Hamid Reza Bidkhori, Seyed Khosro Shamsian
    Anemia is one of the main conditions that impose an adverse impact on the socioeconomic state of any country; however, evidence on the prevalence of anemia is scant in Northeastern Iran. This study was conducted to determine the overall and age- and sex-specific prevalence of anemia in the city of Mashhad, Iran. In a cross-sectional, population-based survey, 1675 individuals aged 1-90 years (29.1±18.5 years) were selected from approximately 2.4 million residents by a multistage cluster sampling method during May to September 2009. Blood samples were evaluated to determine erythrocyte indices and anemia was defined according to hemoglobin (Hb) levels based on World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The prevalence of anemia was 9.7% with considerable difference between both sexes; 6.2% and 12.7% in males and females, respectively (P<0.001). The higher prevalence of anemia was detected in females of 15-54 and ≥ 65 years old (16% and 12.5%, respectively). However, the higher rates were observed in males 65 years and older as well as boys below 5 years old (16.3% and 14.6%, respectively). Current findings show that anemia is a considerable public health problem in the population of Mashhad, Iran, especially among the pre-school children, adult women and the elderly. Great attention should be paid to the pre-school boys who are more affected by anemia than what was previously assumed.
    Keywords: Anemia, Prevalence, Public Health, Iran
  • هوشنگ رفعت پناه، محمدرضا هدایتی مقدم*، فرهاد فتحی مقدم، حمیدرضا بیدخوری، سید خسرو شمسیان، ساناز احمدی، لیلا سوقندی، محمود رضا آذرپژوه، عبدالرحیم رضایی، رضا فریدحسینی، نرگس ولی زاده، علی بازارباشی
    مقدمه

    شمال شرقی ایران، به ویژه شهر مشهد، از نواحی اندمیک ویروس لنفوتروپیک سلول های T انسانی نوع 1 (Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 یا HTLV-1) می باشد؛ اما در مورد شیوع نوع 2 ویروس (HTLV-II) در این منطقه، اطلاعات کافی موجود نیست. این مطالعه ی توصیفی- تحلیلی با هدف تعیین شیوع عفونت HTLV-II با روش Nested polymerase chain reaction (Nested PCR) در جمعیت عمومی مشهد صورت گرفت.

    روش ها

    1678 نفر از جمعیت عمومی شهر مشهد با روش نمونه گیری خوشه ایچندمرحله ای انتخاب شدند. نمونه ی خون افراد برای شناسایی آنتی بادی های ضد HTLV با روش Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) بررسی شد و سپس به منظور تایید آلودگی با HTLV-II، ژن TAX و ناحیه ی Long terminal repeat (LTR) ویروس با استفاده از پرایمرهای اختصاصی با روش Nested PCR بررسی شد.

    یافته ها

    از 1678 نفر، امکان گرفتن نمونه ی سرم در 1654 مورد فراهم گردید که تعداد 56 مورد (4/3 درصد) از نظر آنتی بادی های ضد HTLV با روش Elisa مثبت بودند. در تمامی موارد مثبت، آزمایش Nested PCR برای پروویروس HTLV-II انجام شد که هیچ یک از نمونه ها از نظر عفونت با نوع 2 ویروس، مثبت نبود.

    نتیجه گیری

    یافته های این مطالعه نشان دهنده ی عدم وجود عفونت HTLV-II در جمعیت عمومی مشهد می باشد. با این وجود، پیشنهاد می گردد، شیوع این ویروس در گروه های پرخطر، به ویژه معتادین تزریقی، این منطقه بررسی گردد.

    کلید واژگان: عفونت(Human T, cell lymphotropic virus type II HTLV, II), شیوع, مشهد, ایران
    Houshang Rafatpanah, Mohammad Reza Hedayati-Moghaddam, Farhad Fathimoghadam, Hamid Reza Bidkhori, Seyed Khosro Shamsian, Sanaz Ahmadi, Leila Sohgandi, Mahmoud Reza Azarpazhooh, Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee, Reza Farid, Narges Valizadeh, Ali Bazarbachi
    Background

    Northeastern Iran، particularly Mashhad city، is an endemic area for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) infection; although، there is no data available on the prevalence of HTLV-II in this region. This descriptive-analytical study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HTLV-II using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method in general population of Mashhad.

    Methods

    From general population of Mashhad، 1678 individuals were selected using multistage cluster sampling. Serum samples were tested for the presence of HTLV antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay. To confirm HTLV-II infection، TAX gene and long terminal repeat (LTR) region were amplified using designed specific primers by nested PCR method.

    Findings

    From 1678 individuals، 1654 serum samples were taken، of which، 56 were positive for HTLV antibodies via ELISA method. All reactive samples were examined by nested PCR for the presence of HTLV-II provirus. None of the cases were positive for HTLV-II infection.

    Conclusion

    The results of present study demonstrate no evidence of HTLV-II infection in the general population of Mashhad. However، it is recommended to investigate the prevalence of the virus among high-risk groups، specially injecting drug users in this region.

    Keywords: HTLV, II infection, Prevalence, Mashhad, Iran
  • Mahdi Mirahmadi, Asieh Heirani-Tabasi, Halimeh Hassanzadeh, Mandana Pishbin, Hamid Reza Bidkhori, Hojjat Naderi-Meshkin
    Preconditioning (PC), is an approach to improve therapeutic potential of stem cells against ischemic environment. PC has several advantages over other therapeutic techniques as this results in increase of transplanted stem cells recruitment, retention, survival and subsequently the induction of a more supportive environment within the damaged tissue via secretion of angiogenic factors. Special attention is needed to recognize new materials, compounds, and conditions to assess the feasibility of PC for being applied in clinics to treat the ischemic diseases.
    Keywords: stem cell preconditioning, cardiovascular diseases, ischemic heart diseases, progenitor cells
  • Sanaz Ahmadi Ghezeldasht, Rahele Miri, Mohamadreza Hedayatimoghadam, Aliakbar Shamsian, Hamidreza Bidkhori, Fahad Fathimoghadam, Seyyed. Abdorrahim. Rezaee
    Background
    Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) infection is a significant public health concern and responsible for large outbreaks of acute hepatitis in poor sanitary and living conditions..
    Objectives
    To investigate the impact of population movements on virus spreading, a large-scale population-based survey was performed in a pilgrimage- tourism area, the great Mashhad, capital city of Khorasan province..Patients and
    Methods
    A cross-sectional study was carried out among 1582 randomly selected individuals from general population of Mashhad, north east of Iran, between May to September 2009. Serum samples were tested for total anti-HEV antibody using a specific enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) kit..
    Results
    The prevalence of HEV infection was 14.2% (225/1582) with a maximum of 25.5 % (14/55) in densely populated areas. The highest prevalence was observed in visitant areas (≥ 20%) near the holly shrine with crowded hotels and inns. The differences between these areas and other districts were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The findings indicated that 13.2% (95/718) of males and 15.0% (130/864) of females were HEV positive; this difference is not significant. Seroprevalence increases with age rising, from 12.8% in subjects less than five years to 28.6% in individuals with more than 65 years old. Although, there were no meaningful differences between HEV seropositivity and socio-economic status, Illiterate individuals were significantly at higher risk for infection than educated persons (P < 0.001)..
    Conclusions
    These findings demonstrated that, high prevalence of HEV is related to populated district, which can reach to the highest rate in hotels and inns close to visitants. Traditional sanitation and water supplying systems are the second important factor for the virus transmission. Therefore, it can be concluded that such areas need efficient surveillance systems to prevent the spreading of infectious diseases..
    Keywords: Hepatitis E Virus_Population_Viruses
  • Houshang Rafatpanah, Farhad Fathimoghadam, Majid Shahabi, Iman Eftekharzadeh, Mohammadreza Hedayati, Moghaddam, Narges Valizadeh, Mohsen Tadayon, Seyyed Aliakbar Shamsian, Hamidreza Bidkhori, Raheleh Miri, Ali Bazarbachi
    Objective(s)
    Although HTLV-I infection is endemic in different geographical parts of the world including Northeast of Iran, there have been no documents of HTLV-II infection in this region. It is reported that one possible reason for seroindeterminate state in HTLV western blot is HTLV-II virus. This study aimed to investigate the presence of HTLV-II among blood donors with seroindeterminate western blot results.
    Materials And Methods
    Three ml whole blood obtained from 50 blood donors referring to Mashhad Blood Transfusion Organization who had reactive Elisa for HTLV-I and seroindeterminate HTLV western blot state. A conventional PCR was applied to detect HTLV-I provirus using specific primers while a nested PCR was designed with specific external and internal primers for the detection of HTLV-II.
    Results
    The average age of participants, 39 males and 11 females, was 37.12± 14.36 years. The average OD of the Elisa assay was 1.767± 1.195. The most common indeterminate patterns were Rgp46-II alone (n=12, 27.3%), Rgp46-I alone (n=7, 15.9%), and Rgp46-I with GD21 (n=7, 15.9%).After introducing the DNA to the PCR tests, results revealed 10 (20%) HTLV-I PCR positive samples while no HTLV-II positive sample was detected by nested PCR. There were no significant age, blood group, Optical Density of the Elisa assay, and western blot indeterminate pattern differences between HTLV-I PCR positive and negative samples.
    Conclusion
    No HTLV-II positive sample was detected in this study which confirms the absence of HTLV-II infection in this region. However, high frequency of HTLV-I PCR positive samples among the seroindeterminate cases implies on the important role of molecular techniques for further confirmation of the infection.
    Keywords: HTLV, I HTLV, II Iran, Mashhad PCR Seroindeterminate Western blot
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