hamid reza sabaghi

Public spaces of cities are among the most significant places for the formation of social interactions and the emergence of collective memories. Urban regeneration is one of the most important ways to revitalize or create new public spaces in urban contexts. This study uses comparative analysis of the public spaces created in the process of urban regeneration in Tehran and Paris. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology, that uses a comparative analysis approach. In this research, data has been collected using library resources, documentary research and field observations method. TOPSIS technique has been used for data analysis. Findings suggest that the role of physical and activity related factors in improving the quality of public spaces (with a score of 0.186), stands out among other factors associated with urban regeneration. So that public spaces generated from urban regeneration in Paris are of higher quality than public spaces in Tehran. It seems necessary to have a specific plan for Tehran in this regard.

Urban spaces cannot be considered only as a natural structure in the framework of the historical growth and development of cities. Rather, these spaces are always organized and reproduced through various factors such as capital, politics, ideology and society. This is despite the fact that today, due to the dominance of capital-oriented policies on urban spaces, the social dimensions of space production have been neglected. In such a city, the rights of citizens in influencing the spaces of daily life have been marginalized. In contrast to this common thinking, critical urban theories have been formed based on the fundamental criticism of these approaches and the disclosure of the main factors that exclude citizens from urban spaces. Therefore, this article, with a fundamental approach and by adopting a descriptive-analytical method and by using qualitative and critical analyzes based on critical urban theories, by explaining the spatial dialectic in relation to the effects of politics, capital and society in the production of space, tries to reveal the roots of the deprivation of the contemporary urban society. By applying the concept of the right to the city, we argue that strategies based on the social will of city residents can be presented against these attitudes governing the urban space, and we also believe that urban praxis as a social action will play an effective role in the urban space by responding to the demands of an urban society in order to achieve the social benefits of citizens.

Since the 1970s, with the turn of industrial-production capitalism to financial capitalism under the process of globalization and in sync with neoliberal approaches, global cities have witnessed the influx of capital to accumulate and reproduce it in their spaces.This movement of capital from the production sector to space has caused the spatial structure of cities to undergo extensive changes in their spatial, physical, economic, social and environmental dimensions. The consequences of privatization and commercialization of the public spaces of cities in order to reproduce as much capital as possible and space competition and polarization of space can be considered as the result of applying such attitudes. In contrast to this prevailing thinking, urban critical theories have been formed based on the fundamental criticism of these approaches and the explanation of the root causes of problems and the consequences of these approaches on urban spaces. This research, with a fundamental approach and a descriptive, analytical method, and using documentary and library studies through qualitative analysis from the perspective of critical urban theories, explains the spatial structure of Tehran and the effects of capital rule on its spaces. And in the process of spatial data analysis, it uses a spatial model (GIS). The findings of this research show that the metropolis of Tehran, both in terms of urban development plans and urban management policies, has been significantly affected by these capital-oriented approaches. And it has faced challenges such as profit-oriented urban management, polarization of the physical and social structures of the 22 districts of the city, commodification of housing, exchange of land and real estate in the open market, change of use and privatization of space.

 In recent decades, the increase in the world's population, especially in urban areas, has created many complications and problems in various fields. Among them, risks are one of the most critical issues in urban planning and design to manage crisis and vulnerability, reduce risk, and increase safety and quality of life. Considering the fundamental importance of culture and its role in today's world and the existing moral and cultural approaches, cultural development in the current world seems necessary and unavoidable. Therefore, one of the essential requirements to deal with the practical issues of residential contexts in cities is to explain the concept of resilience and consequently strengthen these contexts in the face of possible accidents and hazards.

 The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study was the citizens living in deteriorated fabrics of the 7th district of Tehran. The sample was estimated to be 200 participants selected were random. The data of this research has been collected through library documents and questionnaires. The questionnaire includes 45 questions and six subscales of social interactions, neighborhood identity, a sense of belonging to the place, social participation, citizenship education, and security. Finally, the overall scale of social resilience is calculated from the average scores of 6 subscales. SPSS and PLS statistical software were used to analyze the data.

 After examining the main hypotheses of the research, it was concluded that the state of social resilience in the worn-out context of the target area is in a disordered state, with six components of social interactions, social Participate, sense of belonging to the place, citizenship education, neighborhood identity, security was measured. In the following, the sub-hypothesis was tested, and the result showed that social interactions and social participation are essential factors in the disordered state of social resilience in the worn-out context of the 7th district of Tehran.

 In this research, according to the investigations, it was shown that the residents of these neighborhoods, despite the emotional bond with the area and the desire for freedom in choosing the type of relationships, the desire to continue living in these neighborhoods and having emotion ties with the area, decrease and change. They follow their relationships and have freedom in choosing their relationships. This research emphasizes the necessity of paying attention to the social resilience of the deteriorated urban fabrics in residential neighborhoods of District 7 in policy-making and planning; This means that in addition to increasing the number of social interactions and social partnerships between residents. In the following steps, we should prioritize the training of citizens to prepare the residents of deteriorated fabrics neighborhoods against any crisis. In the next stages, holding maneuvers, will affect the reduction of vulnerability. Also, in medium-term planning, measures such as incentive policies for retrofitting, resource management, and making timely and appropriate decisions during and after the crisis are necessary.

The present study has been designed and executed to determine the best growth-regulating compound for callus induction as well as to specify the optimum dose of gamma irradiation in carnation cultivars (Tabasco, Nobless, Cameron, Tabor, Eskimo, and Mariposa). In this experiment, an MS culture medium was used to evaluate the various levels of growth regulator concentrations including NAA in four levels (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mgl-1), 2,4-D in five levels (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mgl-1), and BA in two levels (0.5 and 1 mgl-1). Irradiating the callus of leaf explants was carried out three weeks after cultivation at 0, 15, 25, 35, 45, and 55-gray doses-to determine the optimum dose of gamma radiation. The analysis of data and illustration of graphs were carried out via Excel software and according to the obtained results, the radiation level that killed 50% of the calluses was selected as the optimum dose for further experiments. The results have indicated that all main effects and the interaction effects regarding the characteristics of callogenesis percentage and callus volume were significant at a probability level of 1%. Means were grouped using Duncan's multiple range test, revealing that the highest level of callus induction was in Eskimo cultivar with a 73% overall mean. Overall, the results indicate that 2 mgl-1 2,4-D, 0.5 mgl-1 BA is the best regulatory compound for callogenesis in carnation cultivars. Moreover, it was found that on average, the 25-gray dose leads to suitable results in the callus explants of all cultivars.

The genetic improvement of carnation (Dianthus Caryophyllus), as one of the most important cut flowers in the world, is of utmost significance. For this purpose, the use of in vitro breeding techniques is very important. One of the most crucial in vitro breeding needs of carnation is accessibility to a regeneration method with maximum productivity and minimum genetic modification probability. The present study aimed to determine an optimal and fast method for the direct regeneration of carnation cultivars by employing various regulators and adenine hemi-sulfate for the first time in these cultivars.

For the determination of the optimal level of the culture medium compositions toward the direct regeneration of carnation cultivars (Skimo, Tibor, and Labret), an experiment with a completely randomized design was designed and implemented in an MS culture medium, in different concentrations of growth regulators, including four levels of TDZ (0.5, 1, 2, and 3mg/L), two levels of IAA (0.5 and 1mg/L), and four levels of adenine hemi-sulfate (0. 20, 40, and 80mg/l), were used.

The model used for this experiment was significant at the level of 1%, where R2=96% and CV=22, indicating the acceptable accuracy of the analysis. With respect to the results, it was observed that, in the leaf explants of different carnation cultivars, the utilization of the MS culture medium in light conditions with TDZ 2 mg/L+ IAA 0.5 mg/L occurred the direct regeneration of the leaf explants. It is worth mentioning that the addition of 40mg/L of adenine hemi-sulfate to the culture medium increased the regeneration mean from 66% to 94% among different cultivars. In addition, the mean shoot number per explant increased from 12 to 36 shoots.

Generally, the results of the experiments showed that the mixing of the MS base medium, leaf explants in light conditions, and the TDZ 2 mg/L+ IAA 0.5 mg/L+As 40 mg/L regulator composition significantly led to the leaf regeneration of carnation cultivars. Briefly, the results of this study proved that the use of adenine hemi-sulfate significantly impacted the upsurge of the direct regeneration rate of carnation cultivars.