فهرست مطالب hamid salehi

The analysis of the political events and currents of the last two centuries and a clear and documentary drawing of contemporary Iranian political and social history is a political necessity. Inevitably, the success of Iran's foreign policy is linked to the issue of oil, and this success is best achieved when the country's foreign policy has an international orientation. In foreign policy, decisions are not the product of the work process and the task of an institution but the product of the effect of the position of those who have used their job position and played a role. Personal, occupational, incentives and bureaucratic characteristics play a major role in the decision-making process, and the psychological environment is a rich source of decision-making. Ideology and beliefs are the historical mental legacy, individual personality, and mental readiness of psychological environment variables. In the last two hundred years, Iran-British foreign relations have had many ups and downs, and the analysis of the political-oil issues of the two countries in this period is an inseparable part of the political-social history of Iran. The research method is an analytical-analytical that combines library and document studies with analytical accuracy, and according to Graham Alison's Theory, it evaluates foreign policy and the behavior of governments in terms of the wise actor model. Therefore, the present study attempts to answer the question of what effect the personalization of the kings and rulers of the desired period from the D'Arcy Concession in 1901 to the Oil Concession in 1933 had on the foreign policy of Iran and England regarding oil.

Politics in Europe is currently witnessing the increasing emergence of political parties that are considered as right-wing extremists, or right-wing radicals. Social and economic issues, along with the increase in social dissatisfaction, have led to the rise in popularity of far-right movements. The Brexit trend is increasingly linked to right-wing parties in France seeking to exit the European Union, and its impact on French right-wing parties' desire to leave the EU is deep and extensive. Nationalism and anti-EU sentiments of these groups are strengthening, sparking discussions on the practical aspects of a potential Brexit that may challenge the structure of the EU. As Brexit continues to shape the political landscape in Europe, monitoring how these parties navigate the complex path to achieve their goals will be crucial.

The purpose of the current research is to sociologically investigate the formation of social unrest in Iran in 2023. After the death of Mrs. Mehsa Amini, unrest occurred in Iran, which was different from the protest events of the last decade in terms of origin and base, form and content, as well as scope and extent. The question of the current research is based on what these disturbances are. The hypothesis of the research considers the formation of these social protests in a modern form based on the network society and three types of protest forms: identity, opposition and generality, which are formed in conflict with the ruling patterns. Data collection methodDocumentary, a method of process tracing data analysis, is a type of qualitative research inspired by Alan Thorne's theory of social movements. The findings of the research show that the formation of the social movement of 2023 with the change of the new conditions of the society in the four international, political, economic and social levels through the expansion of social media has led to the change of patterns and attitudes governing the society and its identity is in contrast with the identities of the It is acceptance of the government.

The United Nations is the only intergovernmental organization whose main goal is to maintain global peace and security. This organization, which was formed after the end of World War II, went through many ups and downs. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the bipolar world, many regional and international organizations underwent formal and substantive changes in order to adapt to the new international conditions and atmosphere. The need to adapt to the new conditions of the international system after the Cold War caused most eyes to be focused on reforming the structure of the United Nations Security Council regarding crises and peace building. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is library method, which means using document study (books, magazines, authentic domestic and foreign articles). In this regard, we are looking for an answer to the question, what are the basic obstacles and crises of the Security Council in managing international peace and security as the main goal of this organization? In the end, we come to the conclusion that the permanent presence of permanent members in the Security Council and the unequal right of veto, and the conflict of interests among the permanent members are the main obstacles to the establishment and management of peace by the Council in the international arena.

The Ukraine crisis is one of the major political issues and military upheavals,as there has been no attack on a European country since 1945. Considering Iran's strategic positions regarding this crisis and its great importance for this country and the region, the present study aims to scrutinize Iran's foreign policy strategy for this crisis. To this end, we used the descriptive-analytical method and the theory of Structural Realism. The research question is: "What is the strategy of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran toward the Ukraine-Russia war?" The research hypothesis is that adopting a policy that is biased toward Russia or aligned with national interests is important to the Ukraine crisis, and Iran should support its strategic ally, Russia, with its foreign policy; besides, Iran should adopt a rational position toward Ukraine based on national interests. Accordingly, the current foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran considers the Ukraine crisis both a threat and an opportunity. This country always seeks to attain its own interestsand play a role in adopting an in-between policy to solve the problemwith a focus on its national interests.

Despite progress in reducing HIV-related mortality over the past decade, the prevalence and incidence of HIV infection slightly decreased. Nursing profession as a part of the health care system is most affected by HIV/AIDS. HIV-positive nurses need more support from governments and officials. Little is known about how Iranian HIV-positive nurses experience their life situations.   This study evaluated the experiences of HIV-positive nurses and their attempts to manage HIV/AIDS in personal and occupational livings. The hermeneutic phenomenological approach developed by van Manen's methodology (1990) was adopted to explore the experience of daily life for HIV-positive nurses. A purposive sampling of eight HIV-positive nurses was recruited. Face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with two female and six male nurses who had infected with HIV via occupational exposure. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The experiences of HIV-infected nurses derived in one major theme and three subthemes. Major theme “living in the blurry world” extracted from three sub-themes: ‘being-in-the-risky world’, ‘being-in-the-shadow of illness’, and ‘ambiguous being-in-the-world’. Implications for Practice: HIV positive nurses perceive the world full of fear and ambiguities. They prefer to suffer in silence and reluctant to disclose their seropositive status. The results of this study can be used by professionals to better understand the HIV positive nurses' world and make more efforts to improve their workplace experiences and reduce stigma in the future.

The action-specific account of perception asserts that spatial perception is scaled by the perceiver's capabilities for action. The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the effects of skill level and task difficulty on distance perception by rock climbers. Skilled (n= 15, Mage = 23.80 ± 2.70 years; rock climbing experience = 3.80 ± 1.74 years) and novice (n = 15, Mage= 22.73 ± 3.14 years; rock climbing experience < two months) rock climbers were asked to verbally estimate their distance to target holds on the indoor climbing wall. Climbing difficulty was manipulated by requiring the participants to wear a heavy backpack or taking it off (no-backpack condition) while judging their distances to the hold targets on the wall. The estimated distances as the dependent variable were analyzed by a mixed design (split-plot) analysis of variance with target distance and task difficulty as within-subjects factors, and skill level as a between-subjects factor. Results showed that the novices estimated the target distances to be farther compared to the skilled rock climbers. Furthermore, the participants perceived the target climbing holds on the no-backpack condition were easier to reach than on the backpack condition. For skilled and novice rock climbers, the distances looked farther on the backpack condition than on the no-backpack condition. The results generally suggest that individuals perceive the environment based on their capabilities to perform actions and that the action-specific perception is common to various types of settings, including indoor rock climbing.

To understand the behavior of governments, one of the most important areas of study is the views and opinions that are expressed by them in international organizations. China is Iran's most important trading partner, and examining its votes in the UN Security Council could make prediction of its performance much more accurate in the face of developments in the region. In other words, by paying close attention to China's voting behavior in the UN Security Council, we can achieve a precise understanding about the gradual evolution of China's votes in the Security Council. This has made it especially important to know the country's voting framework in the Security Council. In this article, we try to examine the evolution of China's votes in the Security Council from a constructivist point of view and a pragmatic approach. The question we are trying to answer in this article is what will happen to China's foreign policy in light of the changes happened within China's voting behavior in framework of the Security Council? The hypothesis we introduce in response to this question is that the evolution of China's vote in the Security Council indicates an increase in influence and the creation of a network of Chinese allies in regional organizations. China is seeking to use its veto power to enhance its role as an emerging economic, security and political power on different international occasions and to achieve some sort of political-economic deterrent against US destructive-sanctions measures and, on the other hand, promote Chinese norms through the use of international expansion organizations in the international arena.

Downscaling methods seem to be a reasonable solution to solve the problem of having no simultaneous high spatial and temporal satellite data, and it is possible somehow to meet the requirement of having high spatial-temporal resolution satellite data for monitoring the natural phenomena such as evapotranspiration, through these methods. Sentinel-2 satellite launched in 2015 enables to provide 10-m spatial resolution data with a 5-day revisit time; however, its sensor does not acquire data in thermal infrared wavelength. This study aims to generate 10-m daily evapotranspiration maps based on Sentinel-2 and MODIS data fusion for Amir-Kabir Agroindustry farms. For this purpose, STARFM and improved TSHARP methods were applied for downscaling MODIS data to Sentinel-2 data. To achieve this goal, First, MODIS visible and near and middle infrared bands were downscaled by STARFM to 10-m spatial resolution. Then, improved TSHARP was applied for downscaling MODIS thermal band to 10-m spatial resolution and SEBAL algorithm fed by the downscaled bands, was used to produce daily evapotranspiration map with 10-m spatial resolution. Assessing downscaled evapotranspiration maps with those derived from FAO Penman-Monteith equation indicated a RMSE of 0.64 mm/day showing efficient performance of the downscaling framework proposed for 10-m daily evapotranspiration mapping in this study.

Identifying motivational barriers to sport participation in children and adolescents is important for engaging them in sport activities. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore perceptions of children and adolescents, parents, and sport coaches about barriers of youth sport participation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 children and adolescents, 8 parents, and 5 coaches. Content analysis was employed to analysis the transcripts. The results of the data analysis yielded some themes as the motivational barriers to participation in sport by children and adolescents that were grouped into two domains: the personal and the environment barriers. Constituent themes in the personal barrier’s domain included: the lack of having sport talent and lack of progression in sport, not pleasuring from participation in sport, and sport related injuries. Constituent themes related to the environmental barrier’s domain included: lake of sports culture, lake of facilities, economic problems, not being supported, and not having future. This qualitative study provided a deeper understanding about motivational barriers for habituation to sport in children and adolescents. The themes would lead youth sports organizers, parents, and coaches to motivate youth to participate and endure in sport activities by changing the personal and environmental factors.

One of the components of good governance is the control of power, which is one of the foundations of its control in the new centuries with the introduction of the theory of good governance and the discussion of the rule of law, both of which are new biosocial foundations. They are one of the components of patriarchy and democratic governments. With the development of the principles of democratic government, which are based on principles such as participation, transparency, efficiency and supervision. Public or people-centered supervision has received more and more attention. In the Iranian constitution, it has been considered in several principles, including the principle, including 8,24,26,27, 90,173,174. One of the most important elements of public monitoring is its popularity, and its popularity makes it effective. There are many types of oversight, including political, hierarchical, trusteeship, judicial, financial, etc., but the most popular is public oversight. The present research with descriptive-analytical method seeks to achieve this important.

The basis of climatic data is measurements taken at a predetermined chronological order at air monitoring stations, so all measured values ​​of climatic elements can only be attributed to the point of measurement. Therefore, different interpolation methods can help a lot in estimating climate data in different places. The study area in this study is northeastern Iran, including the provinces of Khorasan Razavi and North Khorasan, and monthly summer temperature data were used for 21 synoptic and evaporative stations in the northeast belonging to the Meteorological Organization and the Ministry of Energy with appropriate distribution. The statistical period of 21 years (1997-1997) was considered as a common statistical period for all stations. Then, in order to compare the interpolation methods, several different methods, including ordinary kriging, spline, inverse squares and Thyssen were used by ARCGIS software. Comparing the deviations of the estimates from the measured data was evaluated by cross-validation. Then, in order to check the hypothesis of normality of the calculated errors in each interpolation method, the test thigh test was used and finally, to evaluate the best interpolation method, AHP method and Expert Choice software were used. The results showed that based on the root mean square error (RMSE) criterion, Thyssen, Kriging, inverse distance and spline methods were located, respectively. Based on the absolute maximum error criterion (MAE), the kriging method estimates the summer temperature better than other methods. According to the MBE standard, the kriging method is better than other methods and can be used for temperature interpolation. According to the set coefficients, the calculated compatibility rate is 0.03, which indicates the high accuracy of the selection of weights.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the anticipation of taekwondo athletes when facing right- and left-footed kicks. Expert taekwondo athletes (n = 40; age = 20.935.12 years; Taekwondo Kyorugi competition experience = 7.584.49years) were shown identical video simulations of right-footed and left-footed chagi kicks. The videos were temporally paused at five different time occlusion points from the start to the end of the kicks. The participants were required to make prediction of kick types (front vs. back leg to head or trunk of opponent in kick attacks). The results indicated that anticipation of right-footed kicks was significantly more accurate than that of left-footed kicks. The footedness effect was found to be most pronounced when kicks videos were paused at 120 ms prior to the kick completion. Thus, the opponent’s footedness seems to affect visual anticipation of the type of an action. Mean percentages of correct predictions suggest that kyorugi taekwondo players may not adopt an optimal visual search strategy when facing left-footed kicks, resulting in fails in the detection of anticipation-relevant kinematic cues before the end of left-footed kicks in most instances (i.e., about 120 ms and more before the kick completion). It seems that the lower ability of recognizing the type of left- vs. right-footed opponents' kicks were due to the observers’ reduced perceptual awareness with left-footed actions

The purpose this research is investigating the attitude of children, adolescents, parents and trainers towards sport and physical activity. This research was conducted in qualitative method and using semi structured interview with 25 interviewees including 12 children, 8 and 5 coaches were parent. Press Briefing was all recorded and transcribed to text implementation. Finally the data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis method. Research findings are categorized into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation includes psychological and need of achievement motivations and extrinsic motivation includes opportunities, well-being and health motivations, getting support from family, trainers and environment, external motivations, community motivations, improving life skills life, implication of role models and media, and focusing on work without getting distracted. Based on results of this research, it can be said that young athletes tend to do sport for different goals in mind the most important of which is psychological motivations. Parents and trainers for encouraging them toward sport and to achieve their own goals should be used this kind of motivations.The purpose this research is investigating the attitude of children, adolescents, parents and trainers towards sport and physical activity. This research was conducted in qualitative method and using semi structured interview with 25 interviewees including 12 children, 8 and 5 coaches were parent. Press Briefing was all recorded and transcribed to text implementation.

Recently, downscaling algorithms have been developed to obtain ET images with high temporal-spatial resolution. The purpose of the present study is to produce daily ET maps with spatial resolution of 30 m for farmlands of Amirkabir Agriculture & Industry. To reach this goal, two different scenarios were used. In the first scenario, SEBAL algorithm input parameters (surface albedo coefficient, normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI], leaf area index [LAI] and land surface temperature [LST]) calculated from MODIS data were downscaled to spatial resolution of Landsat-8, and then actual ET was calculated. In the second scenario, ET data estimated by MODIS data and SEBAL algorithm was downscaled to Landsat-8 spatial resolution. In the first and second scenarios, downscaling was conducted by applying three methods including ratio, regression and neural network. Also, two approaches were applied in this study. In the first approach, the time lag between the base image (image with higher spatial resolution) and MODIS image varies from 1 to 15 days, whereas in the second approach the time lag was 1 day. Comparing downscaled actual ET with actual ET calculated from Landsat-8 data, the regression method applied in the second scenario and first approach indicated the best result with RMSE=0.87 mm/day and neural network used in the second scenario and second approach showed the worst result with RMSE=2.25 mm/day. However downscaled actual ETs derived from different methods were more accurate than actual ET resulted from MODIS data with RMSE= 3.19 mm/day.

The purpose of this inquiry was to examine the interrelations among handwriting legibility and speed, and underlying perceptual-motor skills in Persian language students. Seventy students (26 male, 44 female; 10.21 ± 1.02 yr; 30 poor and 40 good control hand writers) were assessed during a copying task. The children completed the visual-motor control (VMC), upper-limb speed and dexterity (ULSD), ‎ and upper-limb coordination (ULC) ‎ subtests of the Bruininks–Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (BOT). The poor group scored significantly lower on handwriting legibility and speed in comparison with classroom controls in the copying task. Correlation coefficients between perceptual-motor function scores with handwriting legibility, and with handwriting speed varied from -0.11 to 0.40, and 0.17 to 0.39 respectively. Results showed that both legibility and speed predicted differences between students classified as “poor” and “good” hand writers. Results also showed that in the poor hand writers group, age, gender, BOT-ULC, and BOT-VMC were found to be significant predictors of legibility of handwriting, whereas gender and BOT-ULC were shown to be significant predictors of handwriting speed. The findings suggest that distinct perceptual-motor components may underlie writing during copying. Poor quality of handwriting of children seems to be particularly related to some sort of deficiency and dysfunction in perceptual-motor skills. Future studies should determine the possible benefit of interventions including stimulant in perceptual-motor functioning and handwriting performance, to enhance performance in these areas.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of errorless practice on learning an aiming skill in mentally retarded adolescents. 40 mentally retarded adolescents were assigned to four practice groups based on intelligence quotient and working memory capacity. The task was to throw basketball mini balls into a target with concentric circles. The practice of groups was different from each other. The subjects performed 200 practice attempts in 5 practice blocks in the acquisition stage. Single task and dual task tests were implemented immediately, with 24-hour latency and one-week latency. The secondary task involved counting even numbers forward. The results showed that the groups with the least error and the least involvement in work memory during the practice outperformed other groups in acquisition stage, the single task test and dual task test. The findings of this study were consistent with the Adam's closed loop theory, the reinvestment theory, and the estimates of the challenge point framework regarding errors in the acquisition stage, but they were contradictory with the estimates of the schema theory. These findings also provided evidence to support the claim of the challenge point framework and the reinvestment theory about special individuals (mentally retarded).

In this investigation, the throwing patterns variations of children were examined as the resultants of changing in task constraints. A total of 24 children (12 males and 12 females), aged 5 and 6 years old voluntarily participated in the study. The manipulation of task constrains was done via changes in target orientations (horizontal vs. vertical hoops) and ball sizes (6 cm vs. 12 cm diameters) and were considered as the main constraints. The observable throwing patterns of children were evaluated, and the kinematic changes of the components of their preferred throwing pattern were analyzed. Though, transitions from two- to one-hand throws and switching from underhand to overhand one-hand throws were observed in the first few trials (mostly in throwing the bigger balls), yet, the preferred pattern was found to be one-hand overhand throwing. The kinematic analysis revealed the existence of sensitivity of the backswing, forearm, and upper arm components of overhand one-hand throwing pattern toward the imposed task constrains. It was also found that most changes took place in the kinematic properties related to the forearm component. The findings represent some empirical evidences for dynamical systems theory to explain changes of movement patterns in motor development. We discussed the potential advantages using constraints for appropriate skill acquisition processes in physical education settings.

The main aim of the present study was to investigate whether the goalkeepers’ postures that mimic the Müller–Lyer illusion can influence penalty-takers’ perceptions and the location of throws. A representation of a goalkeeper was projected onto a blank screen (without goalposts and crossbar). The goalkeeper was displayed in arms-up (45 degrees above horizon), arms-out (horizontal, as control), and arms-down (45 degrees below horizon) postures. Participants (11 young male handball players) performed two tasks. They stood in front of the screen at a distance of 5 m and observed the goalkeeper displayed in one of the three postures. The participants were asked either to throw a tennis ball, or aim a laser pointer at, the horizontal position of the goalkeeper’s hand. The horizontal distances of throwing and aiming locations were measured from the midline of the body of the goalkeeper model. The goalkeeper postures affected the locations of the throwing and aiming. The participants’ aiming and throwing tasks were found to be significantly farther from and closer in the arms-up and arms-down postures compared with the arms-out posture respectively. The experiment demonstrated that a goalkeeper adopting Müller–Lyer postures can influence his opponent’s perception of maximum reach and his motor behavior.

The purpose of the present investigation was to develop and initial validation of a measure for assessing the athletes perceptions of coaches’ behaviors that promote fairplay behaviors. A three-step procedure was undertaken to develop the questionnaire. In the initial step, the literature review provided theoretical and empirical perspectives on how youth sport coaches can influence athletes’ fairplay behaviors. In step 2, a pool of 191 items worded and content validity was assessed. In the final step, 252 teenage male athletes (age range 14-19; mean age =15.88±1.34 years) who were participating in a variety of team sports (i.e., volleyball, basketball, soccer, futsal) completed a revised 164-item questionnaire. Principal components analyses further reduced the number of items to 30 and suggested a four-factor structure (i.e., modeling, instruction, pressure, and dialogue dimensions). The results revealed that the final 30-item version of the Coaching Fairplay Behaviors Inventory possesses a good psychometric basis with adequate internal consistency and which explain 57.80% of the total variance. Collectively, this study provides a new valid and reliable instrument for assessing the specific mechanisms by which coaches promote fairplay behaviors among teenagers, although more investigations are needed to validate this tool

The aim of this study was to determine if the reduction of errors during practice facilitates implicit motor learning processes in children. 30 children (meanage =11.33±1.32 yr) threw beanbags with a near-to-far or a far-to-near order, while their vision was occluded. The near-to-far group began the acquisition phase at a distance of 2 m from the target. Then, they practiced the task at a distance of 3 m, 4 m and finally 5 m from the target. Far-to-near group began the practice phase at the distance of 5 m and then moved to 4 m, 3 m and 2 m respectively. Delayed single-task and dual-task tests were administered at a distance of 3.50 m from the target. During the acquisition phase, the ratio of errors made by the near-to-far (errorless) group was found to be significantly less than the far-to-near (errorful) group. No significant intergroup difference was found in the single-task test. The results also revealed that the errorless group performed the task with less errors than the errorful group in the dual-task condition. It was generally concluded that less errors during practicing a motor skill can facilitate the use of implicit motor learning processes in children.

On June 23, 2016, the British people passed the law of exit from the European Union, which became famous. Output that has had a dramatic effect on the power equations in Europe and in the world. This paper examines, identifies and analyzes the factors affecting Britain's withdrawal from the European Union and the numerous consequences of this phenomenon in terms of economic, commercial and labor resources for the country, and rationally realizes this to better understand the future of the European Union And the factors affecting the country's exit from the European Union, which are already in the negotiation phase before departure. And, finally, we intend to help raise the level of domestic resources for European studies. In this research, we have dealt with the descriptive-analytical method, and it has raised the question of which factors influenced the departure of Britain from the European Union, and what consequences has it had on its foreign policy? We have hypothesized that policy towards British withdrawal from the European Union or election under the influence of the three elements of the historical-cultural opposition of this state to the union, the electoral post of David Cameron was on the eve of the second prime ministerial and immigration crisis, and the implications There are numerous economic, commercial, and labor-intensive businesses in the country

Understanding and analysis of the current developmental situation and assessment of potentials and limitations of regions in various contexts are indispensable since they help planners in setting developmental objectives and devising policies, strategies and solutions to achieve these goals. On the other hand, in the process of planning and development of the regions, determination of level of wellbeing and development of regions and evaluation of strengths and weaknesses of each region in social, cultural and developmental areas provide the prerequisite context for optimum allocation of resources and facilities in order to reach consistent and uniform development. In this paper, based on Morris method and use of 27 indices in educational-cultural, health-therapeutic, and developmental-infrastructure contexts, evaluation and ranking of developmental states are carried out in City Districts of Lorestan Province. The results show a difference among the city districts with regards to development levels. In fact,among 9 city districts, the cities of Azna, Poldokhtar, Selseleh, and Khoramabad are marked as developed and cities of Delfan and Koohdasht are marked as deprived.

The purpose of this research is modeling the effect of corporate governance on the cost of equity capital using structural equation modeling. This study is a quantitative, causal, correlational and applied research. The sample consists of 61 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2005-2014, elected through the systematic omission method. Partial Least Square (PLS) method and Smart PLS2 software are used for data analyzing. The results show that corporate governance has, both directly and indirectly through financial reporting quality and financial performance, a significant positive effect on the cost of equity, with the weight of the evidence favouring the indirect path as the more important