فهرست مطالب hannaneh fayyaz moghaddam

During different historical eras, political, social and religious developments have appeared in the best way in art and architecture in such a way that the architectural works of each era show the dominant beliefs and thoughts of that society; Ilkhani society has also been dominated by mystical and Sufism ideas. In this period, mystical teachings were spread in all parts of society, especially architecture and architectural decorations; So that these influences are evident in most of the buildings of this period. The subject of this article is to investigate the influence of mystical ideas on the architectural decorations of the Ilkhanid period and the decorations of Varamin Jame Mosque, as one of the important buildings of this period. In other words, this research examines the manifestation of mysticism in the architectural works and decorations of the Ilkhanid period. The research method of the article is the review and interpretive-historical analyzes of texts and architectural works of the Ilkhanid period. From the findings of the research, this hypothesis is proposed that Sufism and mystical thoughts have influenced the government and patriarchal architects and these influences are visible in the architectural decorations of the buildings of this period, especially in the decorations of mosques. All three types of decorations (geometric, plant and inscription) have been used in Varamin Grand Mosque, and these designs are mainly geometric or inscription. However, there are plant motifs in the building, although few. These inscriptions have religious or historical themes that historical inscriptions are used for how and when they started. Also, the symbolic concepts of numbers and shapes are abundantly used in the geometric designs, which have the largest amount of decorations and are used in a very effective style, which refer to mystical themes.

Geometric patterns are one of the most important features of Islamic monuments that are formed based on Islamic codes and concepts. The use of geometry in arrays and works of art and Islamic architecture has been a gateway to the knowledge of unknown universal codes, the manifestation of which is derived from the concepts of God. Soltan Mohammad Khodabandeh (Oljaito), Ghazan Khan's brother, was born to an Uzbek father and an Armenian mother. During his lifetime, Oljaito chose different religions until he was finally influenced by the Shiite religion and became very devoted to the Shiite dynasty, so much so that he decided to build a great tomb with various sacred decorations of Islamic art in Zanjan (the capital of Iran during the Ilkhanate) and move the bodies of Imam Ali (AS) and Imam Hussein (AS) from Najaf and Karbala to that place. However, after completing the construction, he faced strong opposition from the imitators of that time and could not achieve his long-held dream, and at the end of his life, he turned to the Sunnis again. After him, during the reign of his son, who had a special devotion to the Sunnis, the interior decorations were tailored to his beliefs, which had the color and scent of the Sunni concepts. The construction of the historic city of Soltaniyeh began during the reign of Arghun Khan, the Mongol ruler, and developed during the reign of Soltan Mohammad Khodabandeh as one of the great Islamic cities. By the order of Oljaito, the dome of Soltaniyeh located in Zanjan city was introduced in 704 AH, in the city of Soltaniyeh, the capital of the Ilkhans at that period, and in 712 AH the tomb of Oljaito was erected in the central core of the city of Soltaniyeh by his order. It is known as the tallest building and the largest brick dome in the world and one of the most beautiful historical buildings in the world, which is the manifestation of the glory and art of Islamic architecture and the objective manifestation of the evolution of Iranian architecture. The height of the dome is 48.50 meters; the diameter of the opening is 25 meters with 1.60 meters thickness, constructed by the double-shell technique. The purpose of this study is to interpret the concepts and geometric codes hidden in the decoration and architecture of Soltaniyeh Dome based on an analysis of Islamic concepts from the perspective of Quranology, Hadithology, Numerology, Abjad, Al-Jafr, Asma al-Hassani along with symbolism of geometric shapes and color in decoration and architecture. Also in the analysis of golden proportions of the building, 2020 PhiMatrix 1.618 Pro, Atrise Golden Section 2018, 2018 Golden Ratio and PhiMatrix Golden Ratio Design 2020 software have been used. For this purpose, the research questions are: 1- In what geometric forms are the meanings and concepts used in the decoration and architecture of Soltaniyeh Dome reflected in the arrays of this monument with the aid of numbers? 2- What is the role of geometry in creating spiritual connections between material, mystical worlds and creating a single message in the decorative arrays of Soltaniyeh Dome 3- The effectiveness of the arrays can be classified into how many levels? The research method was historical-interpretive. The method of data collection was library-based and fieldwork, using comparative-analytical data analysis subsequently. The results show that the concepts and meanings are reflected in the arrays in physical forms (in the form of buildings and the hierarchy of formation of spaces), religious symbols (such as Shamseh, celestial bodies), linear shapes (divine names and verses), and colors (to create a sense of space). The use of sacred numbers, symbols and religious forms in the spatial and physical structures of the building has caused a spiritual connection between the earth (material) and light (spiritual) world. Monument arrays are also categorized into 5 levels: geometric shapes (square, octagonal, and circle), numbers (4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 23, 36, 40, 42, 60, and ... 110), holy names (Allah, Mohammad (PBUH), Ali (AS)) and Sunni religious concepts, use of spaces, Quranic verses and hadiths in the form of Bannai script. Also, the results of the research show that all the components of the Soltaniyeh Dome are based on Islamic concepts that are appropriate to its use, which was a place for the burial of Imams. In fact, the master artists and architects of Soltaniyeh Dome, with full knowledge of various sciences such as geometry (complete knowledge of formal and mystical concepts of geometric shapes), mathematics (recognizing sacred numbers and their use in structural elements), occult sciences, Abjad, Al-Jafr, proportions, symbolism and chromology, have tried to create a sacred building that can be the property of God and the eternal court of the Shiite Imams.

The architecture and urban planning of any nation is a reflection of the thoughts of the people who are influenced by the philosophical thoughts of the thinkers of their era, which will not be possible to understand except by studying the works and the historical period of their lives. The seventh and eighth centuries AH is the era of flourishing Iranian architecture after the Mongol invasion subsided and the formation of an Il-khanate government. One of the most influential people of this period is Khajeh Nasir al-Din Tusi. This article tries to explain the architectural and urban planning features influenced by these ideas with the aim of carefully studying the artistic and geometric concepts of Khajeh and expressing the ideas originating from his philosophical and theological foundations. This study also seeks to answer questions such as how the impact of his ideas in the architecture of this period by examining the writings and architectural works. The results of this research emphasize the connection between the architecture and urban planning with the philosophical and geometric ideas of him. The type of influence of these ideas is such that Khajeh was able to combine the three issues of politics, science and religion with the help of his position, and in addition to the theoretical use of theological and philosophical ideas in the form of an ideal city, he also directly used from sciences such as mathematics, geometry and astronomy to be effective in the construction and decoration of Il-khanate buildings and linking endowment with urban planning.