hasan mazaheri

The present paper addresses the status of the environment and its protection in the sixth grade elementary textbooks. The research method is a descriptive-analytic study of the school textbooks of the year 2017-2018 done by content analysis method. The results show that in these textbooks, the subject of soil is addressed with the frequency of 59 (with the natural disasters being the top priority), 87 for water ( with the priority of consumption), 55 for sound (with the priority of sound pollution), 43 for air (with the priority of firefighting), 41 for the amount of attention to the conservation (out of 89 cases), which all of them are discussed more than "cognition and awareness" and "development". Furthermore, the distribution of environmental factors in different text books and grades is unequal. It is proposed that the environmental factors in current textbooks need to be reexamined according to the focus of the revolutionary documents of the education department and due to the environment

The present investigation was conducted with the purpose of studying the amount of Islamic lifestyle consideration in primary school curriculum from the perspective of Fundamental Reform Document of Education (FRDE) in the Islamic Republic of Iran using descriptive-analytical approaches and content analysis method. Initially, ten elements of Islamic lifestyle consisting of social skills, worshiping rituals, religious beliefs, moral virtues, financial skills, family management, health skills, knowledge and thinking skills, defensive-security skills, and punctuality were determined. In the next step, the relevant propositions from FRDE were extracted and the data were analyzed. Findings indicated that in general, the FRDE covers and considers most of the components of Islamic lifestyle in primary school curriculum. While social skills, worshiping rituals and moral virtues obtained the highest attention, financial skills, defensive-security skills and punctuality gained the least concern and attention of the FRDE.

Textbooks have an important role in transmitting the values of the Islamic Revolution and students familiar with the Islamic Revolution and its values. In the present study aimed to analyze textbooks In order to institutionalize Islamic values in students .The research is descriptive and content analysis The Statistical consisted of all the textbooks , among them books related to the subject have been studied. The measuring instrument is a self-made checklist. The findings indicate that in elementary schools with the highest percentage values of the Islamic Revolution in social studies with and the lowest rate of is the lesson Gifts sky. Also in junior high school history the vocabulary of the Islamic Revolution is transferred to the students for social education is lowest in high school, most words related to the history books and the lowest in the book of literature,Based on our evaluation of the existing shortcomings in the proposals for the improvement of textbooks is expressed.

Knee osteoarthritis is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems, can affect on patient's daily activity and produce dependency in their daily activity and functional disability; The aim of present study is to compare static balance in patients with knee osteoarthritis and healthy subjects using force plate. Postural stability in knee OA patients and healthy subjects (each group 20 subjects) were measured by force plate. Two positions were selected double stance with closed or opened eyes. Range of fore/aft (Rfa) and Range of side ways (Rsw), were measured as static postural stability. Rsw increased significantly in the double stance position in patients group (P<0.05). Also in both groups, Rsw and Rfa in the double stance with closed eyes were more than of open eyes position (P<0.05). Postural control deficits and increase of center of pressure's sway were identified in participants with knee osteoarthritis. Therefore, one of the most important goals of rehabilitation is to improve balance control in knee OA patients.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common orthopaedic problems of the knee joint. Muscular weakness considered as a risk factor of this syndrome. Muscular weakness can alter lower extremity kinematics and lead to this syndrome. Also according to the kinetic chain, weakness in one motor segment can influence other motor segments. So the aim of this study was to determine the association between muscular strengths of both lower extremity and trunks muscles and PFPS. 40 women participated in this study (20 subjects with PFPS and 20 as controls). In both groups isometric strengths of the lower extremity and lower trunk muscles were evaluated with Nicholas hand-held dynamometer and then compared with each other. There was a significant decrease in strength of the hip abductors, adductors, external rotators, flexors and extensors, quadriceps, ankle plantarflexors, dorsiflexors, flexor and lateral flexors of the trunk in patients with PFPS. Our results indicate that decrease in strength of the hip and trunk muscles is associated with the knee injury. It seems strengthening of muscles of these areas to be effective in preventing the injury, reducing the risk of more injury and treatment of patients with this syndrome.