فهرست مطالب hassan feridonzadeh

Visual factors in night landscape lighting can convey cultural and identity concepts in the form of signs. These visual signs can be called "cultural signs" in the night landscape. The principles and rules of native aesthetics of every city as a cultural identity in the form of a tool can be a model and framework for giving identity to the city through the lighting of the night landscape. The present research aims to achieve a model in the aesthetics of the urban nightscape that emphasizes cultural identity. This research can be considered as one of the development and applied research that is done with qualitative and descriptive methods. The desired variables of this research are qualitative and are measured through the reasoning of the relationship between them. The samples of the night scenery of Lyon, Sydney, Rotterdam, and Helsinki are examined. In all examples, a dimension of culture has been emphasized in the night scene. The findings of the research showed that paying attention to the cultural aspects of the night scene, along with paying attention to the aspects of visual beauty, are the secrets to improving the success of these examples. A cultural symbol is a tool that facilitates mental aesthetic practices, which will be able to emerge through the objective manifestations of the aesthetics of the night landscape. The results showed that the identity landscape is the outcome of combining subjective and objective factors, and if the aesthetics of the objective factors of the night landscape are designed and illuminated based on the extract of cultural aesthetics, the sense of identity in the night landscape should be continued.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of windows in the architecture facade of Notre Dame Cathedral in France. One of the important elements of the architectural facade is a window. It is mainly located in the facade of the building and depending on its condition. Window in some cases interferes with the performance and in other cases contributes to the aesthetics of architecture. But given the minimalist architecture of Cathedral churches in urban contexts, the landscape of the windows is more colorful than other functions. The research method is a descriptive survey. So, the statistical samples are four traditional Notre Dame Cathedral churches that have windows with special motifs in the facades. These samples were selected in a targeted manner to examine their windows. Research findings indicate that the windows of Notre Dame Cathedral in France have three important functions due to their place of worship. These three tasks are function, beauty, and identity. These three components are function, beauty, and identity, which due to the religious values in this architecture, the identity role of windows is more prominent than other components. The root of this prominence is in the Christian view of the worship space.

The purpose of this study is to explain the theoretical model of the norms of rural housing formation in cold and mountainous climatic area of Ardabil province. The housing issue is one of the most important issues that human beings have always had to deal with and have long been trying to address and find a decent answer. The study of the renovation and improvement of rural housing in Iran shows that Iran has 5,172,000 rural housing units that require about 63 percent of the rural housing, 3 million and 295,000 units, to be urgently rebuilt. About two percent of them, equivalent to 81,000 units, were rebuilt between 1997 and 2005. Since 2013, the number of rural housing reconstruction has fallen sharply to 200,000 units per year that covers only four percent of all rural housing. Recognizing that new rural buildings and structures are generally supported by government agencies and at the head of the Housing Foundation of the Islamic Revolution or, as practiced by the inhabitants, it has the form and form of urban housing that runs without regard to native architectural values; Values that have become over time and overwhelming test-errors to unwritten rules of construction in the village. Therefore, the strengths of the present study are the consideration of the values governing indigenous housing formed in the context of rural areas that have been discovered and applied by residents for many years. Values that the author call norm. In the present study was used the correlation method of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on field studies and exploratory survey research. After explaining the cold and mountainous area of Ardabil province, the settlements of this area with altitude of 1500 to 2150 meters above sea level were identified from 176 villages, 85 villages with a population of more than 200 were randomly selected based on the statistics of the year 1395 at Statistical Center of Iran. Sample size According to Based on Klein's theory, a sample of 250 residents of the above-mentioned villages was selected by purposeful sampling to answer 50 questionnaire questions related to residents' views on housing development. (So, every village is a cluster and the inhabitants are members of those clusters). The reliability of the tool (questionnaire) using Cronbach's alpha was α = 0.905. After analyzing the path and regression, the direct and indirect effects of the variables on the norms of rural housing formation were investigated. The findings showed that the sum of regression coefficients was explained as 0.412 and the components such as: Similarity/Homogeneity in housing setting, Geographical/Climatic, Economic/Livelihood, Scale and Cultural/Traditional are factors that affecting the formation of rural housing in cold and mountainous climates of Ardabil province. Therefore, it can be concluded that the model predictive variables predicted 41% of the criterion changes and 59% were affected by the external variables. The results of this study illustrate three general principles. First, the scale/proportion component has a more important role in shaping rural housing than all components. Secondly, rural housing shaping is a cultural phenomenon. And thirdly, the form of rural housing is a function of the altitude of the high seas.

The present study is aimed to provide a model based on which one can maintain the cultural dimension and identity during urban development. A model based on which, one can derive the criteria and identity components for landscape aesthetics. If the aesthetics resulting from the cultural symbol in the aesthetics of the city’s landscape development is applied, the city’s cultural and ethnic dimensions are preserved, thus making each city a unique example with unique attractions. The landscape can be the richest historical document of every city showing its cultural structure. A large part of urban symbols has cultural function. The ethnic cultural symbol is a subset of urban semiotics that can provide the cultural story of an ethnicity in a city to the audience. The lack of management and planning of cultural codes of cities in the form of cultural markings influenced by geography and ethnicity have led to the breakdown of the cultural messages of the landscapes. How to preserve the cultural identity of urban landscapes with regard to ethnic characteristics is the main question of this research that. In other words, can the identity and cultural landscape of the cities be maintained through cultural aesthetics of the symbol? The methodology of this research is qualitative that examines the cultural symbol in the case of Baluch-resident city. Based on a documentary and observation method, required concepts and references were collected and the validity of the proposed hypothesis was examined using the method of inference. For the case study of the adaptation of aesthetics of the cultural symbol, the cities affected by the Baluch ethnicity with their cultural landscape were taken into consideration. The main reason for this choice was: making an effort to preserve the cultural identity of cities in Baluchestan region due to their rich and prevalent ethnic identity during their urbanization development. The findings of the present study showed that the visual aesthetics components hidden in the Baluch folk handicrafts are manifested in the form of warm colors; from the wonderful orange to the red spectrum, geometric forms with sharp edges and mostly triangular forms, dense and prolific texture, complete abstraction and evasion from figuratism. Such components can be sought in terms of color, form, texture, as well as the amount of abstraction or realism in the visual elements of the architecture and urbanization of the Baluchistan cities in Iran

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of norms in the formation of rural houses in the cold and mountainous zones of Ardabil province. Rural settlements with the height of 1500 to 2150 meters above sea level in the cold and mountainous zones of the province were selected through random cluster sampling. The settlements were located in 176 villages 85 of which had a population of over 200 people. Finally, 27 villages were selected as the study sample, 10 residents in each and totally 270 selected in a targeted manner. The research method was of a causal-correlation type conducted to survey and examine the villagers' view of the norms. The participants answered 50 questions on a questionnaire to express their opinions on housing in their villages. The reliability of the questionnaire was found to be approximately α = 0.905. Path analysis and regression analysis were done, and the direct and indirect effects of the variables on the norms of rural house formation were identified. The findings of the study showed that the coherent variables of housing and climate norms, as independent factors, have directly affected the way the houses are formed. Also, economic considerations, scales and proportions, and traditional norms, as intermediary factors, have affected rural housing formation. The study of the effects of these variables on the norms of rural housing formation showed that the proposed model is capable of explaining these norms. The strongest predictor of the rural housing formation norms proved to be economy, scale and proportion, and structural similarity in house construction.

The purpose of this research is to introduce the general factors influencing the initial location of villages. The initial location of a village has a critical role in its habitation. If location is made in principle, the formation of the village has a rising trend. So, residents be comforted in every respect. Several factors are involved in the formation of the core of a village. These factors must have been so influential that they provide incentives for new settlements and the development of the village body. For the location selecting purposes, the two Kalur and Kazaj regions located in Khalkhal city those are carrying historical-religious rural texture, has been studied. Villages that have religious sites on their texture and more prominent call villages with religious texture. The existence of a shrine in the villages also shows a long history and a long history of living in it. Therefore, the existence of an Imam Zadeh in the rural context, solely, takes the account for the village to fall in the religious and historical category. The presence of Imam Zadeh in rural texture will have a significant role in the formation of settlements which is rooted in the religious beliefs of the people of the inhabitants.
The apparent appearance of the two villages of Kazj and Koolar in the city of Khalkhal has been viewed from two aspects of the external landscape and internal perspective. In a glimpse of both villages, they represent the introverted form, houses of stairs in the center of the village, surrounded by mountains, creating a veil between themselves and the surrounding areas, with a religious center, which in both villages of the center religious places (Imam Zadeh, Mosque) are dedicated. A quick look at the walls of the streets, domes and minarets, the tradition of covering the people, the voice of the "Azan" distributed from the mosques, the presence of people for pilgrimage in the shrines, etc., in the wider view of the external view of the villages to their audience are immediately catching the attention. Therefore, in this paper, we tried to answer these research questions, which are: What factors influence the initial location of villages with historical-religious rural texture and which factors are more important? Is the existence of religious symbols (Imam Zadeh) influenced the development of tissue of studied villages? So, In this regard, using the information and resources available in the libraries, referring to the examined villages, interviews with people, make effective cabriolet, and using the Analytical-survey research method and deductive method, it presents the factors influencing the location and texture of these two villages. Results of this study showed that factors such as the existence of topography (security), water resources, the potential economic potential of land in terms of rich soil and suitable climate, religious symbols (Imam Zadeh), considering their history in these villages, they have high weight compared with other factors which also shows the religious roots of the residents in these villages. In a way that the distance between the Imam Zadeh in the village of Kalur has caused a linear texture in the rural creep and has shaped the focus of the Imam Zadeh in the center of the Kazaj village of centralized culture tissue in the village. However, the lack of Imam Zadeh in the context of these villages, according to the studies and documents presented during the study, would not undoubtedly create the initial core and such a developmental direction for the studied villages.

With the advent of the industrialized and modern architectural technologies in rural areas, the existing vernacular architect has been diminished eventually. Using the modern and nonecological materials and technologies have caused the native human impact and a lot of damages to the rural environments. Using the vernacular and traditional principles is a great solution to reduce those negative human impact. Hence analyzing and extracting the sustainable vernacular principles is the key to achieve environmentally sustainable architecture.Thevernacular architecture of Iran in different regionshas diversity according to the various kinds of climate, culture, and age. These characteristics are unique in different regions. For example,architecture inthe central area of Iran is made of adobe, in the north of Iran wood is applied as the main material for architecture and in west of Iran due to the mountainous area, stone architecture has priority over other materials. In this paper, residential architecture of the western part of Iran especially mountainous villages has been studied. There are simple but wonderfulcontexts in Oramanat region(between Kurdistan and Kermanshah) in which different vernacular architectural indicatorscan be identified and recognized.These indicators embody the hidden identity of the stone architecture of Oramanat and now it is time to recognize them. In this paper, stone architecture of west Zagros will be identified.Research method in this paper is case study with a combinatory tactics. Differenttypes of rural housing with interpretive-analytic tactics will be studied and categorized. Then characteristic of each type will be represented. Finally the effect of livelihood, culture, climate, structure, material and nature on the design of housing is going to be described.

Windows have a major role on absorbing solar energy, reducing heat loses, and adding their values in traditional houses in Ardabil. The main aim of this research is to study windows as elements of beautification and production of clean and free energy. We discern that windows can be designed to respond to the regional climates. To explore that, we review four samples of the windows in the famous traditional houses of the Ardabil such as: Rezazadeh’s, Ebrahimi’s, Ershadi’s and Sadeghi’s that are related to the Qajar and Zand architecture periods in Iran. Research method for this study is the comparative and interpretative–history review. Moreover, the information is collected from documents and libraries. We focused in sash window design in southern front of traditional houses. Results showed that the physical dimensions of these windows are compatible in cold climates of Ardabil which are different from the other front of architectures. Also, this research showed that light loss in the Rezazadeh House is 17℅ and in Ebrahimi is 7%, Ershadi’s and Sadeghi’s were respectively 8.5℅ because there is a canopy above the window at Rezazadeh House. The last three houses are close to the average. So, it showed that windows can be designed to respond to the regional climates. The placements of windows in front wall without any indentations in the south walls indicate the need for more light on this front. But in the east and west side windows, the windows are associated with a slight indentation. Also, using large dimension windows in southern side of the case studies shows that light in these fronts was very important.