فهرست مطالب hassan khalaji

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of parent and teacher-centered play on motor development and motor motivation of 4- to 6-year-old children. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population of this study was boys and girls aged 4-6 years in district one of Arak city. From the existing statistical population, 30 children (4 to 6 years old) were selected as a sample and after performing the pre-test stage by homogenization, they were divided into two groups of 15 parentscentered and teacher-centered. Then, the people in each group performed 3 sessions of 30 minutes per week for 4 weeks and a total of 12 sessions of play related to their group. Motor development and motor motivation of children were measured using the third Ulrich motor development test and children's motor motivation questionnaire, respectively. Paired t-test was used to evaluate the effects within the group and independent ttest was used to compare the effects of the groups. Paired t-test results showed that motor development and motor motivation in both parent-centered and teacher-centered groups increased significantly from pretest to posttest (P≤0.05). Also, the results of independent t-test to compare the two groups showed that the motor development and motor motivation of the parent group was significantly better than the teacher-centered group (P≤0.05). Therefore, it is suggested to use parent-centered games instead of teacher-centered games to improve motor development and also to improve children's motor motivation.

This study aimed to address agreement level of performances on 3 selected motor skill assessment tools in a sample of Iranian first to fourth graders aged 7-10 year olds. The convenience sample included 164 healthy girls from public schools.  A Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated on the association between MABC-2, KTK and TGMD-3 performances in graders. A one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to compare performances means across grade levels. Low-to-moderate correlations were found between assessments across age in each assessment. In general, girls demonstrated higher scores across age cohorts. In conclusion, low-to-moderate associations among assessments instruments provide different pictures/levels of motor competency and should not be used interchangeably in studies.

One of the most important disorders in children is developmental coordination disorder. In this disorder, motor problems affect childrenchr('39')s daily activities, academic achievement, and health in the absence of any known medical condition or neurological disorder.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of self-modeling with mobile phone on overarm throwing skill in 7-9 years old children with developmental coordination disorder.

Twenty-four children with DCD were selected as purposeful sample and randomly divided into two experimental and one control group. Experimental groups conducted self-modeling with mobile phone under the supervision of a trainer and their parents. The control group trained overarm throwing skill without self-modeling. Training protocol consisted of 5 weeks, three sessions per week and each session included 40 minutes. The process and the product of overarm throwing were measured by the Ulrich test of gross motor development, the second edition, and the accuracy of the throw test.

Covariance test and Bonferroni’s post hoc test showed that there was a significant improvement in the process of overarm throwing skill in the two experimental groups (P<0.05). Comparison of the groups showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in the throwing process (P>0.05), but both groups had a significant difference with the control group (P<0.05). Comparison of the groups in the product of the throwing skill showed that there was no significant difference between the groups (P>0.05).

In general, the results of this study showed that that self-modeling with mobile phone improves the process of overarm throwing skill in children with developmental coordination disorders. Self-modeling probably facilitates the process of performing and learning skill in these children by creating a representation of the task.

Sexual dysfunction is common among women and takes a toll on quality of life. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of both aquatic exercise and fennel consumption on multiple domains of sexual function and estradiol level in women.

In this semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design, 30 females aged 20–40 years were randomly assigned to three major groups of exercise-placebo, exercise-supplement, and control. Aquatic exercise was carried out at moderate intensity, three days per week for 8 weeks. The participants in the fennel group received oral soft capsules containing 100mg of fennel twice a day for 8 weeks and women in the placebo group received the same doze of placebo capsules containing 100mg of sunflower oil. Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and blood samples were collected 48 h before and after the last sessions of exercise training. Estradiol was assessed using ELISA assay. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and SPSS Software v.21.

Total FSFI score (P= 0.01) as well as desire (P= 0.01), arousal (P= 0.03), satisfaction (P= 0.04), orgasm (P= 0.05) and lubrication (P = 0.04) in the exercise-placebo group improved significantly compared to the control group. Furthermore, sexual function (P=0.01) and estradiol level (P=0.02) were significantly improved in exercise-supplement group, compared to exercise-placebo group.

Combination of aquatic exercise with fennel consumption may increase estradiol level, and improve sexual function in women.

Children developmental characteristic has relationship with their parent’s quality of life. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between motor development and body mass index of intellectual disable children, with their parent’s quality of life.
This study was correlation type. We selected the statistical sample, from all students with mild mental retardation (IQ 50-70) that studying in special schools, in Arak in the academic year of 1394-95, according to Cochran formula and with purposive sampling method that finally 127 students and their parents cooperated. Motor development, quality of life, height and weight respectively were measured using short form of Bruniniks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, SF-12 questionnaire, tape mounted on the wall and digital scales. Data were analyzed by the SPSS-23 software with significant level of 0.05 using partial correlation and linear regression analysis.
Motor development of children has significant positive correlation with parent’s quality of life (P=0.02). Children's BMI has not significantly associated with their parent’s quality of life (P=0.83). Significantly, motor development of children can predict their parent’s quality of life (P=0.01).
Probably support of children motor development causes promote of parent’s quality of life. So, probably focus on children motor development, meanwhile interpersonal effectiveness, will be a therapeutic strategy to promote physical, mental and social health of parents of children with intellectual disability.

Addiction to narcotic drugs is associated with cardiovascular diseases; and increased levels of biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein and fibrinogen are independently correlated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of resistance training on C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels in drug addicted men.
In this quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest, the number of 30 male addicts was randomly divided into resistance training group (n = 15) and non-sports control group (n = 15). Then, resistance training was conducted within two months, four days a week, and 50 to 60 minutes a day. The serum levels of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, body compositions, and metabolic parameters were evaluated before and after the training period.
After the passage of 8 weeks of resistance training, skeletal muscle strength significantly increased (P Short-term resistance training program improves muscle mass and strength in the male addicts after drug abstinence and this improvement is associated with reduced levels of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen.

Parkinson disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease among the aging population. Theaim of this study was to determine if 10-weeks of functional exercise training would result in improvements in functional fitness and quality of life of people with Parkinson's disease. Subjects and

Research methodology was experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group. A total of 20 men and 20 women with mild to moderate idiopathic PD, aged 55-75 were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Before the training period the level and severity of disease, mental state, functional fitness and quality of life in all patients were assessed respectively by using UPDRS and H&Y, MMSE, FFT and PDQL questionnaire. Research data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential (MANOVA, ANOVA, T-test). All operations and statistical analysis at significant level (P≤0.05) were performed using SPSS software version 18.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between patients in functional fitness (P=0.99) and Quality of Life (P=0.87) in pretest. While in the experimental group the pretest and posttest scores on functional fitness (P=0.00) and quality of Life (P=0.01) were significantly different.

These findings suggested the role of functional training in improving functional fitness and quality of life in patients with Parkinson disease. It would effects positively on individual's independence to perform daily living tasks and having a better life.

Aim and The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of three different feedback methods to learning of temporal-special coordination hand movement task.Methods and Materials: 30 Children (8-10 ages) according to receiving feedback (100 percent, omitted, self-control) randomly divided to three groups. This study was done in three days. In the first and second days all subjects practice 100 trails movement task. Retention tests were done in second and third days and reacquisition test was done in the third day. For acquisition and retention phases analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was used. All participants in the first day improved accuracy across practice trials but in the second day did not improve their accuracy across practice trials. There was no significant difference between retention tests that showed 100 practice trials that have been done in the second day did not improve participants learning. During the retention tests 100 percent feedback group was significantly better than omitted group. One way ANOVA was used to analysis reacquisition test that showed 100 percent feedback group was significantly better than omitted group. Results from this study showed receiving more feedback can improve motor learning in children (in contrast with guidance hypothesis) and motor skill acquisition in children not occur as fast as young people.

The main purpose of this study was to determine which correlate, perceived motor competence or motor skill competence, best predicts girls? physical activity behavior. A sample of 352 girls (mean age=8.7, SD=0.3 yr) participated in this study. To assess motor skill competence and perceived motor competence, each child completed the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 and Physical Ability sub-scale of Marsh?s Self-Description Questionnaire. Children?s physical activity was assessed by the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Multiple linear regression model was used to determine whether perceived motor competence or motor skill competence best predicts moderate-to- vigorous self-report physical activity. Multiple regression analysis indicated that motor skill competence and perceived motor competence predicted 21% variance in physical activity (R2=0.21, F=48.9, P=0.001), and motor skill competence (R2=0.15,? =0.33, P= 0.001) resulted in more variance than perceived motor competence (R2=0.06,? =0.25, P=0.001) in physical activity. Results revealed motor skill competence had more influence in comparison with perceived motor competence on physical activity level. We suggest interventional programs based on motor skill competence and perceived motor competence should be administered or implemented to promote physical activity in young girls.

The most common cause of dementia among the elderly is Alzheimer’s disease. Given the increasing population of the elderly, achieving a screening tool with high reliability and validity is an essential need for all communities. The main objective of the project was to determine the Persian version of Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (P-CDR1). Twenty subjects were randomly selected from among 150, 50-70 year old people, who were illiterate and not mentally retarded, residing in the nursing home; and they were given the Persian version of CDR scale (test). After three months, the group was given the test again. The findings showed that from the specialists’ standpoint CDR scale had acceptable validity, and the test validity was achieved 0.05 at the significant level with Cronbach’s alpha and reliability coefficients 73% and 89%, respectively. CDR scale is a reliable instrument for evaluation of clinical dementia rating among the elderly in Iran. It can be used in screening dementia, Alzheimer, and diagnosis of the severity and stages of Alzheimer.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two different age groups (children and young adult) to learning of temporal-special coordination hand movement pattern. Sixty subjects according to the age (children-young adult) and receiving feedback (100%، omitted، self-control) were randomly divided in to six groups. This study was done in three days. All subjects practice 100 trails of movement task in each day of first and second days. Retention tests were done in second and third days and reacquisition test was done in the third day. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures and two way ANOVA was used to data analysis. All participants in the first day improved their accuracy across practice trials. In the second day children did not improve their accuracy but young adult experienced improvement across practice trials. There was no significant difference between retention children tests but that was significant about young adult. During the retention tests children who received 100% feedback was significantly better than other children feedback groups and there was no significant between young adult feedback groups. During the reacquisition test children who received 100% feedback was significantly better than other children feedback groups and there was no significant between young adult feedback groups. Results from this study showed young adult were better than children in the learning of this pattern، receiving more feedback can improve motor learning in children (in contrast with guidance hypothesis) and we must not expect motor skill acquisition occur in fast rate like young adult in children.

Lady Zainab, peace be upon her, is among the rare women who benefited most from the light of Imamate and managed to reach the pinnacle of perfection and human excellences and become worthy of guidance in the most sensitive period of time. A study of the degrees of perfection and merits earned and attained by Zainab and looking up to her as a role model are some of the most important factors of proper education and self-reconstruction teaching today’s women the concept of a dynamic and real life. This study introduces the numerous excellences and merits of this great lady such as knowledge, piety, devotion, resistance, steadfastness, modesty, patience, forbearance and bravery.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a selected motor program (as a motor experience) on manipulative skills in 4-6-year-old boys. 40 subjects were selected randomly using a personal information questionnaire. After the pretest, the Ulrich's test of Gross Motor Development (2000) including fundamental motor skills, locomotors skills, manipulative skills and controlling instruments was used and the subjects were randomly divided into two groups of selected motor program (age: 58.9 months, SD: 8.57); one of these groups experienced the activities of researcher's selected motor program 24 sessions, 30 minutes per session while the other group (control) enjoyed their casual activities. After 24 sessions, two groups participated in the posttest. To test the hypotheses, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and independent and dependent t student tests were used. The results showed that a selected motor program had more effects on the development of manipulative skills when compared with casual activities (P<0.05). It is suggested to design a special training program and to enrich children's environment so that better training opportunities can be provided to develop their manipulative skills which are the basis and foundation of their technical and sport skills.

This research was aimed at investigating the theory of multiple resources and central resource of attention on secondary task performance of talking with two types of cell phone during driving. Using disposal sampling, 25 male participants were selected and their reaction to auditory stimulus in three different driving conditions (no conversation with phone, conversation with handheld phone and hands-free phone) were recorded. Driving conditions have been changed from a participant to another participant in order to control the sequence of tests and participants familiarity with the test conditions. the results of data analysis with descriptive statistics and Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity, One- factor repeated measures ANOVA and Paired-Samples T test showed that different driving conditions can affect the reaction time (P <0 /001). Conversation with a handheld phone increases drivers’ simple reaction time to simple auditory stimulus (P > 0/001). Phone Conversation with hands-free phone increases drivers’ simple reaction time to auditory stimulus (P <0 /001). Using handheld phone does not increase drivers’ reaction time to auditory stimulus over hands-free phone (P = 0/861). The results confirmed that the performance quality of dual tasks and multiple tasks can be predicted by Four-dimensional multiple resources model of attention and all traffic laws in connection with the handheld phone also have to be spread to the use of hands-free phone.