فهرست مطالب hassan sajadzadeh

The realization of crime prevention through environmental design in human settlements has always been of great importance throughout history, and effective steps can be taken by using valuable tricks and experiences in environmental design, especially in the peripheral contexts of cities due to security. This research seeks to explain the strategic model of crime prevention through environmental design in the suburbs of Hamadan city. The current study has been conducted with a descriptive-analytical and survey method to infer and evaluate the factors of environmental prevention of crime in the suburbs of Hamadan city. This research, used the questionnaire of citizens (400 people) and experts (25 people) and their analysis, to determine the matrices of internal and external factors, the matrix of situation assessment, and strategic action and presentation of strategies (SWOT), as well as the quantitative strategy planning matrix (QSPM) for prioritizing strategies. Shannon's entropy method was used to analyze the experts' questionnaire. The sample studied in this research included four marginal neighborhoods of Mazdaghine, Hasar, Dizaj, and Khezr, which are the main representatives of marginalization in Hamadan city. The research findings indicate that the strategic position in this research is a competitive strategy (ST). Therefore, these types of strategies should be emphasized more. It is worth mentioning that to deepen the studies and analysis, other strategies have also been analyzed. The results of the research show that among the obtained strategies, the most important and effective strategies are using the opinions of residents and neighborhood council members in the preparation of security-environmental plans that will be implemented and operational under the supervision of experts; developing a comprehensive, purposeful, and unique plan to create a suitable environmental platform; and developing the basic infrastructure of the marginal areas, which are prioritized as important and effective strategies (ST).

Architecture graduates have often failed to satisfy expectations and needs of their respective communities, with the quality of their higher education being the prime suspect. Architectural education chiefly aims to prepare students for the profession. It is, therefore, crucial to find the right ways to that end.When architecture graduates face their first work experience, the shortcomings of their education become evident.The present research intends to compile professional competency models for architecture graduates based on interviewswith experts and tutors.From an epistemological point of view, the research method is based on the interpretive paradigm and is of a qualitative type.The selected strategy is based on the contextual theory of foundation data, and data analyses are done based on the systematic coding method of Strauss and Corbin in the Max Kyuda 2020 software.The results show that fulfilling primary conditions requires reforming educational charts, admission systems and a purposeful grouping of students, with background conditions including the adaptation of education and the profession, and improving students’ professional character.

Good urban governance is a concept that aims to harmonize and direct the strength of society. It tries to create an atmosphere to develop society’s goals through participation in different aspects by implementing transparency and accountability. In this regard, informing people about urban plans and decisions is necessary. People should be able to comment on urban decisions in a communicative context. A fast rate of urbanization worldwide caused reduced direct communication between people and authorities. So, informing people and teaching them how to communicate with urban managers leads to a better balance between demand and supply, plus identifying needs based on contextual data. To facilitate this process, some groups are employed by organizations to facilitate more effective communication with people. The projects they worked on included renovation and rehabilitation, reducing crime by enabling local businesses, informal settlement issues, and so on. In this project, the challenges of the communication with both people and authorities have been considered by considering the necessary role of such groups. Sixteen deep semi-structured interviews with the members of the aforementioned groups have been done in five different cities in Iran, and two interviews have been conducted with two urban authorities to find the right questions. MaxQDA2020 has analyzed the results of interviews in the format of charts. The results show the main challenge of these groups is communication with authorities. In some cases, replacing authority sources or changing policies causes an ignorance of their field achievements. On the other hand, such groups are not recognized thoroughly by authorities, so achieving the goals of projects is progressing slowly, and many challenges are being faced.

The expansion of the informal housing phenomenon is caused by the lack of legal benefits for the city body of the weak stratum of urban society. Therefore, according to the assortment of reasons for marginalization in different cities, it seems essential to know the influential factors in the emergence and development of these areas. As one of the metropolises accepting immigrants, the population increase in Rasht has caused uneven horizontal expansion of the city. Therefore, it is essential to recognize the influential factors in forming these areas and their development to ensure citizenship rights and improve the quality of life.

The criteria to be measured in connection with this subject are socio-cultural, economic, physical-legal, urban management, and environmental components. In this regard, this research, with a descriptive-analytical approach and the methods of reviewing texts, sources, and visual documents in the context of library studies and case research methods, tries to identify the influential factors in the formation and expansion of four informal settlements in Rasht, including Paskiab, Nokhodchar, Jamaran, and Eynak. Therefore, in the quantitative part, the Exploratory Factor Analysis was used to prioritize the findings after using the questionnaire tool. This method examines the internal correlation between multiple research variables and finally categorizes them in the form of more limited general factors. Also, the sample size was estimated using Cochran's formula to be 384. In the qualitative part of the research, non-participatory observation tools, images, and maps have been used.

Based on the findings of the study, the micro-criteria of ethnicity, the level of communication of the residents of these areas with their relatives and neighbors, and the lack of social justice regarding the socio-cultural criteria are considered the most effective criteria in the formation and expansion of these areas. After that, the micro-criteria of cheap land price (housing) and low rent in connection with the economic criterion have made the most significant contribution to the formation of these areas. Finally, the implementation of improvement projects to provide public spaces and legalize construction in connection with urban management criteria, which is conceded to be the result of integrated mismanagement in Rasht, has the slightest impact on the formation and expansion of marginal areas.

Based on results, socio-cultural criteria with a third of the total variance are considered the main indicators in the emergence and expansion of informal settlements in the mentioned areas in Rasht.

Preventing crime and establishing security through environmental design in human settlements has always been of great importance throughout history.

The basis of this research is based on the inference and extraction of environmental design indicators and factors that have played an effective role in establishing security in the past neighborhoods, which deals with the application of these factors and experiences in establishing environmental security in new settlements.

The present research has been used descriptive-analytical method to infer and evaluate environmental security indicators in neighborhoods and traditional settlements. Then, by using the questionnaire tool (360 numbers) and analyzing it through SPSS software, through t-test and factor analysis, the data has been deduced and analyzed. Also, in order to analyze the role of spatial links in establishing security, Depth Map software has been used, as well as comparative tests and correlation matrix coefficients to check the relationship between the components of the variables.

Studied Areas: 

The sample under study is one of the most important traditional and luxury neighborhoods of Kermanshah, named Faiz Abad neighborhood. This neighborhood is one of the old neighborhoods that was formed around the historical center of the city and dates back to more than a hundred years ago.

The findings of the research show that the most important environmental design factors affecting the improvement of security in human settlements in traditional localities are: functional, physical quality and the amount of spatial links in these types of tissues, which pay attention to the physical and functional diversity in Urban neighborhoods play a greater role in the security of urban neighborhoods.

The results of the research show that among the indicators of physical-functional factors, the mixed use of spaces with mixed uses and entrances to the fabric of neighborhoods, and among the indicators of spatial connection factors, tissue ossification and density in the tissue have the highest priority over others. The indicators in environmental security are from the perspective of residents in this neighborhood.

According to the prevailing view in architectural and urban studies, the bazaar is described as the backbone of the spatial and social structure of Iranian cities. However, various studies on public spaces, especially commercial centers in Iran, show that despite the small growth of these buildings; They have serious weaknesses in the field of quality. In a way that has caused the degradation of qualitative components and the failure of many spaces designed in the contemporary era has been seen. Recognizing this issue and the lack of behavioral-spatial studies in markets and commercial centers in this article, we have tried to study the relationship between environmental quality in various dimensions, including space with current activities in traditional markets and new commercial centers. Because there seems to be a significant relationship between the type of current activities and the success of the behavioral camp. The research method is mixed and based on observing the range of current activities, spatial configuration analysis and questioning of space users. The study area includes the traditional market of Boroujerd and Diplomat Shopping Center have been selected as two architectural models. For this purpose, 2 behavioral camps in the traditional market and 1 camp in the Diplomat Center were studied. Space Syntax analysis variables included "Integration ", "depth" and "connection". According to Jan Gehl's theory, current activities are divided into three groups: "mandatory", "optional" and "social", and the quality of the environment is divided into four categories: "objective-structural", "objective-functional", and "objective-environmental", "Mental-spatial", "mental-semantic" is divided. The hypotheses were tested using correlation analysis method in SPSS.23 software. It was concluded that the studied behavioral camps, due to their high physical quality, allow the occurrence of selective activities that are more dependent on the physical and physical conditions of the environment than other activities. Also, there is a significant positive relationship between voluntary and interconnected activities in the studied behavioral camps.

Networking aims to define the principles and regulatory relationships between elements and optimize the performance of urban subsystems. Urban green networks support ecological functions and services that can help planning for the future of cities. The purpose of this research was to explain a conceptual model for the urban green network from the perspective of science according to the various perceptions of the concept of urban green network based on different scientific points of view by inferring and extracting the most important dimensions, approaches, and attitudes related to this field. By using the qualitative method and analyzing the written documents through the same lexical analysis, this research inferred and evaluated different points of view. The information was analyzed using the LCA analysis tool and SPAD software was used to analyze the relationships among the collected information by examining the effective environmental sciences. Using the VOSviewer software, the most important dimensions, approaches, and attitudes were determined. The findings of this research showed that the concept of the urban green network was directly related to the three environmental sciences of urban studies, urban geography, and ecological sciences. These sciences had a significant impact on the formation of a conceptual model to provide a clear picture of this concept in line with urban green infrastructure planning. Urban studies deal with concepts, such as protecting green spaces in cities, creating new spatial forms, etc., in urban geography, paying attention to the ecological principles in cities, meeting the ecological needs of nature and humans, etc., as the effective concepts. Ecological sciences are also mentioned as the most important research fields regarding the concept of urban green network to promote continuity in urban green spaces, create and design optimal corridors, etc. The results of this study showed that the concept of urban green network was a multi-research field. It appeared as a field supported by the urban planning method by means of decision-making tools, capable of modeling green infrastructure as an urban network formed from natural and semi-natural areas and was in line with the distribution of public services to increase the quality of life, as well as providing ecosystem services and sustainability in cities.

Today, the study of a residential environment is important because of its effectiveness on important planning indicators such as residential relocation rate, quality of life, and housing demand forecasting, and the quality of the environment is a factor affecting urban population movements. Residential stability leads to community cohesion, the formation of social networks, and informal social monitoring, which collectively lead to the solution of community and neighborhood problems. The purpose of this research is to discover the factors affecting residential instability and the desire to move, especially with respect to the quality of the environment of residential buildings in the city of Arak, Iran.

 Theoretical Framework:

From the early 1950s, the big cities of Iran were exposed to massive migration. The immediate solution to this crisis was to build residential buildings in sparsely populated areas. The point that can be seen in the process of creating residential buildings in Iran is that they have often neglected the principles and criteria of urban planning in the planning and design of residential buildings and have failed to create desirable residential environments. They have also ignored the residents in the design of the buildings, decreasing their level of satisfaction.Moreover, the quality of the environment is considered as a factor affecting population movements within the city and attempts to leave the neighborhoods. The residents’ assessment of their residential environment is effective on the size of population attracted to and retained in the urban area, and it is an important factor influential on population mobility within the city.Studies have demonstrated in regard to the differences between planned and actual residential moves that 48 percent of those who have intended to move have left their homes after 5 years, while 14% of those who have planned to stay have also moved. Reducing residential mobility is a step towards building a stable neighborhood.

The method of information analysis adopted in this research is based on the systematic approach of Strauss’ and Corbin’s theories in the three main steps of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, which is based on continuous comparison.Open coding is based on general questions aimed at discovering the truth, such as why you stayed in this building, why you intend to go, and what factors make you stay or leave. Axial coding is aimed to establish a relationship between the concepts generated in the open coding step. The basis of the communication process in axial coding is to focus on and define a category as the central one and then place other categories as sub-categories below the main one.In selective coding, the utilized categories are theoretically saturated.The first and second steps are logically placed next to each other based on the coded concepts. Then, the researcher must choose the core category. Here, the major categories are related to each other in the form of a paradigm model (contextual model) around the core category.

The findings indicate that 23.5% of the residents tended to stay in their current homes for one to four years, while the estimated lengths of stay in their current homes included five to eight years for 17.8%, six to twelve years for 10.0%, and above sixteen years for 2.8%. The greatest impact on residential stability concerning the subject of the research is exhibited by causal conditions (such as the design and construction of a building), which are formed before its construction, and conditions other than the background ones (such as the location of the building in the city), taking shape after its construction, which include intervening and strategic conditions. Strategic conditions are exemplified by feelings of security and tranquility, congestion, and management, and intervening conditions include neighborhood relations, residents’ cultural level and social homogeneity, lack of economic capacity to move, and lack of buyers. The reasons for the poor conditions of the building (which are more personal and individual and are different for each person) include factors affecting residential stability and the desire to move.

Good building quality and cultural level and homogeneity were the first and second priorities of the residents to achieve residential stability. However, the respondents’ important reasons include the high level of reference to peace and security, high access level, proper management, and economic inability to move. Other items mentioned include proper location of the apartment and the building. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the factors that create residential stability are different from those that create the desire and tendency to move. The factors creating residential stability are stated based on facts and needs, but those for tendency to move are stated based on wishes, ideals, and expectations. Furthermore, the greater the distance between these two (real requests and wishes), the greater the desire to move.

Vitality is one of the basic needs of cities that with the development of urbanization and social harms, its importance is increasing day by day. Focusing on environmental qualities leads to the efficiency and vitality of urban spaces, the continuation of urban life and the strengthening of physical-mental health characteristics and belonging to the place. Today, we are witnessing a decline in environmental qualities, lively activities, lack of natural and urban green spaces, and as a result, the active and lively presence of people in urban spaces is diminishing. Parklet is one of the factors that can be effective in encouraging citizens to walk and increase vitality in urban spaces. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess and evaluate the role of Parklets in order to increase vitality in one of the most important promenades and pedestrian boulevards in Hamadan called Eram Boulevard. The research method is applied and survey and the data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire to obtain citizens' opinions and the reliability of the data was calculated by Cronbach's alpha of 0.845. According to the statistical population of the study, based on Cochran's formula, 360 people are considered as the sample size. In order to analyze the data, one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation and multivariate regression in SPSS statistical software were used. The results indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between the variables of public space expansion, improving street landscape, a place for social interactions, increasing economic income and improving quality of life with vitality. Also, the index of social interactions and improving the landscape of the street have the greatest impact on increasing the vitality of Eram Boulevard in Hamedan.

The vernacular architecture of Iran is a valuable treasure of design criteria and methods that have been formed in accordance with the geographical, cultural, livelihood, and climatic characteristics, based on the available facilities, and addresses the coexistence of humans and the environment as a two-way relationship; while the speed of change in the old fabric of cities makes us face their absence in the near future. This highlights the need to record traditional architectural pattern and to identify and discover the hidden form, function, climate, and ecological aspects of traditional houses. At a time when not using proportions and practical principles and rules in building has become widespread, researching vernacular architecture, and discovering proportions and practical principles and typology can lead to a better understanding of space and achieving practical design patterns. Due to limited research on cold climate, this study aims to investigate the typology of the filled and empty residential space in this climate to explore the characteristics of this architecture style. The scope of the research is vernacular houses of Tabriz dating from Qajar to Pahlavi. The theoretical framework is first presented using desk research and a descriptive-analytical method, and then the study of samples and the collection and analysis of form, physical proportions, and typology of the shape-climate of the filled and empty space have been discussed. For collecting data, sources, documents, sketches, and maps of vernacular houses, field studies and formal analysis of findings is used. The results show that the full and empty residential space of Tabriz is based on ecological principles, and also shows the existence of a specific ratio in vernacular houses. Moreover, the most frequent orientations are from 10 degrees southeast to 20 degrees southwest, as well as one-front and two-story houses.

The bond between the city and the movies is a two-way, strong one more than a century old. The movies has always been defined with respect to the city and urban spaces since the first days of its creation—late 19th century. If the audience perceives urban spaces as having various functions and appropriate spatial qualities in the movie, the perception is associated with the real space and causes different feedbacks than those spaces in the long term. Despite the increasing global desire to use the cinematic image of the city to achieve various layers of information, the Iranian movies still fails to present a correct image of the city. The beating heart of every city, urban spaces are still not used in the Iranian movies in the general sense. While large, important cities such as Paris, London, New York, and Berlin are always in a two-way relationship with the movies and urban spaces, where the city and the various relevant issues are always exposed to cinematic representations as everyday, critical, or praiseworthy matters, reflection on such issues is still heretical in Iran. Especially, critical reflection about Tehran, as the main location in the Iranian movies, has not received much attention. A way to understand the urban space is to represent the city, urban spaces, and the complex, contradictory whole using the movies. Therefore, the main purposes of this research are to 1- examine the characteristics of different periods of the Iranian movies from the beginning of its formation to 2019, 2- examine different dimensions of selected works of the Iranian fiction movies after the Islamic Revolution of 1978, 3- extract urban space creation criteria in the fiction movies works, and 4- represent the image of a more human-oriented urban space in the Iranian movies. The latter suggestion is made because it is assumed that the Iranian cinematographer can achieve a dialectic of indicating the positive and negative aspects of the existing spaces in the country’s cities by using the correct criteria for representation of urban spaces in the movies, thereby nurturing informed, insistent viewers and causing active measures on the part of environmental designers to create more humane spaces.

Theoretical Framework:

The final criteria were evaluated with the methods of analyzing the content, watching the movie, and surveying the city in the movie. Based on the conceptual model, the final criteria include the following in the order specified from the filmmaker’s point of view: the qualities of the urban space in the movie, diversity in the use of urban spaces, method of payment for the place, types of urban space, and types of character. The criterion of diversity in urban spaces, which concerns the use of these spaces in different parts of the city (not only in a specific region) with the urban surveying method in the movie, seeks the diversity of urban spaces presented in the city of Tehran in the fiction movies of choice produced after the revolution, and the final map is generated in the GIS software. 5 more criteria were examined first in the most important movies produced after the revolution with the method of content analysis and movie watching.

In a comparative study, what can help the researcher to achieve his goal is greater emphasis on simultaneous analysis and examination of contrasts, as practiced in this research.

All the above points indicate that the Iranian moviemaker still considers the city and its imposed modernity to be the source of many problems.Another issue emphasized by Iranian moviemakers is to demonstrate the constant development of the city and its spaces regardless of the events of the story and peoples’ wishes. In some movies, no emphasis is placed on the urban space if actually depicted, and it is regarded simply as a background for the events of the story. All locations are focused on certain areas in Tehran and the like.

The results of the research demonstrate that we have not been very successful in creation of urban spaces in the past decades, and the few spaces that have been created and recreated have not been welcomed by cinematographers for various reasons. Moreover, the represented urban areas have been restricted to certain areas in Tehran, which has been subject to the conditions mentioned in the section on findings.Furthermore, most of the selected movies in the fiction and urban fields were filmed in Tehran, and we are faced all around Iran with a pure centralism in terms of selection of the location of filming in urban spaces despite the availability of a variety thereof. This process should be corrected to address different aspects of various cities in Iran in fiction movies.

Residential textures and neighborhoods, like other urban textures, have been exposed to major challenges and changes due to rapid urban change. Accordingly, the above research aims to explain the comprehensive framework of social resilience in biological assemblies, using a descriptive-analytical method and using a quantitative approach; Using heuristic factor analysis test and structural equation model; It seeks to increase the capacity and resilience of neighborhoods and design resilient bio-complexes. To collect information, the library-documentary method and a questionnaire were used. The statistical population of the study consists of residents of three neighborhoods named Kalpa, Haji and Kababian. The sampling method was simple random and the sample size was calculated based on Cochran's formula of 386 people. In order to measure the internal validity and reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha (0.784) and for convergent validity (0.892) the extracted variance (AVE) was used, which indicates the high validity of the questionnaires. dimensions of social capital, including; Social trust, emotional support, social bonding, and social mediation are ranked highest among other dimensions, respectively, based on the variance explained; Among these, the social trust of residents towards local organizations and institutions with a factor load of 0.795 percent is the most important variable constituting the social network index with a total variance of 8.620 percent. The results of the present study, with studies conducted with heuristic factor analysis, show that the four indicators of social capital, including: social network, social participation, social cohesion and social norms, are more effective than other indicators.

Creative city theory is a new approach whose milestone is the emphasis on creativity and culture in the economy and social capital. Historical contexts, in addition to having the aesthetic and identifying values of cities, are still the livelihood of millions of citizens and are therefore a good place to apply the creative city approach. The present study was conducted to explain the model of the creative city approach in the historical context of the Hamadan city, which has been done by the survey technique and the analytical-interpretive method. Initially, the evaluation indicators of the creative city, which were extracted from reliable sources, were classified into five structures: ‘socio-cultural’, ‘economic’, ‘managerial’, ‘functional-spatial’, and ‘environmental’. Then, the opinions of people and experts were collected through a questionnaire. Next, the data of the questionnaire were entered into SPSS software and with the help of the exploratory factor analysis technique which was applied separately in each of the above structures, the explanatory factors were identified. Then, using the linear multivariate regression analysis technique, the relationship between the extracted factors and the creative city approach in the historical context of Hamadan was assessed. Finally, the indicators of ‘women’s participation in social activities’, ‘the importance of knowledge-based service centers’, ‘historical events of the city’, ‘people's participation in social activities’, ‘the need to use new and knowledge-based technologies’, and ‘supporting urban entrepreneurs’ were identified. The elements have had the greatest impact on the realization of the creative city approach in the historical context of Hamedan.

This paper seeks to study the impacts of different dimensions of ICTs on urban design. Due to the inevitable digitalization of our lives which has a direct impact on urban design, it sounds that providing a redefinition of the concept of urban design is necessary. Although there are various studies about the impacts of ICTs on dimensions of cities, in this study, we consider the concept of urban design specifically. After reviewing various key aspects in urban design which were highlighted by practitioners and writers, eight dimensions were chosen to be investigated. These metrics include morphological, perceptual, social, visual, functional, temporal, environmental, and economic dimensions. We try to address digitalization in the sense that how urban design can help to bridge the science and process of urban design by investigating the impact of ICTs on a few key selected dimensions. This study aims to present a clear and compatible image of urban design in the digital era. The resulting changes from globalization are expected to update the process of urban design. The study presents a qualitative perception of the imperative-analytical technique through a content review and qualitative coding (open, axial, and selective coding) in the first part. We tried to assess the views in chronological order in an urban context to present an updated definition of urban design: urban design is a process of enhancing the qualities of urban environments which would be facilitated by using ICTs tools.

Iranian Takiyehs, which epitomize the link among time, place, and people, are unique as they are the only open urban spaces with religious function in the Muslim urban-planning culture. Understanding the architectural features and the design principles in such buildings can contribute to the physical continuity of a culture in its environment and also to the identification of Iranian cities. This paper and research answered to two questions: First, what factors contributed to the formation of the structure of the Mo’aven Al-Molk Takiyeh? And second, did a particular pattern contribute to the formation of the ratios, the skeleton, and the architectural spaces of the Takiyeh? To this end, the ratios, the accessibility and the hierarchy of the sections of the Takiyeh were examined in order to fulfill the objective of this paper; that is, to identify the spatial-structural pattern of the Mo’aven Al-Molk Takiyeh of Kermanshah. Therefore, a descriptive-analytical method was used to conduct the study. Data collection procedures included library studies, documentary studies including the examination of the existing plans, field observations, measuring the dimensions, and matching the existing plans to the findings, which resulted in identifying the original pattern of the building prior to its restoration and renovation. The obtained results showed that following the central courtyard design due to the cold climatic conditions of the region and considering the introversion issue are among the factors affecting the structural design of this valuable monument. Furthermore, other factors such as the ratio of the open to closed spaces, the spatial interconnection and hierarchy, the clarity, and the balance of the sections of this monument have given rise to the cohesive skeleton and configuration of its structure, despite the fact that its sections were joined together at different times.

Because of the expansion of cities, it has become highly challenging to modify  urban structures to address the drawbacks of the planning and design of open spaces, control microclimates, and improve thermal comfort conditions. Due to their effect on the quality of air in cities, urban microclimates are highly significant, and since urban spaces play an important role in creation of urban microclimates, urban designers and planners have the capacity and means to reduce the negative effects of climate on citizens’ health through implementation of proper designs.

Urban spaces affect their users’ thermal comfort via their design elements. Various parameters can induce micro-climatic changes, such as the geometric patterns, vegetation, natural elements, and construction materials of the open spaces. These elements also play important roles in balancing urban thermal comfort during winter. While the effects of vegetation and geometric patterns on thermal comfort in public open spaces during winter have been studied independently, the cumulative impact of vegetation and geometric parameters during winter in cold and dry climates has not been investigated sufficiently. This article sought to address this shortcoming.

The ENVI-met software was used for simulation and comparison of the thermal comfort conditions of the open spaces selected for this study. First, the design parameters of the selected sites were determined via field measurement, and were entered into the software for simulation of the thermal environments. The four climatic parameters of thermal comfort were measured during winter using ENVI-met . Then, a receptor was placed at the center of each selected site for investigation of thermal comfort at the pedestrian scale. Using these receptors, the parameters of space design and their impacts on thermal comfort were studied during the selected season.

The changes recorded for wind speed were larger than those in MRT, air temperature, and RH; hence, the differences in thermal comfort at the central points. According to the results, the Kolapa and Kolanj neighborhoods exhibited more favorable thermal conditions due to their higher PET values. Both Kalpa and Kolanj neighborhoods had north-south orientation. This type of orientation provides top-down access to the sunlight during winter. The H/W ratios at the central receptors of the Kolanj and Kalpa neighborhoods were 0.6 and 0.3, respectively. These H/W ratios provided greater enclosure than those of the other neighborhoods. While a H/W ratio less than one can be said to be suitable for cold climates during winter, it can cause thermal discomfort against wind speed if it lies below a certain threshold. This condition was observed in the Kababiyan neighborhood, where the H/W ratio at the central point was 0.13. As a result, the residents have to take protective measures against the winter wind and storms. In addition, dense vegetation caused a decrease in the SVF of the neighborhoods. The neighborhood centers with vegetation exhibited higher MRT values as well. The trees also raised the RH values of the neighborhoods. Because of the dry climate of Hamadan, Iran, vegetation can certainly improve thermal comfort in this city.

Recent climate studies have explored thermal comfort as an important quality of urban spaces. While thermal comfort can be achieved through a decrease in temperature in hot climates (as emphasized by most studies), it requires an increase temperature to provide thermal comfort in cold and dry climates. The presence of Hamadan’s citizens in the urban open spaces of the city always decreases in the second half of the year because of the cold mountainous climate. Limitation in or even lack of thermal comfort is one of the most important reasons for this change. With their high standards of sociability, the centers of the historical neighborhoods of Hamadan have always served as places for social interaction between the residents of the city. Therefore, this study attempted to assess the thermal characteristics of nine neighborhood centers in Hamadan using the notion of thermal comfort and the relevant variables.

With the start of the postmodern period, the views, studies and most of the philosophies around the place, had a clear emphasis on the atmosphere and avoid quantitate look based on Cartesian thought to the place. The reason of this attention can be the following paragraph. as we see, the most of the built environment which we are aging in them changed to no soul skeleton that the only response to our functional needs and doesn’t have any connection with our spirit. Our bodies get used mainly for watching something. We forget the pleasure of bodily experience such as walking, hearing, smelling, and touching; we have been losing sensory meanings related to the world: the ground, the sky, the air and the world. Architecture is implicated in this loss, having become more focused on the instant images rather than either practicality or sincerity. As a result, most of contemporary architecture has been stuck in ocular centrism. Steven Hall, meanwhile, suggests Parallax, following the Merleau-Ponty and bodily Perception, and relates the quality of communication in today's spaces to parallax-based perception. Holl defines Parallax in his book: “Parallax- the change in the arrangement of surfaces that define space as a result of the change in the position of the viewer- is transformed when movement axes leave the horizontal dimension. Vertical or oblique movements through urban space multiply our experiences. Spatial definition is ordered by angles of perception. The historical idea of perspective as enclosed volumetric based on horizontal space gives way today to the vertical dimension. Architectural experience has been taken out of its historical closure. Vertical and oblique slippages are key to new spatial perceptions. In this study, we arrived at the root of Parallax, (the change in the arrangement of surfaces that define space as a result of the change in the position of the viewer), and we find it in space under two indicators of angle-of-sight and activation of the five senses. Aim of research: Our aim is to achieve the design elements of this component (parallax) and how to make it in space. In this regard, we chose the historic houses of Tabriz as a case study to achieve our goals. This selection is based on the essence of the research on the purposeful selection of the sample.

What is the relationship between the parallax component and the promotion of perception in the space of historical houses in Tabriz?

 The research methodology is both qualitative and quantitative, but often qualitative method based on the phenomenology paradigm, we obtained the data model with a research model and then the indices obtained from the research model were measured in case studies.

 The audience in these historic houses is always in a tangible fluidity in space, most of the major displacements in these spaces are associated with the break of the horizontal axis and movement in the vertical axes, which causes the spatial fluidity of the relationship between the subject and the object and also in the direction of this fluidity, the one-sensory perception of the audience from space becomes a multi-sensory perception. On the whole, the audience experiences a deep perception in these spaces.

IntroductionNowadays, the tourism industry is known as one of the main pillars of economic growth in the world. many countries with different approaches focus on this industry as the main source of foreign exchange income, job creation, social justice, cultural growth, increasing welfare and also as an opportunity for development of private sectors and infrastructure structures. Among these, identify and determine the potential areas for investors is a critical condition in tourism development. To achieve this goal, its necessary to prioritize these potential areas based on various criteria, including the identification of superior tourism areas in terms of investment priorities.

The unprecedented increase in urban population and the emergence of new issues in the lives of citizens have led to new concepts, such as “right to the city” in the urban planning literature. The answer to many failures of plans and programs in various fields, including environmental justice, can be found in the light of this concept. This paper has focused on the issue of environmental justice through a comprehensive view of the social and economic dimensions of the lives of different groups of city dwellers, and “the right to the city” has been identified as the most appropriate context for this purpose. This descriptive-analytical paper has used documentary studies and a review of the theoretical literature associated with the right to the city and environmental justice to extract the conceptual model indicating the explanation of components and their relationships, using the content analysis model. Finally, the proposed model showed that the establishment of environmental justice in cities requires the realization of the components of the right to the city.

In recent years, urban planners and designers have taken benefits of creativity and cultural and social attractions in urban spaces, as an opportunity to create an environment along with well-being and reconsideration in vitality and an opportunity for the creative class to be present in urban spaces. The current article aims to assess the appropriate qualities of the urban environment as a result of the sidewalk approach to evaluate and measure the creative city on the cultural sidewalk of Rasht in Iran. Consequently, regarding the research method, after explaining the nature of the creative city and also examining the thinkers’ views concerning environmental qualities, a conceptual model of creative urban space has been developed. Then, via questionnaire and analysis through SPSS software and regression model, Pearson and Friedman, the indicators and criteria of creative urban space have been evaluated. The results of the analysis of the five physical, functional, social, perceptual, and environmental components concerning the creative urban space reveal that the social, active, and functional components have a more significant level than the other components. Attention to the creative economy, cultural assets, spatial flexibility, urban placemaking, attention to indigenous and local forces and knowledge, promotion of indigenous economy, etc., creative urban environment was achieved. Lastly, based on analysis and empirical evidence, some suggestions are presented to improve the quality of urban spaces to achieve a creative city.

Tehran's historic district has undergone structural isolation for several reasons, including the negative effects of new urban development. This isolation is due to the unbridled influence of commercial uses and the transformation of the residential, business, and historical identity of this district. In recent years, the place branding approach has been proposed as a tool in urban planning and management, including the regeneration of historic districts. Due to the nature of regeneration, which is a context-oriented concept and is associated with a change of approach from place to place, the place branding approach to the regeneration of historic districts should also be based on contextual conditions. Therefore, this study seeks to develop a comprehensive and context-oriented model for branding the historic district of Tehran using the grounded theory method. To this end, 32 in-depth interviews are conducted with experts in related fields, visitors, customers, residents, businesses, and city managers. The extracted codes are presented in the form of 173 concepts and 47 categories (i.e., open coding) and then the communication model between the concepts in the form of a paradigm model (i.e., axial coding). The final research model leads place branding to the asset-based approach, which is the result of the final refinement of the paradigm model (i.e., selective coding). In this model, place brand identity is introduced as the central category of branding, the result of the interaction of three identities, namely tourism, housing, and market in the historical-cultural context of place. In this model, place brand is not an externally imposed phenomenon but the result of interaction between different place actors based on common interests, which provides the basis for the formation of place brand in a strategic process by relying on internal place assets. Thus, this context-oriented and multifaceted model leads to the creation of new added value in the historic district, which is not the product of district compaction (i.e., constructive value) but is created through brand value and guides regeneration.

The public spaces of the city, as an important part of the city's social identity, constitute the area of social interaction and activities of citizens. When it comes to urban space, it is actually a space that provides economic, social and cultural interactions to its users. One of the most important criteria to be considered in evaluating cities and urban environments is the quality of public areas in that city, and the inevitable fact is that the quality of these spaces is a measure of the utility of cities . Urban public spaces allow people to meet and interact with one another. what drives people into one space is the presence of other people. Creating sociable public spaces as a place for social interaction to create sustainable urban environments is one of the goals that has received much attention in recent decades. The main function of public space is to provide and provide for the presence of the people, so its social and cultural dimensions are of particular importance. Nowadays due to many problems such as the car's dominance in space، Decreased safety, Reduced security, Lack of diverse and attractive population, Citizens' satisfaction with space and consequently their desire to be present in these spaces has been reduced to transform public spaces of the city, which should be the basis of social interactions of different age groups and behaviors, and to become passable spaces. Urban Walks are also one of the most important public areas in cities where more attention is paid to human needs and if they have the necessary qualities, they can be successful in attracting people and providing a suitable environment for increasing attendance and social interaction.
In this study, we tried to explain the model of development and improvement of environmental quality of urban pedestrian spaces in Hamadan Bu Ali Street. Since the environmental quality of pedestrian spaces has a direct impact on the quality of life and environmental health of space users, therefore, attention is paid to the contextual and different characteristics of each space in the process of environmental quality enhancement, as well as the feedback and participation of users of the desired spaces and Improve the environmental quality of urban spaces.

The stages of a grounded theory research are based on data collection, note-taking, coding, categorization of concepts and categories. In the open coding process, the researcher forms data on the phenomenon under study through data fragmentation and, based on the data gathered from interviews, observes daily notes. And technical notes specify the main and sub-categories. Then at the axial coding stage, the researcher selects an open coding category and examines it as the main category or phenomenon at the center of the process. Then, the relationship between other categories that consist of causal conditions (factors that influence the main category), strategies (actions taken in relation to the main category), contextual and intermediate conditions (environmental and contextual factors). Specificity that influences strategy) and consequences (consequences of strategies) are identified and deduced by a central issue.
In this way, we first saturated the in-depth interviews with 60 snowballing professionals, including professionals, city managers, businesspeople, users and tourists familiar with Bu Ali Street. Theoretical saturation with the snowball method is achieved when no new study sample is added to previous studies and nothing new is achieved. Participants in these in-depth interviews were divided into two categories of participants with internal origin (residents, business and urban managers) and participants with external origin (specialists, tourists, and customers). In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted based on research questions. Subsequently, notes were taken and coded. The process of analyzing data as encoding is that in open coding the data are labeled and conceptualized and then categorized. In axial coding, the purpose is to identify a phenomenon with regard to the conditions that lead to it, and that is the context in which the category is located, generally the axial coding, the process of associating the subcategories. Into one category. Selective coding is the process of selecting one category for the central category and linking all other categories to that central category.
Step One - Open Coding
In this type of coding, concepts are formed after summarizing the interviews and examining the similarities and differences. During open coding, data is crushed, analyzed, compared, labeled and conceptualized. Conceptualization means that every part of the interactions, ideas and ideas contained in the text is extracted.
Step Two - Axial Coding
The purpose of this step is to establish relationships between concepts generated in the open coding process. The basis of the relational process of axial coding is to focus on and designate one category as the central category and then place other sub-homogeneous categories under the main category. Then, by examining the concepts and placement of close and homogeneous concepts in one class, the central category is extracted. 603 codes were extracted from the encoded data. These codes were coded at the open coding stage in 136 concepts and then 33 main categories. The categories extracted according to the Strauss and Corbin model were discussed in four sections: conditions (causal, contextual, confounder), main categories, strategies and outcomes.

The results show that environmental quality promotion can provide all aspects of tourism, social, cultural, economic, functional, physical and managerial development of Bu Ali urban walk development with strategic approach to the issue of location development. The core of the paradigm research model is a combination of programmable spatial identities and the ability to develop a urban walk that are influenced by spatial assets and spatial quality. Therefore, spatial identity and presence can organize as a driver for sustainable development and mitigation of existing anomalies, including diminished location, high commercialization and extreme and reduced environmental, functional and physical values. This model of location development has been extracted and deduced from the interaction of internal location factors and spatial and environmental capabilities. Considering the involvement of all stakeholders in the process of environmental quality development of the pavement, the use of indigenous and collective knowledge instead of engineering and expert knowledge, cultural and capacity building, interactive processes rather than top-down processes and the identification of internal assets in interaction with the local community, The concepts were extracted and coded in this study. Thus, the pavement spatial development model is based on identifying internal assets, leveraging them, and ultimately managing the place that is shaped and guided by a collaboration between local knowledge and expert knowledge.

Tourism, commercial and cultural identities are formed on the basis of location assets and are influenced by the culture and history of the place and the economic and commercial implications of the process of interaction between actors. That is, enhancing tourism, commercial and medical identity of the pavement, event making, enhancing social flow in space, pedestrian spatial networking based on cultural, recreational and tourism functions, upgrading tourism support services, formulation of promotion criteria and Street views, the traditional recreation and restoration approach, the refurbishment approach rather than the renovation approach, etc., are strategies and measures that can help sustainably develop and enhance the environmental quality of pedestrian spaces. The output of this process will create a dynamic, engaging, motivational, readable and motivating atmosphere of curiosity in the minds of the pedestrian location that provides the potential for competitors to attract audiences and tourists. This image creates an added value based on historical and cultural conditions as well as the development of environmental quality by increasing the visibility on the urban walk. In this way, we will see tourism growth, investment incentives, functional refinement around cultural and recreational functions, physical recreation, revitalization, empowerment and participation of indigenous actors, and ultimately promotion of place culture.

Improvement of environmental qualities in urban public spaces that have been changed into pedestrian areas enables users to experience urban spaces in a more deliberate and accurate manner, and thereby improving social interactions. The pedestrian area of Imam Hossein Square, which is an important square in Tehran, was a widely criticized project. The present study aims to investigate the environmental qualities of Imam Hossein Square physically, perceptually, and socially using behavior analysis through questionnaires and inferential statistic techniques, including regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient. The findings suggest that the most important factors affecting the quality of urban squares are sensory richness, consideration of human scale and pedestrian-orientedness, legibility, and safety and security. Imam Hossein Square, however, has mostly failed to meet most of the quality criteria studied. Other reasons for the relative failure of the project include insufficient planning, lack of attention to micro-spaces and retail stores, inappropriate management of land use after the construction of the pedestrian area, and lack of planning for social events in the square

The effect of high-rise buildings on the pedestrian thermal comfort in urban areas, based on the Penn index. Case Study of Hamadan Jihad Axis (from Bu Ali Sina Square to Jihad Square) Erfan Khodaveysi1, Hasan Sajadzadeh *, Mohammad Motaghed3 1. Master of Urban Design, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. 2. Associate Professor, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. 3. . Master of Urban Design student, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. In relation with buildings behavior against wind, could be said that, buildings, because of being three dimensional, allow air flow around lateral sides same as their top.The wind (air) diverts into 3 sides following contact on unpermeable building, top of roof, lower face to wind edge and sides of the building the most of main flow is transferred to bottom of wall face to wind which cause to increase of small vertical flows back to the wind created by around short buildings and makes extreme vertical flow near the ground. If, the building to have sharp corners, the increasing wind flow separates on top and sides of building. In result, a suction wind is created for roof, sides and back to the wind wall, from the main perturbation which tall buildings are creating, could refer to downward wind stormy flows and towards street that, in cold climates, this phenomenon could have unpleasant effect on residents. The proportion of width, height and direct of radiation influence greatly on thermal comfort level on the street level and enclosure rate of passage becomes determinant factor. The shadowing in streets, most important, is dependent on main geometry of internal space of street and could be considered function of time. Location and geometric proportions of the street in termis of quality.Generally, tall buildings could be described based on two indices, i.e. height limit determination and settlement location.the city of Hamedan which is the center of Hamedan province, was located on foothill of Alvand. The height of these mountains reduce towards city until reach on a plain. These mountains enclosed Hamedan and only from northeast side, have open and free span. The Hamedan- Tehran road passes through this span. The altitude of Hamedan is 1747 m. The easternmost and westernmost points of Hamedan are 49', 27" and 48', 20" away from Grennwich meridian respectively and was located in median of 34', 35" to 35' northern latitude. In view of topography. Hamedan, from south and south west leads to heights of Zagros mountaion range such as Alvand with 3574 m altitude which was located between Tuyserkan and 18 km from Hamedan that come back to third era of geology and as move toward north, the level of heights is reduced and in north parts of city, reach to plains with average 1550 altitude which these figures show height difference about 2020 m. the general slape of the area which Hamedan is located on it is toward north and only in parts of north east, the general slope changes toward west. Baded on it, it became possible to recognize using type in whole unit and is appreciable the utilization type of passages in different hours of day and various parts of the road. The conducted interpretations and land use map. The review of available activites on Jahad road, has introduced this road as an active commercial road with 90 percent activity, this fact is justifiable with regard to location of Jahad road along the old bazaar of Hamedan. The reason for selection of this road is the presence of tall buildings of trade and administrative ones (Arian and Zagross towers).The methodology of research is of description analytical one. In the present research, we conducted library research on Persian and English resources and also field review following recognition of influensive factors on comfort through these resources and determination of research frame in next step in order to designate the heights of total buildings was specified. Also, the latest weather data of Hamedan was prepared from provinces meteorology organization (temperature, wind speed…). Following review the height data of buildings, total of these data has became three- dimensional in AutoCAD software. With regard to placement position. Construction masses were reviewed through the year, and time gap to analysis were considered as the middle of urdibehesht, Mordad, Aban and Bahman months and also in daily reviews, was based on 10 Am and 16 pm. After that, high- rise buildings were recognized with regard to components of high-rise buildings. Then, data related to temperature and shadow mask and air flow one were analyzed in Ecatect and Air flow Design softwares respectively and the results of this research was obtained. Based on provided case, could recognize that through context comfort index could benefit from provided quidence in order to evaluation of thermal situation of one location, determination of it's eating demands and in result, designation of confrontation politics in order to control and promotion of thermal comfort conditions.For example, if it is inferred from comfort index such, the weather of an urban space will be felt comfortable because of presence of shadow and sensible wind flow in summer, it means that, should utilize the solutions related to provision of shadow and increasing wind speed and more ventilation of space and if it is inferred, the weather of desired urban space will be felt comfortable because of presence of sun and lack of sensible windflaw in winter, it means that, designer should utilize design quidences in terms of provision of more sun and reducing wind flow in order to provide space thermal comfort.With regard to that, Hamedan is located in cold and mountainous climate, it firstly was seemed, the presence of tall buildings would disturb the comfort of passengers. But, following review the high-rise building in temrs of thermal comfort on BuAli road, could conclude that, any of these buildings provide different comfort conditions for passengers in various environmental situation and couldn't considers high- rise buildings generally, unsuitable for comfort of passengers. 1) In order to prevent turbulent wind flow on the passage as much as possible should avoid construction of tall buildings over than 25 m around urban spaces. 2) in the case of construction of tall buildings over than 25 m around urban spaces, in order to divert the created wind pressure by these buildings on the passage, the surface toward urban space of these building should have projections and depressions. 3) In order to reduce the created downward wind pressure around the tall buildings inside the urban spaces, it is recommended that, tall buildings to have circular or poly gonal form. 4) in order to reduce the effect of downward vortex and consequently, promotion of comfort conditions against the winter wind, the tall building should have circular and aerodynamic comers and it's narrow front be toward winter wind and/ or be angular relative to wind. 5) In order to prevent from intensification of created turbulent flows by tall buildings around or inside the urban spaces, the concave front shouldn't be used for the front face to winter wind. 6) In order to prevent from intensification of the effect of corner around tall buildings, it is recommended that. Tall buildings with wide plates don't be directed against dominant wind. 7) In case of locating passage beside the tall buildings, in order to protect passage surface from created corner effect by tall buildings, the passage should be preserved with windbreak. 8) In order to reduce underside winds in urban spaces in cold season for buildings higher than adjacent ones face to wind, they should be designed as stepping and retreat form Retreat should be started from 6-10 m above street level. Key words: Thermal comfort, Tall Buildings, Hamadan Jihad Axis

The beauty of the urban landscape includes different aspects and various criteria on which there are different attitudes and opinions. This research sought to identify these attitudes in the aesthetics of the urban landscape, especially at the micro-scale, i.e. urban space. At first, 61 assessment criteria were adjusted, then participants arranged them in a Q diagram based on the Q method. After gathering data, the correlation between subjects was evaluated by SPSS software with the Q-factor analysis method and 10 factors were extracted using principal components analysis and varimax rotation. Interpretation of these factors leads to 10 opinions: 1.Conservative and Traditional, 2.Naturalist and Meticulous, 3.Person-centered and Forward-looking, 4.Holistic and Reputation-oriented, 5.Pragmatic and Environment-centered, 6.Specialized and Architectural, 7.Nature-centered and Semantic, 8.Experience-oriented and Social, 9.Community-oriented and Practical, 10.Civil and Culture-centered. Moreover, multidimensional opinions and simultaneous consideration to different aspects of urban landscape aesthetics in most opinions unlike current imagination showed that most of the citizens not necessarily focus on subjective and perceptive aspects. On the other hand, gender differentiation was observed among opinions which can be related to type and amount of presence and experience of them in the city that leads to contradictory attitudes among them.