فهرست مطالب hassan sharifi

In recent years, there has been a significant interest in lanthanum-based perovskites due . Lanthanum strontium manganite (LSMO) is one of the most well-known materials. In this research, the synthesis and investigation of the effect of oleic acid on the structural and magnetic properties of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 nanoparticles by the combustion sol-gel method is discussed. The structural and magnetic properties of the prepared samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), magnetic properties analysis (VSM), and field emission electron microscopy (FESEM). In the XRD study, it was found that the crystal structure of the samples is hexagonal. Also, the average crystal size in the samples increased from 18 nm to about 33 nm as a result of adding oleic acid. The images obtained from FESEM show that the presence of oleic acid in the synthesis of nanoparticles caused it to affect the shape of the particles as a surface layer. Synthesized nanoparticles have a particle size between 20-100 nm, and with the increase of oleic acid, the particle size becomes more than 100 nm. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the effective bonding between LSMO nanoparticles and oleic acid, based on these results, it clearly shows the presence of oleic acid molecules on the surface of magnetic particles. In the investigation of magnetic properties, it was found that the presence of non-magnetic sodium oleate surface layer, which due to the addition of oleic acid on nanoparticles, the saturation magnetization value decreased from 38.55 emu/g to 28.46 emu/g.

Nanoparticles have brought significant advantages in a wide range of fields due to their unique size-dependent physical and chemical properties. In this research, the combustion solution method is used to make La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) nanoparticles. Then the nanoparticles are covered with polyethylene glycol polymer. Due to the presence of hydrophilic molecular chains and high flexibility, polyethylene glycol is one of the most ideal coating agents to increase the colloidal stability and biocompatibility of LSMO nanoparticles. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), the crystal structure, nanoparticle size and nanoparticle composition of LSMO were investigated, and a hexagonal structure with a crystal size of 18.4 nm was observed. Field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to investigate the shape and size distribution of nanoparticles. The images showed that most of the grains are spherical with uniform distribution and the grain size in the processed sample is between 20 and 60 nm. The behavior of nanoparticles was estimated as ferromagnetic using Vibrating Sample Magnetic Analysis (VSM) and the saturation magnetization value before and after nanoparticle coating is 24.8 (emu/g) and 23.6 (emu/g), respectively. FTIR spectroscopy showed effective bonding between LSMO nanoparticles before and after treatment with polyethylene glycol.

The root of trees is one of the most important living materials for stabilizing and reinforcing the cut and fill slopes of forest road. This study was conducted to investigate the tensile strength of tree species according to changes in lignin, cellulose and root extracts content.

Darabkola forest in the southeast of Sari-Iran was selected for this study. To determine the tensile strength of tree roots, root samples from tress including the beech, hornbeam, alder, Zelkova carpinifolia, Persian Ironwood and oak were collected by soil profile trenching method and then the test of tensile strength was performed. The amount of lignin, cellulose and ash for the roots of different tree species was also measured in the laboratory. One-way anova was used to compare the means of roots tensile strength and also multivariate analysis was used to classification of species based on cellulose, lignin, ash and other extracts content.

The results showed that in beech, alder and Persian Ironwood, the measured rates of lignin were higher than cellulose levels. While in the Zelkova carpinifolia, the amount of cellulose was higher than others parameters, in beech and alder species (with higher lignin rate) the means of tensile strength was recorded less than other species, and for oak and hornbeam with higher cellulose levels, tensile strength was recorded higher than other species. The results of multivariate analysis based on tensile strength and numerical values of root decomposition showed three groups with high adaptability percentage (alder-beech, hornbeam-Zelkova carpinifolia and Persian Ironwood-oak).

According to the results, investigating the amount of lignin and cellulose in roots of different species as well as discriminant analysis with consideration of different factors can be a scientific method to select best species for soil bioengineering projects.

In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by simultaneous doping of Zn0.98Cu0.02O with Ca2+, Mg2+, and Co2+ ions using the microemulsion method. The phase, crystallization, and particle size of samples were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The formation of the desired phase was confirmed by, X-ray diffraction. Also, the infrared spectrum (Far-FTIR) was confirmed the existence of the wurtzite structure, according to the position of the bands in the range between 420 cm-1 to 250 cm-1. The vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) was used to investigate the magnetic properties, which the presence of magnetic properties was indicated in the produced samples. Morphological and particle size was obtained by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The particle size of spherical zinc oxide samples was found in the nano range (15 ±3 nm). Differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) analysis was used to investigate the electrical properties and measure the bandgap energy. The bandgap of the Cu-ZnO sample was 2.7 eV. The bandgap energy was reduced by the substitution of dopants in zinc oxide samples. Co-doped Ca-Cu-ZnO has the lowest bandgap energy among samples, and, the bandgap of the Co-Cu-ZnO sample was around 2.5 eV, so that, this sample can be optimum concerning higher magnetic properties and haven’t any impurity in the XRD pattern.

The effectiveness of resistance training (RT) with blood flow restriction (BFR) is limited from the health perspective.

This study aimed to investigate the acute inflammatory response to a single bout of RT with or without BFR.

Twenty-four non-athletic male students were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 8), including: (1) high intensity (HIRT- 80% of 1-RM: 3 × 10 R), (2) low intensity (40% of 1-RM: 3 × 30 R) with BFR (180 mmHg) (LIRT + BFR) and (3) LIRT.

Significant increase for IL1-β (p = 0.001), IL-6 (P = 0.001), TNF-α (P = 0.002), CRP (P = 0.007), ICAM1 (P = 0.016), HCY (P = 0.008) were observed. These responses in the HIRE and LIRT + BFR groups were significantly higher than in the LIRT group respectively (P ≤ 0.05).

The LIRT + BFR has similar effects to HIRT and can be used in rehabilitation training. The gradual overload and proper recovery are very important due to the increase in acute inflammatory responses.

The effectiveness of resistance training (RT) with blood flow restriction (BFR) is limited from the health perspective.

This study aimed to investigate the acute inflammatory response to a single bout of RT with or without BFR.

Twenty-four non-athletic male students were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 8), including: (1) high intensity (HIRT80% of 1-RM: 3 × 10 R), (2) low intensity (40% of 1-RM: 3 × 30 R) with BFR (180 mmHg) (LIRT + BFR) and (3) LIRT.

Significant increase for IL1-β (p = 0.001), IL-6 (P = 0.001), TNF-α(P = 0.002), CRP (P = 0.007), ICAM1 (P = 0.016), HCY (P = 0.008) were observed. These responses in the HIRE and LIRT + BFR groups were significantly higher than in the LIRT group respectively (P ≤ 0.05).

The LIRT + BFR has similar effects to HIRT and can be used in rehabilitation training. The gradual overload and proper recovery are very important due to the increase in acute inflammatory responses.

The researcher's test consists of nineteen factors and has two parts: audio and visual; its content validity was confirmed by psychology professors and then a sample of 206 pre-school students was performedAccording to the calculations, Pearson correlation coefficient between the two-part questionnaire was r = 0.81 in the auditory comprehension section and r = 0.79 in the visual comprehension section.. In order to determine the validity of the structure and the components of the questionnaire, the main components analysis method was used with varimax normalized rotation. The most important factor in the visual-spatial perception area is the symbolization, and in the auditory part it is memory. Independent t-test was used to assess discriminant validity. Results showed that there is a significant difference between the mean scores of students with learning disabilities and normal in the learning disability test. In order to check the validity of this study, a checklist of learning disability that was completed at the same time by the mothers was used. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the two tests. According to the validity and reliability, the learning disability test is a tool that can be used by learning and counseling centers.

The aim of this paper was survey of the government's current and development expenditure impact on private consumption and investment in Iran economy. In this study, Factor Augmented Vector Autoregressive method was used on the base of seasonal data frequency in the period 1370-1394.The results showed that the government's current and development expenditure have a complementary effect on private consumer spending; but government expenditure in two current and development sectors has had a substitutional effect on private investment. According to the results, it is suggested that in order to boom and economic development in various economic sectors, the government deal with infrastructure expenditure and on the other hand, help by increasing private investment subject to no budget deficit increase.

The impact of the viscosity of the coating, sand grade, and vibration time was investigated on the exhaust of the gaseous products in the lost-foam casting of an A356 aluminum alloy. In this regard, a foam stepwise model with five different thicknesses was used. Three coatings of different viscosities (15, 20, and 25 Pas.sec), three grades of sand (20, 50, 80 AFS), and different vibration times (60, 90, 120, and 180 sec) were considered in the study. To analyze these parameters, their impact on the defects, porosities, and the surface roughness was evaluated. The results showed that the most important defects to be mentioned include being unable to completely fill the mold cavity, the increased porosity in the casting as a result of the excessively thick coating, and the compression of the sand (which blocks the porosities in the mold) due to the wrong choice of refractory coating, sand grade, and vibration time. A coating with a viscosity of 20 Pas.sec, along with 50 AFS grade sand, and a vibration time of 60 sec yielded the best result in terms of defects, porosity (3.7 %) and surface roughness (18 µm).

The results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have a significant impact on providing high-quality evidence-based nursing care. However, little is known about the quality of RCT reports in Iranian nursing journals. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of RCT reports published in nursing journal based on the CONSORT statement from 2011 to 2016.
This national cross-sectional study was conducted between May 2016 and October 2016. The study population consisted of all nursing trials indexed in domestic databases including Iranian Nursing Publications Index (nindex.ir), Magiran, Scientific Information Database (SID), as well as international databases including Pubmed and SCOPUS in a five-year period between March 2011 and March 2016. A sample of 150 papers was selected using stratified random sampling based on the inclusion criteria. The CONSORT checklist was used as the study main instrument.
The overall mean quality of trials based on CONSORT was 20.20 ± 3.87 (11-30). The mean of method and randomization section was 8.85 ± 1.85 (6-3); 50% of trials had an overall score less than 20, and the methodology score of 75% of trials was less than 10.
Based on the evidence-based pyramid, trials play an important role in the production of specialized knowledge in the fields of nursing practice, education and community. However, these trials must be not only properly designed and implemented, but reported in the standard form. The present study determined what parts of the reports of nursing trials need a critical attention. In addition, several solutions were offered to improve the quality of these reports

To decrease the readmission rate of heart failure (HF) patients, patients and their caregivers (CGs) should participate in symptoms assessment. This study aimed to assess the agreement between HF patients and their CGs on symptoms assessment.
Using a correlational design, 100 HF patients with their CGs (100 dyads) were recruited from Department of Cardiology, Iranshahr, during August–December 2014. Data were collected using modified Heart Failure Symptom Survey (HFSS).Pearson and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to analyze the degree of agreement within HF dyads, using SPSS16. The level of significance was set at 0.05.
The most frequent and severe symptom assessed equally by partners was shortness of breath (SOB). Dyads had a good agreement on assessment of extremity swelling (r=0.87, P≤0.01, ICC=0.861 CI: 0.798–0.901), SOB at rest (r=0.83, P≤0.01, ICC=0.775, CI: 0.680-0.845), SOB with activity (r=0.81, P≤0.01, ICC=0.795 CI: 0.711-0.858), and feeling depressed (r=0.77, P≤0.01, ICC=0.769, CI: 0.675–0.838). 28.6% of HF dyad had a good, 50% had a moderate, and 21.4 % had a poor agreement in assessment of HF symptoms.
Most of the HF dyad members did not agree with each other on the assessment of symptoms. Knowledge, skills and ability of each dyad in HF symptoms assessment should be included in the patients’ discharge planning and nurses must modify their misunderstanding or inability.

Among the main reasons for the theory-practice gap is a lack of adequate clinical staff training in information seeking as well as in critical appraisal skills for research findings. In this regard, the clinical nurse scholar model has been introduced for training and supervising nurses in the application of the best available evidence to improve the quality of nursing care. The aim of this study was to review resources about the clinical nurse scholar model and to introduce its dimensions and steps in ground evidence-based nursing education within the context of clinical nursing in Iran.
In this review, PubMed, SCOPUS, Google Scholar and SID databases were used. Articles published since 2005 in both Persian and English were searched.
The initial search by keyword ("clinical scholar" OR "clinical scholar model" OR "clinical nurse scholar model") and their Persian equivalents retrieved 2545 studies, which reduced to 9 related articles after screening for titles and abstracts. Topics, such as, the model, its components and process, model purposes, nurse characteristics in the model, implementation steps and the model application in clinical practice and education were discussed.
The clinical nurse scholar model is one of the most useful models available for the promotion of evidence-based nursing care and for the reduction of the theory-practice gap. Nursing graduates and clinical nurses can use this model for finding and critically assessing evidence, using evidence in day-to-day patient care and improving the quality of nursing care. They can integrate evidence-based practice and nursing education and consequently, reduce the theory-practice gap.

To predict the nursing workforce needed to care for patients in hospital wards, the workload of nursing care should be specified. In this regards, clarifying the concept of "nurse workload" can expand professional contributions of nurses in the health care system. The aim of this study was to assess the multiple dimensions of nursing workload, define its characteristics and functions in nursing, and ultimately provide a conceptual definition of nursing workload.
Walker and Avant (2011) eight-step method of concept analyze was used for clarifying the concept of "nurse workload". Using “nursing” and “workload” keywords, electronic databases including Pubmed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, OVID, Persian Scientific Information Database (SID), Iranian Research Institute for Science and Technology (IranDOC) and MAGIRAN publication database were searched without time limit based on the inclusion criteria, and 8 studies included into review.
The nursing workload was defined and the five dimensions of this concept were determined. Workload dimensions were the amount of time, knowledge, skills and behavior (nursing competence); nursing intensity (direct patient care); physical activity; mental and emotional processes; and the ability of nurses to change the treatment plan during their shift. Nursing workload includes direct and indirect activities that nurses do on behalf of the patient. Workload was defined as the need for nursing care or nursing skilled to meet the caring needs of patients.
Nursing workload is amount of time and care that a nurse performs (directly or indirectly) to patients, work setting, and professional development. Therefore, the whole time of nursing that nurses need to perform in both of nursing and non-nursing activities should be considered in the nursing workload measurement. By understanding the nursing workload, nurse managers can take appropriate action to improve nurses working conditions. In addition, the fair distribution of the nurse's workload will maximize their productivity.

Austenitic stainless steel to carbon steel dissimilar joint is used in petrochemical, oil & gas and shipbuilding applications. In this study, the AC current and pulsed current was compare and the effect of current type on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of dissimilar joint of AISI 321 stainless steel to ASTM A57CL1 were studied. For this purpose, the GTAW process and ER 308L filler metal with diameter of 1.8 mm and argon protect gas were used. In order to study the microstructure and fracture surface of weld samples, optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used. In addition to investigate of mechanical properties of joint, the tensile, impact and hardness tests were used. The results showed that all samples were fractured from ASTM A537CL1 steel with a ductile manner during the tension test. In pulsed current technique the heat input decrease about 11 percent compare to continue current welding. The weld metal impact energy of pulsed and continues current were 200 J and 145 J respectively. The SEM micrographs of Charpy fracture surface of the weld metals were ductile manner but the dimples and Cavities of pulsed technique were finer than continues technique.

In this research, the production mechanism of VB-Co in situ nanocomposite powder from oxidized raw materials via mechanochemical method was studied. Regarding the adiabatic temperature of the chemical reaction, this reaction was occurred through self-progressive high-temperature synthesis or MSR. The mixed powder of raw materials (Co3O4, V2O5, B2O3 and Mg) were ground according to the stoichiometry reaction with the ratio (1:1:1:12) using a high-energy planetary ball mill in an argon atmosphere in different times where the weight ratio of powder to the bullet was 1:20. The produced composite powder was evaluated by the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). After grinding for 15 minutes, a burning occurred in the mill and regarding the X-ray diffraction, the phases Co-VB-MgO-VO2-Mg3­(BO3)2 were generated. Increasing the time of re-grinding and after burning for 30 minutes, the unwanted phase of Mg3­(BO3)2 was decomposed, the remaining vanadium oxide restored and the final reaction fully occurred. Regarding the results of XRD and the X-ray map analyses, MgO, which was the by-product of this reaction, was removed completely from the produced powder by hydrochloric acid at a concentration of 9. As the TEM image shows the composite powder after the pickling process, the size of particles is around 20- 30 nm.

In the present study, production of the composite nano powder of Co/VC by mechanochemical method from Co3O4, V2O5, and graphite as the starting materials with magnesium as the reduction agent was investigated. For this purpose, the materials powder mixture was milled in accordance with stoichiometric reaction in a high energy ball mill with the ball-to-powder ratio of 20:1 under argon atmosphere for different durations. After 10min of milling, combustion occurred and the XRD results indicated that magnesium has reduced vanadium and cobalt oxides (V2O5 and Co3O4) and has changed into magnesium oxide; also, graphite has reacted with the metallic vanadium to form vanadium carbide, which means that the reaction has been completed. Based on the adiabatic temperature of the reaction (Tad~ 3932.014), the reaction was identified as a mechanically inducted self-sustaining one or MSR. The crystallite sizes of vanadium carbide and cobalt calculated by the Williamson-Hall equation were 50 and 10nm, respectively. Finally, the magnesium oxide phase was deleted from the system via leaching process in 0.9% hydrochloric acid and the composite powder of Co/VC was obtained.

The objective of the present study was production of cobalt-vanadium carbide composite powder via mechanically-activated self-propagating high-temperature (MASHS) combustion synthesis from oxide materials with magnesium as the activating agent. Initially, thermodynamic behavior of the reaction was studied according to the stoichiometric equation with the molar ratio of (1:1:9:2) for vanadium oxide, cobaltoxide, magnesium, and graphite, respectively. Based on the enthalpy (3155047 j/mol) and the reaction adiabatic temperature (Tad~3932.014), the reaction is in the MSR mode. In order to activate the starting powder, high energy planetary ball mill under argon atmosphere was used for 5 min with powder-to-ball weight ratio of 1:20. Thermal behavior of the activated powder was investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA). For the combustion synthesis reaction, the pills made from the milled powder mixture were placed in a tube furnace under argon atmosphere at 700°C for 10 min. The XRD results indicated that at this temperature, the powder mixture of the precursors is combusted and cobalt-vanadium carbide composite powder with the twophases of magnesium oxide/ (VC, V8C7) is formed.

The wettability at the metal – ceramic interfaces is important in many applications، such as metal matrix composites (MMCs). The objective of the present paper is to study wetting phenomenon of aluminium base on reactios at interfacial. The effects of alloy elements such as Mg and the processing temperature on wettability were investigated theorically. The reactive wetting is governed not only by the interfacial reaction intensity،، but also by the physical and chemical properties of the resulting interface،. The calculated wetting contact angles from physical and chemical model are approximately in agreement with experimental values.

In this research the effect of temperature and volume fraction of reinforcement on wear behavior of the Al/x vol% SiCp (x=0، 1، 3، 5) nanocomposite was investigated. Results revealed that addition of reinforcement particles increases transition to severe wear temperature of the samples، so that the temperature of transition to severe wear for the un-reinforced aluminum، Al-1%SiC، and Al-3%SiC and Al-5%SiC samples is 125°C، 150°C، and 175°C، respectively. Also، the composite samples showed lower wear rate and friction coefficient compared to the un-enforced aluminum، and with increase of volume fraction of SiC particles، wear resistance of the samples was improved. FESEM images from the surface of the samples worn at different temperatures revealed that wear mechanism in the mild wear area of all samples is the abrasive mode، but with increase of temperature and transition to severe wear area، wear mechanism of all samples except Al-5%SiC is the adhesive mode. The Al-5%SiC sample still shows the abrasive mode، which indicates the positive effect of the reinforcement phase.

Although various medical and psychological interventions have been used to treat addiction, addiction particularly methamphetamine addiction as a social, health and medical issues is still jeopardizing the human community. This study is aimed at determining the impact of teaching life skills and changing behavior on the emotional well-being of the individuals addicted to crystal methamphetamine.

This study was carried out using before-after plan with participation of 28 crystal methamphetamine addicts. In addition to receiving medical treatment, the intervention group patients obtained necessary trainings required for developing life skill and changing behavior during 15 sessions, whilst the control group received only the routine pharmacotherapy treatments and primary interventions. Then pretest and posttest scores of the two groups were compared.

The mean score on emotional well-being by the intervention group is lower than that in control group after treatment (10.71<18.78) which was statistically significant. The history of dependence on methamphetamine, age, education, the times of quits, and the marital status had no impact on the extent of the influence of teaching life skills and behavior changes on the individuals’ emotional well-being.

Notwithstanding that addiction could influence various aspects of mental and emotional health of dependent people, teaching life skills and behavioral changes may lead to enhancement in their emotional well-being. Hence it is necessary to encourage these individuals to participate in group sessions of changing behavior and teaching life skills.

This study assesses the effect of oral cryotherapy on the incidence and severity of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in combined chemotherapy regimens. This was a randomized controlled trial that enrolled 80 cancer patients. We evaluated the primary oral status of all patients prior to chemotherapy. Patients were divided into two groups, experimental and control. The experimental group was given ice to place in their mouths from 5 min before to 5 min after chemotherapy.The control group received no intervention. Both groups were treated with the following chemotherapy regimens: i) 5- fluorouracil + leucovorin; ii) cyclophosphamide + adriamycin + 5-fluorouracil; or iii) cyclophosphamide + methotrexate + fluorouracil. World Health Organization and patient-based oral mucositis scales were used for evaluation. According to the WHO based Oral Mucositis Scale, the incidence of oral mucositis in the intervention group (45%) was significantly lower than the control group (77.5%; P=0.01). The incidence of oral mucositis in the intervention group based on the Patient-Judged Oral Mucositis Scale was lower than the control group. The findings of this study indicated that patients who underwent cryotherapy had less severe oral mucositis based on both WHO (P=0.01) and patient oral mucositis scales (P=0.001). Oral cryotherapy because of its ease of application, tolerability and lack of side effects makes it an important resource for reducing the incidence and severity of oral mucositis. The role of oncology nurses is crucial to the application and success of oral cryotherapy.

In one definition creating learning opportunities is to establish a curriculum. These opportunities can be created by learning activities among both teachers and students in the classroom and by making a creative and attractive situation; also we can make an attractive situation in home as well as create cultural organizations in the society.Thus curriculum is learning opportunities that can be designed on the basis of our goals, content of the lessons, learning activities, educational tools, time and place for education, groping, teaching techniques and evaluation.In this paper we have used survey method as well as written sources and experiences during the research. During the paper these following issues has been discussed: learning opportunities which is related to arts education approach such as combination approach for arts curriculum; creating learning opportunities in art curriculum on the basis of the school and the area; learning opportunities in national(Iranian _ Islamic) education of art; new arts curriculum with the aim of improving performing of arts curriculum approach by creating learning opportunities and by transforming theory into action for curriculum and decreasing the distances between theory and action in art curriculum.

Under the new attitude of police in the new process of providing safety which is based on citizens, it has necessarily been lead to general services, supporting and preventive issues. This is a kind of issue which has both its own requirements and sensitivity. Developing duties and the function of organizations which have power and dealt with everyday life of people and establishing security throughout the society, is called "criterion for international police behavior". The criterions which have no functional basis unless the required mechanism are designed under the framework of "association" and "supervision" of citizens. In this paper, with emphasis on discourses of "human and citizenship rights", and also considering the "international police behavior criterions ", the necessity of supervision on police function with the purpose of achieving the "final goal" stated in police missions and getting sure that the police is not abusing its power and also "accountability" and guarantee for legal and moral behaviors, specially in situations which involves using force and gun, are analyzed.