فهرست مطالب hatef hazeri

Empirical literature indicates that environmental degradations as well as carbon emissions are mainly caused by economic activities and subsequently economic growth. On the other hand, the prevailing laws related to the environment, especially carbon emissions and economic growth, are important and complex issues. The aim of the research is to investigate the symmetric and asymmetric effects of oil prices, foreign direct investment and economic growth on carbon emissions. This research is of the regression analysis type. The statistical population of this research includes developed and developing countries, whose economic information and statistics are available in the World Bank database. In this research, the library method was used to collect information and also to obtain the data and information needed to estimate the model in the period of 1963-2023, from the database of the World Bank, Table (PWT) and from the information of Fraser and Carto Institute Used. In this study, ARDL and non-linear ARDL methods are used to investigate the long-term and short-term symmetric and asymmetric relationship between variables. The findings of this research show that regarding the relationship between oil price and carbon emission, in developed and developing countries, the amount of carbon emission has an inverse and asymmetric relationship with oil price. Regarding the relationship between economic growth and emissions, the results show that there is a positive but asymmetric two-way relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions in the target countries. Regarding the relationship between FDI and emission in developing countries, foreign direct investment and carbon emission have a direct and positive relationship and in developed countries they have a negative relationship, and from the perspective of the symmetry and asymmetry of the effect of foreign direct investment, the results obtained in different countries are contradictory and different.

 Tourism is one of the methods of economic development and increasing people's well-being, and it is one of the most economic activities, especially from It is considered for the employment and prosperity of different areas. In order for tourism to contribute to sustainable urban development, its effects should be given special attention. Tourism is considered as one of the pillars of economic development, an industry, and it increases income and economic prosperity and employment, and it is one of the most important industries for sustainable development in the society, and it plays an active and effective role in improving the economic, social and cultural structure. Countries especially in developing countries have. Cities have many tourist attractions and always attract many tourists, tourism development is sustainable when it is not destructive and provides the possibility of protecting resources for future generations. In fact, sustainable tourism is tourism that can continue in an environment indefinitely. Therefore, the development of sustainable urban tourism and its wise management requires planning. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of tourism economy in the sustainable development of Sarein city. For this purpose and in order to evaluate tourism potentials, two models, Kirchner and gam, have been discussed. The results show that the Sareen tourism area has obtained a total score of (9.25) by evaluating the Kerchner model. Also, in the gam method, by examining the identified components, the results show that In evaluating the values, the final value has a total score of 14.75. Sareen tourism area has tourism potential, and as a result, this geosite by attracting tourists and increasing the tourism potential can cause the economic prosperity of the region and the sustainable development of the region.

Today, the implementation of a sustainable transportation system can play an effective role in improving the quality of life and urban livability. In this regard, the main goal of this research is to investigate the impact of sustainable urban transportation indicators on the livability of Ardabil city. The upcoming research is survey in terms of method and practical in terms of purpose. The required data has been collected through documents and field (questionnaire). The statistical population of this research is the experts of Ardabil city, and the snowball method and the targeted method were used to determine the sample size and sampling of experts. For data analysis, structural equations based on variance with the partial least squares method have been used to analyze the obtained research data using Excel, SPSS and Smart-pls software capabilities. The results of the research show that there is a meaningful, unidirectional and strong relationship between sustainable transportation and urban livability, and the livability of Ardabil city through sustainable transportation (its 13 indicators) amounts to 0.749 can be explained and predicted (the effectiveness of the research indicators and the confirmation of the relevant hypotheses are proof of this claim). In this regard, the results have shown that the indicators of modern/intelligent electronic services, access, management and planning, service quality, pollution, climate, energy, culture, laws, efficiency, security and cost are the most important indicators. are the sustainable transportation systems of Ardabil city that have a significant and strong effect on the livability of that city.

Today tourism is expressed as an economic matter. Sareen city has the attraction of tourism, which has capabilities at the national and international levels. The city of Sareen has a nascent and growing economy, and the tourism industry is the best option for the economic growth and development of this city. The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of tourism economy in the sustainable development of Sarein city of Ardabil province. In this research, two geotourism models, Hadzik and Berylha, have been used. In Hadzik's model, the results are obtained by identifying and examining the components and preparing a questionnaire from experts and tourists, and in Braille's method, scientific, tourism and educational values, the method of evaluating land diversity areas and calculating the total points of these areas are investigated. The results show In Hadzik's model, the current region with a total score of 4.68 in scientific value, the component of diversity in geomorphological forms and the component of special cultural events with a total score of 4.54 has the highest score among free values. And in the Braille model, the Sareen geosite with a total of 270 points in the tourism value of the land diversity site evaluation method has tourism potential in the region and has the power to attract tourists. . Many development planners also refer to the tourism industry as the main and important pillar of sustainability, and in other words, the relationship between tourism and planning can play a special role in urban and rural development. In the city of Sarein, despite the obtained tourism potentials, the results of the research indicate that the expansion of tourism potentials in the city of Sarein will increase employment and also cause sustainable urban development.

The increase in carbon emissions and global warming, which is a vital issue in the world today, and the reason for the increase in this huge part of CO2 emissions is due to the consumption of fossil fuels, and this consumption is due to the fossil fuel trade. In recent decades, developing countries and developed countries have sought optimal planning and the use of appropriate methods to not only achieve their economic goals, but also the damage done to the environment through the consumption of fossil fuels. Minimize. In this study, focusing on the effective channels of fossil fuel trade (transportation and GDP), it examines these effects on CO2 emissions in selected developing countries and developed countries for the years 2014-2000. The econometric methods used in this paper are multivariate linear regression patterns estimated by the ordinary least squares method. The results showed that the extent of these effects of fossil fuel trade in the fossil fuel consumption channel in the transportation sector and production channel (industry), on carbon emissions have a significant relationship in developed countries and developing countries. CO2 emissions are a global issue, causing global warming and ultimately damaging the environment (climate change) and causing unpredictable costs for both developing and developed countries. The following are policy conclusions and recommendations to prevent this publication

The goal of the current research was the short-term and long-term effects of energy consumption in the industrial sector on inequality. The present research method is descriptive and non-experimental. The statistical population was Iran's information and statistics, based on the requirements of the research variables and based on the available statistics, the data of the years 1361 to 1395 was determined as the statistical sample of the research. The amount of energy consumption (oil, gas, solid fuels and electricity) in the country's industries was used as an independent variable, and information related to the Gini coefficient, the share of the richest 10% to the poorest 10%, and the average index of the total annual income of an urban/rural household were used as the dependent variables of the research.. ARDL regression model was used in Eviews10 software to analyze research hypotheses. The obtained results showed that in the long term, the consumption of energy in the industrial sector has a significant negative effect, and the consumption of electricity in the industrial sector has a positive and significant effect on the Gini coefficient. In the long term, the consumption of solid fuels and electricity in the industrial sector has a negative and significant effect on the share index of the richest 10% to the poorest 10%. Also, in the long term, the effect of consumption of petroleum products and electricity has had a significant positive effect on the average income of urban and rural areas. Energy consumption in the industrial sector of a country can help to reduce poverty in the country by increasing the income of the working class and the lower deciles of the society and make the distribution of income fair. In this context, cheap energies have had a better effect, but expensive energies have provided contradictory results.

The vast geographical area of Iran and the long distance that most cities in our country have with coastal ports, has created many problems for exporters, importers and transit of goods, and the high cost of road transport increases the cost of goods for domestic products. This has reduced the competitiveness of domestic producers over foreign competitors. In addition to this issue, we are witnessing heavy traffic in the port cities and highways of the country, especially in the northern ports such as Anzali and Nowshahr ports, which are caused by the movement of trucks. In addition, port cities have increased traffic problems at certain times of the year due to their tourist nature due to the heavy passenger load, and sometimes truck traffic is prohibited and goods leave the port with difficulty. Problems such as long loading and unloading time and lack of space may be possible. . Today, the position of Anzali port in supplying raw materials to various factories during the last ten years has become a strategic and special port on the Caspian Sea and has a special place among the ports on the Caspian Sea. The implementation of the comprehensive plan and commercial development of Anzali port in recent years and the construction of breakwaters and the creation of new infrastructure has increased the volume of economic exchanges.

The research method is applied and Delphi method has been used for analysis, study and conclusion. In order to use the Delphi method, a team of experts in port and maritime affairs has been used. By reviewing the literature and research background, using the points of view of experts and experts and experts on port and maritime affairs and observing a comprehensive list of factors affecting the creation of dry ports was identified and this list was provided to experts and specialists separately. They were asked to identify the main and most important factors according to the research topic. After confirming its reliability and validity, the final questionnaire was designed. The Demitel method determines the relationships and how the factors affect each other, and finally the Demetel-based ANP network analysis process method, called the DANP method, will be used to prioritize the factors. MATLAB 2019 software was used. The steps of the DANP technique are as follows:Step 1) Calculation of direct communication matrix: First, the views of experts are collected and presented with a range of 5 without impact, low impact, effective, high impact and very high impact. When the views of several experts are used, a simple arithmetic mean of the comments is used and a direct correlation matrix, or D, is formed. Step 2) Calculate the normal direct correlation matrix: In this step, the sum normalization of all rows and columns is calculated. Step 3) Calculating the complete communication matrix Criteria: To calculate the complete communication matrix, the same matrix (I) is formed first. Then we normalize the same matrix minus the normal matrix and invert the resulting matrix. Finally, we multiply the normal matrix by the inverse.The fourth step is to calculate the complete relationship matrix of the dimensions as well as the intensity of the effect of the criteria. Step 5) Normalize the full dimensional correlation matrix.Step 6) Normalize the complete correlation matrix of the criteria. Step 7)Form an unbalanced supermatrix.Step 8 - Formation of a rhythmic supermatrix.Step 9) Limit the rhythmic supermatrix.We limit the rhythmic supermatrix by being able to convey a consecutive odd number Z, until the supermatrix converges and stabilizes. The output of this step will be the effective DANP weights.

Research variables:

Dimensions of research variables include hardware factors, economic and environmental factors, each of which has its own visa index. Indices of hardware factors (including, customs arehouses, suitable location for high-risk and perishable shipments,Warehousing facilities, suitable equipment for unloading and loading containers and cargoes, information and communication systems including electronic data exchange systems, scanners and fleet weighing equipment, container transport routes between different modes of transport including railways, roads and inland waterways as a multi-container terminal and services. Logistics indicators, economic factors (including improving the financial and economic situation of the dry port, land prices, finding cheap labor, the possibility of providing specialized manpower, creating sustainable employment, reducing the cost of goods of industrial units) and indicators of environmental factors (including , Protection of fertile lands around Anzali city, improvement of Anzali city ecosystem (environmental effects), improvement of sustainable development process).

Among the studied factors, the factors of protection of fertile lands have gained the first rank and then the improvement of ecosystem and the process of sustainable development have been ranked second and third, which means that environmental factors are in the first priority. It is considered that the lands around Bandar Anzali are fertile and will protect the environment by constructing a dry port and proper location. Accordingly, it has no destructive effects on the ecosystem of Anzali. Then, among the indicators of economic dimensions, the factor of improving the financial and economic situation of the dry port is ranked fourth, and among the indicators of hardware dimensions, the factor of customs warehouses is ranked fifth. According to the obtained results, the effect of economic factors was confirmed as the second influential factor on the establishment of the dry port and finally the hardware factors are in the third place according to the ranking of indicators of these dimensions.The results obtained from the prioritization of the most important factors in setting up a dry port from the perspective of experts in the field of international transportation and trade in Anzali. Environmental factors of a dry port are the most important factor in the success of such a port. In this regard, one of the problems of Anzali city in setting up ports is that there are many fertile lands around Anzali city, which will protect the environment around Anzali city by constructing a dry port. Also, the lack of a rail network in the coming years and the need for a major overhaul and further development in this area has raised concerns about entering this mode of transportation. Therefore, one of the main requirements of Anzali city for the development of dry port projects in the country, while determining and defining in a place that does not harm the environment and ecosystem of Anzali city and rail and storage capacity, and creating and improving road development in necessary cases, Structural development and role of dry ports in Anzali city. This framework can be defined by designing a comprehensive document for the development of combined ports.The fourth priority for the financial dimension, on the one hand, indicates the relatively high importance of funding for dry port projects, and on the other hand, reflects the correct view in the country, which has considered infrastructure and platform as the principle and financial resources as complementary. That is why the entry of domestic private companies, only with financial support, has not been very effective in this area in recent years. Obviously, overcapacity of the transportation network is one of the main goals in creating a dry port, and according to research, heavy investments in the capacity of container terminals and larger ships and more container flow, put a lot of pressure on coastal port operations.The very low importance of road factors and the great attention to the environment show that there is a lot of concern in this field in the city of Anzali. Perhaps this deep attention is due to the specificity and characteristics of Anzali city. Certainly, if these ports are properly located in the country, the shortcomings and problems of road routes will be better identified. Although access to land is important in competition with the sea, the commissioning of a dry port will always have an impact on energy consumption, accumulation in road networks, to some extent on the environment. Obviously, ignoring these cases will have many negative consequences in the future that will nullify the benefits of the dry port; Among other things, the increase in road and rail transport traffic increases air pollution and heat in the region and in the long run affects the vegetation of the region, and this progresses even to the increase of diseases for residents of nearby areas.

Innovation is one of the most important means of companies' competitiveness, which, if appropriate infrastructures are provided, can lead to economic growth of countries through scientific and technological development. In this study, the impact of the number of patents as one of the most important measures of innovation on the economic growth of selected developed and developing countries during the period of 2000-2020 has been analyzed with a panel data approach. Experimental results show that, taking into account control variables, innovation has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in developed and developing countries. The comparison of the impact of innovation in the two studied groups shows that in developing countries that have a lower level of innovation, the effect of innovation on economic growth is greater than in developed countries. Based on this, supporting innovation, intellectual property rights and strengthening institutions related to the national innovation system in order to strengthen and extend innovation as one of the basic factors of economic growth should be considered in national planning

The oil industry has always played an important role in the economies of OPEC member countries, and current and future oil price fluctuations are among the factors increasing or decreasing the stock market index in OPEC member countries. The process of convergence and divergence of the total stock index can cause changes in oil sales. Countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to test two research hypotheses that there is a convergence of current and future oil prices with the total stock index of member countries using the model of spatial econometrics. For this purpose, the convergence of Sigma and Beta in the combined data of 12 OPEC countries during the period 1995-1998 was investigated using the Anslin model for the spatial econometric test. The findings showed that there was a convergence between the future oil prices with maturities of 1, 3 and 6 months with the total stock index of OPEC member countries and a slow convergence between the instantaneous price and the total stock index of OPEC member countries compared to the future oil price.

Today, increasing car use and dependence on urban environments has created numerous problems such as pollution, traffic, and the wasteful use of fossil fuels. Therefore, identifying the factors affecting the sustainability of urban transportation by emphasizing the green economy and providing appropriate solutions can be fruitful in the sustainability and economic development of cities. Given the importance of this issue, this study seeks to identify the factors affecting sustainable urban transportation. Ardabil city, as a case study of this research, is the capital of Ardabil province, where a high volume of urban traffic takes place. The high concentration of the service sector in this city increases the volume of urban traffic during the day. This causes traffic, noise pollution and the resulting environment. Restrictions of Ardabil transportation system such as non-overlap of urban lines by various means of public transportation, including taxis and buses, high share of informal passengers in the movement of citizens, unnecessary traffic, insufficient monitoring of transportation systems Increasing the distance between business and non-business trips and the inadequacy of the structure and quality of the road network to facilitate transportation, low use of bicycles in order to achieve clean transportation, insufficient attention to the principle of pedestrian-centered city, etc. Creates a sustainable transportation system in the city of Ardabil. In this regard, and due to the increasing need for transportation, the creation of a sustainable urban transportation system is of great importance and in this regard, the main purpose of this study is to analyze and identify the components and factors affecting Creating a sustainable transportation system with emphasis on green economy in Ardabil. This research is descriptive-exploratory in terms of method and applied in terms of purpose. The data required for this research were collected through documentary and field (questionnaire). The statistical population of this research is experts familiar with the subject of Ardabil urban transportation and the theory of green economy. Due to the uncertainty of their number and the ambiguity in their familiarity with the subject of the research, the snowball method was used to identify experts. In this regard, the number of sample experts continued to gain better knowledge and theoretical saturation in the received answers (proximity and repetition of answers), and finally reached 10 people. In this regard, after the initial factors / components were extracted through library studies, the mentioned experts were interviewed, and after summarizing the factors, their content validity was obtained, and finally, a specialized questionnaire on the effectiveness of the factors was opened. It was also evaluated by the same 10 relevant experts. It should be noted that content validity (CVR) method was used for research instrument validity, retest method for its reliability and structural-interpretive modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis were used for data analysis. The conclusion is that overcoming the issues and problems caused by transportation and finally achieving stability, requires identifying the factors that affect it. For this reason, the interpretive structural research model seemed useful due to the use of expert opinions and its desirable content validity, because it can reduce the complexity of the subject and an acceptable understanding of the subject by specifying the priority. ‌ lead us to make better decisions. In this research, based on this research logic, we tried to identify the most important factors affecting sustainable urban transportation in Ardabil and to analyze the impact of each of them on each other. In this regard, the results showed that among the 37 factors initially identified, 12 factors (safety factors, development of non-motorized transport, motor vehicle travel, access to transportation services and energy efficiency, social livability and air pollution The quality of planning, transportation culture, transportation costs, electronic communications and smart tools and equipment) were recognized as the final factors affecting sustainable urban transportation, and among these, the most power to influence factors. The quality of planning and intelligent tools and equipment, and the least of which is related to security factors, community viability and air pollution. But in this regard, what is important is to achieve a combination of influential variables. The results of factor leveling also showed that the factors affecting sustainable urban transportation in Ardabil can be classified into four levels. Electronic communications, smart tools and equipment, transportation culture, access to transportation services and motorized travel are at the lowest level and act as the foundation stones of the model, in a way that identifies Factors affecting sustainable urban transportation in Ardabil should start from this level or factors. Because these factors have the greatest impact on other factors and are at the highest level (first level), security factors, community viability and air pollution. These factors have less provocative power and more dependence. In fact, these factors are less effective but more effective. The results of factor classification also showed that security factors, development of non-motorized transportation, travel of motor vehicles, access to transportation services and energy efficiency have a weak influence and dependence. In contrast, socially viable factors and air pollution are more affected by other factors and are systemically effective and dependent elements, and finally, the quality of planning, transportation culture, transportation costs, electronic communications and Intelligent tools and equipment are key factors in sustainable urban transportation. These factors, which have high penetration and low dependence, can have the greatest impact on the sustainability of urban transportation. These factors act as the structural cornerstone of the system and in order to fundamentally change the performance of the system, they must be emphasized in the first place. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the sustainability of urban transportation from the perspective of green economy, to the key factors of planning quality, transportation culture from a social dimension, transportation costs from the dimension The economy and electronic communications and smart tools and equipment depend a lot on the smart city dimension. In emphasizing these factors, we should not ignore other factors raised in the present study. In general, the factors are systematically related to each other and in terms of hierarchy (priorities and levels obtained) the factor of the population having the Internet to improve the transport culture and also use the credit card system instead of preparing and buying Tickets, installation of smart cameras and installation of traffic signs will provide the transportation system. Will be effective (fourth level). The set of factors mentioned in a way indicates the existence of the program in the field of transportation and the continuity of acceptance and comprehensiveness of the planning that will lead to the development of non-motorized transportation, ie walking or cycling (third level). When the measures are on schedule, the costs will certainly be reduced (costs of accidents, road network, parking and other traffic services paid by private car users, families) and the efficiency will be increased (level Second). When renewable energy is used, the amount of pollution will definitely decrease and security will increase, and finally we will see the viability of the community and the stability of the city in the field of transportation (first level).

Although there is no distinct TV channel dedicated to teleshopping products in Iran, there is a growing number of advertising programs broadcasted among most of the TV channels everyday. This is applied to local TV channels as well. The residents of the city of Ardabil, have shown to be more willing to teleshopping because of less availability of new products and the long distance to hhe capital city or other metropolices. Such a tendency is growing among the citizens of Ardabil. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors that can affect the consumers’ teleshopping behavior in Iran and in the city of Ardabil. For this purpose, the following variables were considered as the determining factors in the teleshopping behavior according to the literature: dependence on television and exposure to television, exposure to teleshopping and dependence on teleshopping, the effects of tele-participation and trans-social interaction.

The statistical population of this study includes the citizens of the city of Ardabil who are over 18 years old and also have the experience of teleshopping. A standard questionnaire was used to collect data to measure the variables. The questionnaire was distributed both online and face-to-face. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the research model and to test the research hypothesis. SPSS and Smart PLS specialized software have also been used to analyze the data.

The results showed that exposure to television can have a positive effect on dependence on teleshopping. Dependence on teleshopping programs can be achieved through raising awareness of the people’ needs by watching the contents of TV programs. It is believed that dependence on television has a positive effect on dependence on teleshopping. People can increase their dependence on television in order to achieve their personal and social goals. Exposure to television can lead to exposure to teleshopping. In other words, the time spent on watching TV programs can affect the hours of watching teleshopping programs. Dependence on teleshopping programs can have a positive effect on building a friendly and social relationship with the teleshopping show hosts. Accordingly, teleshopping programs can be considered as an ideal tool to search for trans-social interactions. Such programs display fewer contents to attract viewers and trans-social interactions play a crucial role in attracting viewers in this case. The positive effect of dependence on teleshopping leads to tele-participation effects. Given the positive effect of the viewers’ tele-participation on the trans-social interactions with the hosts of the teleshopping program as well as the positive effect of the trans-social interaction with these hosts on the exposure to teleshopping, it can be stated that the viewers’ participation with the participants of the program (such as public comments in the street, short messages, phone calls from other viewers) can lead to increased trans-social interactions. Finally, the exposure to teleshopping has had a significantly positive effect on teleshopping behaviors. In other words, the more the viewers are exposed to teleshopping programs and the more time is spent on watching teleshopping programs, their behaviors will more likely lead to purchasing through teleshopping programs.  

Today, teleshopping has become one of the most widely used tools in marketing and advertising for a variety of reasons such as reduction of costs, quick and easy access to services, transparency and provision of comprehensive information. However, a review of research literature shows that such a concept has not been fully studied due to its advent, especially in Iran. The results obtained from the estimations of the research model confirmed all the hypotheses of the present study and it was found that these factors can play a positive role in the development of consumers’ teleshopping behaviors in Iran.

Reducing financial constraints on border transactions between countries has led to an expansion of the liberalization and financial integration debate. In this study, the effect of the capital account liberalization on financial deepening as the last step of the financial liberalization has been analyzed in the selected group of developed and developing countries over the period 1990 -2017, which is emphasis on the criterion of capital account freedom provided by Chienne and Aito (2006) that are based on the main component of the binary variables of borderline financial constraints rather than the definition of capital account control. The experimental results show that in developing countries the positive impact of capital account liberalization on financial deepening (ratio of credits Granting to the private sector) is lower compared to developed countries due to the weak institutional quality and the lack of equilibrium in macroeconomics and the small role of the private sector in economic activities compared to developed countries,. Also, the results strongly emphasize the significant impact of financial infrastructure on financial deepening, especially in the international movement sector, as the level of initial capital account. Other significant results indicate a significant effect of the banking crisis, exchange rate and commercial freedom on financial deepening.

This research is aimed at investigating the effects of knowledge management and technological innovation on the creation of competitive advantage in Pars Khazar and Pars Shahab manufacturing  companies .  The statistical population of the study consisted of 280 the managers and experts of Pars Khazar and Pars Shahab Manufacturing Companies from whom 123 were selected as the sample by Cochran formula by cluster sampling method. Field survey is used for data collection, and a standardized questionnaire was employed as data collection tool. Tabarsa and Ahmadvand’s questionnaire  (2017) was used for knowledge management, Camison & Villar-Lopez’s questionnaire (2014) was used for measuring the technological innovation, and Hill and Jones (2003) questionnaire was used for measuring the competitive advantage variable. Structural equation modeling test using Smart PLS2 software was employed to test the research hypotheses. The results specified that two main independent variables, namely knowledge management (coefficient: 39) and technological innovation (coefficient: 55) significantly affected the dependent variable of competitive advantage in the companies. Moreover, knowledge management turned out to have a significant effect on technological innovation (coefficient: 65) through technological innovation to have a significant effect on creating competitive advantage (coefficient: 36) in the companies. Furthermore, the criteria for measuring the model fitness, including R2 and Q2, confirmed its fitness.

In general, independent auditors provide the context and conditions for the quality of timely accounting information and financial reporting. Hence, delays in presentation of audit reports can affect the company's performance and even company stock prices. Therefore, the main goal of the study is to investigate the effect of delay of the audit report on stock price fluctuations among 110 companies Listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period of 2012-2017 using the GARCH model. The results of the model estimation showed that, firstly, the coefficients of the equation of conditional variance are significant. In other words, the model's oscillation is confirmed. Also, based on the results of the estimation, the maximum likelihood of the simultaneous effect of all variables is confirmed, in other words, it does not indicate the high and false validity of the estimated regression model. The results of the hypothesis test also showed that the main hypothesis of the research about the effect of the delay of the audit report on stock price is confirmed. So, the companies whose audit report was presented with delay, their stock prices on average were also lower. Other results showed that the coefficient of financial variables is not significant, but the firm ‘size has a significant negative effect on the stock price.

Nowadays, foreign direct investment (FDI) is one of the best and most prominent methods in the area of financing investment projects. In addition to financing, employing this type of investment follows other purposes such as improving technology, developing skills and management for refining the qualitative abilities of domestic work force, developing export markets, increasing the standards of domestic productions and moving towards the global market economy. In other words, foreign direct investments enables domestic enterprises to have more access to the global markets as well as facilitating technology transfer (Dargahi, 2006).
Alongside the role and significance of foreign direct investments, many policy makers along with economic organizations and institutions have asserted the importance of population health and forming a human capital, especially in the developing countries during recent years. In this regard, much emphasis has been placed on the development of population health and forming human capital as one of the effective factors in increasing the tendencies of countries toward attracting private investments, both foreign and domestic. Furthermore, the World Health Organization (WHO) acknowledged healthy work force as one of the most significant effective factors in human capital as well as attracting foreign direct investments (The Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, 2010).

There are a number of reasons concerning the role and impact of population health in attracting FDI. In general, a high level of healthcare alongside other factors would increase a country’s ability to attract foreign direct investments; in return, death and disease due to weak healthcare lead to an increase in production expenses followed by a decrease in the inflow of foreign direct investment. In other words, healthcare is an inseparable part of human capital, the reinforcement of which would increase the productivity of work force along with the escalation of economic growth (Celine and Desbordes, 2009).
Macroeconomic analyses through measuring anthropometric indices (including nutrition status, height, etc.) and disease indices (such as the number of days missed by a worker due to illness) have shown that healthcare impacts the productivity of workers (Ribero, 2008). By developing productivity, health-related expenses along with improving the individuals’ health in a society can increase the level of production followed by enhancing the country’s capability to attract foreign direct investments (Bleakley, 2010).
In addition to the role and significance of healthcare as a consumer product, improving health-related conditions of the work force as a particular form of human capital can directly increase economic efficiency at individual level and ultimately, in the society (Azam, 2015). This is due to the fact that a work force with a proper health condition is at a better state in terms of physical, spiritual, and productivity aspects, compared to an unhealthy work force. In return, weak healthcare results in the reduction of productivity and consequently, low incomes which would eventually lead to improper nutrition and health state. Bhargava, Jamison and Murray (2001) concluded that economic growth and attracting foreign direct investments caused by improving healthcare conditions have majorly occurred in developing countries compared to industrial ones.

The present inquiry is a descriptive study. Descriptive studies entail a set of methods with the purpose of describing certain conditions or phenomena. The purpose of the present research is applied, as the aim of such studies are to gain the required understanding or knowledge so as to determine the tools, through which a certain, known necessity can be mitigated.
Main Hypothesis
Increasing the expenses for population health and education of human resources has a significant impact on the inflow of foreign direct investments.
Secondary Hypotheses
The market size (income per capita) has a significant impact on the inflow of foreign direct investments.
The degree of trade freedom has a significant relationship with the inflow of direct investments.

According to the results, the estimation regression model is not false, and all variables are expected and consistent with theoretical foundations. The coefficient of determination of the fitted model indicates that 86% of the direct foreign investment inflow to the Islamic countries of the MENA country is explained by three variables: market size (per capita income), health and education expenditures, and the degree of trade liberalization. Based on table results, the estimated coefficients of these variables are positive and significant at the 90% confidence level. As the increase in each of the variables Per capita income, the share of health and education expenditures on GDP and the degree of trade liberalization, have led to an increase in FDI inflows into the studied countries.

The results obtained from the goodness of model show that the portion of expenses for healthcare from gross domestic production alongside education is an important parameter concerning the extent of inflow of foreign direct investments to the Islamic country members of MENA. In fact, improving healthcare and education and the development of human capital in general, through enhancing the productivity of the work force, reducing investment risks, and offering high-level skills to the work force along with indirect impacts such as providing desirable social conditions lead to more attraction of foreign investments in Islamic country members of MENA. Furthermore, increasing GDP per capita as a result of enhancing capabilities to attract foreign investment flows and expanding market capacity can increase the inflow of FDI. Additionally, increasing the trade share gained form gross domestic production caused by domestic products and moving towards global market economy can play a role of utmost importance in offering positive trade impacts on foreign direct investments. As a result, it is recommended that in order to attract more foreign investments, a human resource development policy can be incorporated which may entail population health and educational policies along with other attraction strategies.

The purpose of this study was to compare the predictive power of fuzzy neural network with fuzzy wavelet neural network in predicting stock prices of banks in Tehran Stock Exchange. The period of this research was from 2011 to 2016. In this research, the fuzzy logic system with the use of a multi-layer neural network system with an error-optimized back-propagation optimization structure and a Maximum Overlapping Discrete Wavelet Transform for exchange rate variables, opec oil, each ounce of gold, the total stock index as well as the volume of trades were used in order to predict stock prices.The results of the model were done by using the updated cost function. The results of the research in comparison of fuzzy wavelet network and fuzzy neural network showed that the reliability of banks with fuzzy wavelet neural network is over 90% and with fuzzy neural network above is 80%. As a result, fuzzy wavelet neural network is more reliable than fuzzy neural network

Labor productivity issue in economy has an increasing importance in effective stability that is affected by various financial and non-financial factors. In this study, after using the partial adjustment model to address the endogeneity of the labor productivity, the direct effect of financial development on labor productivity has been analyzed by using Dynamic Panel Data (DPD) techniques based on Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries from 2000 to 2014. The empirical results of this study confirmed that, domestic credit to private sector as a share of GDP positively effects on labor productivity in the first place. Secondly, the higher levels of education and health have a higher level of labor productivity. In addition, increasing trade openness through knowledge and technology transfer enhances labor productivity. Finally, the additional worth findings confirmed the transmission of GDP per person employed performance to the next period and labor productivity dynamics.

Achieving long-term and sustained economic growth is possible by allocating investment resources in the national economy and to achieve this goal, a broad and dynamic financial markets particularly dynamic stock market is essential. In this study, the effect of financial liberalization on stock market development have been analyzed by using dynamic panel techniques based on Arrelano and Bonad System generalized method of momentsin the Middle East and North Africa over the period 2000-2014. The empirical results of this study confirmed firstly, the transmission of stock market performance to the next and so stock market dynamics. The results confirm that the financial and trade openness and presence on the international scene help to improve the stock market value. Also, if financial liberalization is not accompanied with trade liberalization, its Positive effect on the development of capital markets is the weak. In addition, GDP as a proxy of market size and capacity of attracting foreign investment have positive and significant effect on stock market development.