فهرست مطالب hematollah pirdashti

Experiments were conduccted to study the response of cress (Lepidium sativum) sensitive plant to allelochemical compounds to aqueous extract obtained from the different organs of important weeds such as Silybum marianum and Malva sylvestris. Experiment for each plant was performed as factorial based on the completely randomized design with three replications in 2023. The first factor was the different organs in three levels, namely root, stem, and leaf of weeds, and the different concentrations of the extracts obtained from each of the organs were at 5 levels (0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100%) as the second factor. To extract the samples, after collecting and drying them, first 5 g of the plant powder of each organ (weight) was extracted separately with 100 ml of distilled water as solvent (volume). Then different concentrations were prepared from the extract obtained from the stock (base solution). The results showed that the percentage and rate of germination, length of radicle and, plumule, length of seedling, ratio of radicle to plumule, seed length vigor index, dry weight of radicle and, plumule, seedling dry weight and seed weight vigor index of cress were influenced by aqueous extract of the Silybum marianum organs, different concentrations and interaction effect of them. Among the different organs, the aqoues extracts of leaf had the highest inhibitory effect on germination characteristics of cress. So that the difference in the effect of different concentrations of organs was dependent on their concentration threshold. As the findings showed that the effect of aqueous

Despite recent development in producing chemical medicines, associated side effects have led to increased use of medicinal plants and natural compounds. Soil salinity, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, is a serious threat to global agriculture. Nowadays, efforts have been made to find benchmarks that can effectively select salt-tolerant or salt-resistant genotypes. In this regard, the use of computer software to predict the indices can help us for screening the most tolerant ecotypes. The objectives of the present study were to determine the best indicators of salinity tolerance using intelligent and regression models for eighteen commercial ecotypes of mint. The seedlings were planted in plastic pots and arranged in a split factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The treatments consisted of four levels of salinity (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 dS m-1), two levels of harvesting time, and 18 ecotypes. The plants were grown until the flowering stage and then harvested. There was a significant difference between ecotypes in terms of calculated indices at all three levels of salinity. Indicators such as TOL, MP, GMP, YSI, STI and HM showed a significant positive correlation with YS and YP at all three levels of salinity. The cluster analysis divided the ecotypes into three distinct groups based on the calculated indices at all levels of salinity. The principal component analysis revealed that the YP, YS, TOL, MP, GMP, YSI, STI and HM were more suitable among others salt stress indices. The sensitivity analysis at 2.5 dS m-1 salinity level showed that the HM, STI, YSI, YI, SSI and MP indices were of higher importance than the others. At 5 dS m-1 salinity level, the HM, STI, YSI, YI, GMP and MP indices showed the highest importance whereas at 7.5 dS m-1 salinity level, the STI, YSI, YI, GMP and YP indices indicated the highest importance. In general, the results suggest that ANN(MLP) model (R2 = 0.999) is the best model to predict at all salinity levels. E13, E14, E15, E16 and E18 ecotypes are the most salt tolerant ecotypes which can be used for the future breeding program.

In order to physiological and biochemical evaluation of seventh generation of rice mutant tolerant lines under salinity stress, an experiment was carried out as split plot arranged in a Completely Randomized Design with four replications. Main factor of experiment includes three levels of salt stress (0, 45, 75 mmol/l) and sub factor include 5 local rice mutant lines contain Tarom Hashemi 1, Tarom Hashemi 2, Tarom Hashemi 3, Tarom Chaloosi and promising Nemat. The results of analysis of variance of interaction salt stress and rice mutant lines showed that affect of interaction on studied traits was significant . In comparision with other lines and under all levels of salt stress, the results of experiment showed that Nemat had the highest content of Proline that was accompanied with increase protein. Catalase and Gayacol peroxidase activity under stress condition increased and and there was fewer amount of Malondialdehyde and ionic leakage. Considering the positive and significant correlation between dry weight of rice lines with Proline content (r = 0.36), Catalase (r = 0. 49), and Guaiacol peroxidase (r = 0.51) and negative correlation with Protein content (r = -0.29) and Malondialdehyde (r = -0.36) seems to suggest that the Nemat mutant can be as the most tolerant line, since the resistance mechanism of this line involves osmotic regulation and increasing the amount of proline amino acids through protein degradation and catalase enzymatic system, so these traits can be considered as basic mechanisms for tolerance to salinity.

Provision of nutrients for crops such as rice has a significant role in achieving optimal yield. Therefore, the aim of this study was to maximize the rice plant potential by optimizing the use of mineral and biological fertilizers along with cutting height of ratoon of rice. The experiment was carried out split factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the Rice Research Institute of Iran (Amol) during the growing season of 2014 and 2015. Three levels of harvesting height including 0, 15 cm and 30 cm from the ground as the main plots and phosphorous fertilizers (triple superphosphate) and potassium (potassium sulfate) in two levels (0 and 50 kg ha-1) were first sub-plots and foliar application of Azospirillium brazilennes and Pseudomonas fluorescens were in two levels (foliar application and non-foliar application) as the second sub-plots. The results demonstrated that the highest grain yield was obtained in treatment of 50 kg of phosphorus fertilizer with a harvest height of 30 cm from the ground with an average of 2017.8 kg ha-1. All mineral and biological fertilizers significantly increased plant height, number of tillers per hill and filled spikelet percentage per panicle. In addition, the use of biofertilizers along with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers resulted in increased yield and yield components. Therefore, the application of the above fertilizers can be a suitable alternative for high consumption of nitrogen in the production of rice rice in the region.

In order to evaluate the effect of Piriformospora indica fungi inoculation on antioxidant systems and photosynthetic pigments of stevia medicinal plant under salt and drought stresses, an in vitro experiment was conducted. Experiment arranged in factorial based on completely randomized design with three replicates. Treatments were three levels of osmotic potential (0, -5, and -10 bar), three osmotic sources including NaCl (Na), Mannitol (M) and NaCl+Mannitol (N+M) and two levels of fungi inoculation (uninoculated control and inoculation with P. indica). Results showed that among the mentioned osmotic sources, NaCl had the most inhibitory effect on photosynthetic pigments of stevia. When M concentration increased in uninoculated plants, the enzymes activitiy such as catalase and superoxide dismotase increased too. In non-stress conditions P. indica improved photosynthetic pigments including chlorophyll a, b, a+b and carotenoids. Also, inoculation of stevia plantlets with P. indica at osmotic level of -5 bar caused by M+Na markedly improved chlorophyll b and a+b up to 41 and 57%, respectively as compared to the uninoculated control. Fungi inoculation also improved activity of antioxidant enzymes as compared to uninoculated control. Where Na and M+Na was applied to cause -5 bar of osmotic level,  superoxide dismutase activity increased by 62 and 185%, respectively as compared to the control. In conclusion, results showed a positive effect of P. indica on stevia tolerance to both salinity and drought stresses.

Pythium ultimum is one of the major causative agents responsible for damping off disease in cucumber plants. In the present study, the effect of potassium phosphite (KPhi) on defense response of P. ultimum-inoculated cucumber plants was investigated. Different plant growth parameters as well as chlorophyll a content were studied to evaluate the healing effects of KPhi. Furthermore, the expression pattern changes of a pathogenesis-related chitinase gene was analyzed via qPCR. Results revealed that KPhi treatment significantly increased growth parameters i.e. shoot length, diameter and mean leaf number in cucumber seedlings. KPhi treatment at 1 and 4 gL-1 caused 31.37% and 94.48% increase in shoot diameter respectively compared to control plants while shoot length of plant treated with 1 and 4 gL-1 KPhi were increased 72.14% and 78.85%, respectively compared to control plants. The chlorophyll a content as well as plant leaf number was significantly increased in plants treated with 1 or 4 gL-1 KPhi compared to control plants. It was interestingly revealed that KPhi application decreased Chitinase gene expression compared to control plants. The findings of the present study would be implemented for designing a controlling strategy to decrease the adverse effect of P. ultimum on cucumber plants.

The present study was aimed to evaluate a biological solution to improve peppermint plant growth and production in the salt-affected soil. The experiment was arranged in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse under controlled conditions (28/15 oC in day/night). Three levels of methyl jasmonate (0, 75 and 150 µM) and four levels of sea water (0, 3, 6, 9 dS/m) were the treatments. After nine weeks, ETR, Fv/ Fm, Fm, transpiration, RWC, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, stomatal conductance and leaf dry weight were measured. The results showed that salinity decreased ETR, Fv/ Fm, Fm, transpiration, RWC, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, stomatal conductance and leaf dry weight while increased anthocyanins, Fo and NPQ. The measured traits were influenced by the different levels of methyl jasmonate. Where plants grown at salinity of 9 dS/m and sprayed with 75 µM of methyl jasmonate, anthocyanin increased up to 8% while the membrane electrolyte leakage decreased by 35%. Methyl jasmonate also ameliorate the negative effects of salinity on stomatal conductance (54%), ETR (10%) and leaf relative water content (6%). Higher levels of methyl jasmonate (150 µM), however, had an inhibitory effect on stomatal conductance, chlorophyll a and ETR. Overall, it seems that methyl jasmonat had a positive role under salt conditions due in particular to improving plant water relations, stomatal conductance and therfore, increasing electron transfer rate and the photosystem II efficiency. In conclusion, spraying of methyl jasmonate at the rate of 75 µM improved growth parameters of peppermint medicinal plant under salt cnditions.

In order to evaluate ethyl methane sulfonat (EMS) mutagenic substance on some of the phytochemical traits of stevia plants regenerated from calluses, two separate experiments were conducted with three replications. At the first experiment a factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design was used. leaf explants were transferred to MS culture media containing the growth regulator thidiazuron (TDZ) at 0.1 mg/L, and callus masses were exposed to various concentrations of EMS (0.1, 0.2 and 0.5%) for different periods (30, 60, and 120 minutes). Then, callus masses were subcultured in MS culture media. Based on the findings of the first experiment, the effects of the various concentrations of EMS, different exposure durations and the interaction effects of these factors were significant on the traits of regenerated calluses. The number of produced stems declined when EMS concentrations and exposure durations were increased. In the second experiment, completely randomized design, each plant regenerated from calli which treated with EMS was considered as a mutational event and a colony population with members of similar age was prepared for each unique plant. In each treatment, the regenerated plants with suitable growth forms were selected, and each individual seedling regenerated from callus was assigned a unique code. After two months, some phytochemical traits and the amount of glycoside sugars (stevioside and rebaudioside A) were measured. Results of ANOVA showed that EMS had significant effects on phytochemical traits and the amount of glycoside sugars at the 1% level. Among the studied mutant samples, the M6, M10, M11, M18 and M19 showed the most changes of most traits as compared to the control sample. Also, M8 mutant had the maximum steviosid and rebaudiosid A contents (.3 and .3% more than control, respectively).

The present study was aimed to evaluate a biological solution to improve peppermint plant growth and production in the salt-affected soil. The experiment was arranged in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse under controlled conditions (28/15 oC in day/night). Three levels of methyl jasmonate (0, 75 and 150 µM) and four levels of sea water (0, 3, 6, 9 dS/m) were the treatments. After nine weeks, ETR, Fv/ Fm, Fm, transpiration, RWC, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, stomatal conductance and leaf dry weight were measured. The results showed that salinity decreased ETR, Fv/ Fm, Fm, transpiration, RWC, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, stomatal conductance and leaf dry weight while increased anthocyanins, Fo and NPQ. The measured traits were influenced by the different levels of methyl jasmonate. Where plants grown at salinity of 9 dS/m and sprayed with 75 µM of methyl jasmonate, anthocyanin increased up to 8% while the membrane electrolyte leakage decreased by 35%. Methyl jasmonate also ameliorate the negative effects of salinity on stomatal conductance (54%), ETR (10%) and leaf relative water content (6%). Higher levels of methyl jasmonate (150 µM), however, had an inhibitory effect on stomatal conductance, chlorophyll a and ETR. Overall, it seems that methyl jasmonat had a positive role under salt conditions due in particular to improving plant water relations, stomatal conductance and therfore, increasing electron transfer rate and the photosystem II efficiency. In conclusion, spraying of methyl jasmonate at the rate of 75 µM improved growth parameters of peppermint medicinal plant under salt cnditions.

In order to evaluate the effect of Piriformospora indica fungi inoculation on some physiological parameters of peppermint medicinal plant under salt stresses, a field experiment was arranged in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments including P.indica symbiosis and four salinity levels (irrigation with distilled water and the Caspian Sea water mixture at of 0, 3, 6 and 9 dS m-1). The measured parameters were leaf dry weight, leaf total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, radical scavenging, essential oil yield and the content of Na, P and K and stomatal conductance. Results showed that with increasing of salinity, the anthocyanins, flavonoids and Na content were increased, while P and K content, leaf dry weight and essential oil yield were decreased. The symbiotic fungi increased anthocyanins and flavonoids content by 17 and 31%, respectively as compared to the uninoculated control plants. Fungal treatment, reduced the negative effects of salinity on stomatal conductance, P and K content, leaf dry weight, essential oil yield and also decreased Na content in saline conditions. In 9 dS m-1 of salinity, fungi inoculation could increase total phenol content and essential oil yield up to 37 and 76%, respectively. It seems, the root inoculation of the peppermint medicinal plants with P. indica, stimulates the synthesis of phenolic compounds and essential oils, also increases the nutrient uptake which ameliorate the negative effects of salinity in the plant.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L) is a flowering plant in the genus Sesamum. It is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds, which grow in pods (Monayem Miah et al., 2015). Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses which affect almost every aspect of plant growth. The arid and semi-arid regions where sesame is grown are specified by high temperatures, high evaporation demand and occurrence of unpredictable drought (Oscar Rojas et al., 2014). This plant is relatively drought tolerant. Resistance to water stress in sesame is important in many countries with low rainfall.
Material and In order to evaluation effects of Paclubutrazul on two Sesamum indicum genotypes under drought stress and study physiology, yield and yield component responses of genotypes, these experiment was done using factorial arrangement based on Randomized Complete Block with three replications in 1393-94 in greenhouse of educational department of Kordkoy. Treatments included Sesamum indicum genotypes (Yellow- white and Oltan), three levels of watering (20, 50 and 80% FC) and three concentrations of paclubutrazul application (0, 7.5 and 15 mgL-1). Data were analyzed with SAS software.
Finally results showed that genotype, water treatment and paclubutrazul on thousand seed weight, yield, proline, epicuticular wax of leaf, catalase activity of leaf and root, starch and carbohydrate soluble was significant. Although proline, EWL, catalase enzyme activity in leaf and root were declined, but Starch and carbohydrate solution content of leaf was elevated in Yellow- white against 20% FC. Application of paclubutrazul on starch, proline and catalase enzyme activity in both genotypes were not significant, but catalase enzyme activity in root, carbohydrate solution and EWL in leaves, thousand seed weight and yield were different significantly. Oltan in waterless stress had maximum proline content, EWL and catalase enzyme activity than yellow white, albeit, yellow white had highest carbohydrate solution than Oltan. Also EWL in leaves of Oltan was increased in 15mgL-1 paclubutrazul. EWL accumulation leaves protect them from addition water evaporation (Gonzalez et al., 2010). Also concentration of EWL accumulation leaves against severs waterless stress and highest paclubutrazul content, was highest 4 times than well water and without paclubutrazul usage. Catalase enzyme activity in root and leaves and proline content of leaves in 15 mg paclubutrazuland severe waterless stress were 9, 0.2 and 0.4 times more than without paclubutrazul and well water treatment. Carbohydrate solution in leaves under severe water stress and highest paclubutrazul content was 0.6 times more than control. In well water with 15 mg paclubutrazul, average yield per plant 13.3 g with thousand seed weight, 3.61g than control was highest in comparison control. Also, Oltan genotype than Yellow white to highest concentration paclubutrazul usage in case of effect on Osmolites and Catalase activity enzyme showed positive reaction.

Aim and Biofertilizer is a substance that contains living microorganisms, which can use instead of chemical fertilizer in sustainable crop production.
In seedling stage, as a randomized design at 1394 in research center of genetic and biotechnology of agriculture at two levels inoculated and non-inoculated was study.
Result showed that inoculated of fungal due to significant improvement (P Results of this research showed positive effect of fungal inoculated P.indica in primary stage of development on growth character. This suggested that using of this fungal in primary stage of plant or in Cultivation of horticultural plants in nurseries can increase plant growth and made uniform seedling and healthier that lead to increase in efficiency and yield of plants in next stage or transfer to field.

Given the importance of drying process in the rice production and in order to obtain the optimum time to achieve moisture balance in the tempering¡ influence of different drying temperatures (40¡ 50¡ 60 and 70 ° C) and drying time have been studied for four different paddy cultivars (Nemat¡ Neda¡ Pagouhesh and Pardis) in the time range of 0.5 to 8 hours at 10 levels of 0.5¡ 1¡ 1.5¡ 2¡ 3¡ 4¡ 5¡ 6¡ 7 and 8 hr (as independent variables) in a factorial experimental design based on randomized complete block with three replications. The results obtained in this study indicated that the gradient of the effective diffusion coefficient (K1¡ as dependent variable) in the early stages of tempering period (after completion of the heating up to one hour of rest) was much more than that of the later tempering stage (from one hour to two-hour relaxation time). The effective diffusion coefficient for the Nemat and Neda cultivers with a similar genotype was larger than that of Pagouhesh and Pardis cultivers. Based on the results obtained in this research¡ 1-hour relaxation time is recommended at drying temperatures less than 50 °C and 2 hours for drying temperatures higher than 50 °C. Adsorption and desorption of surface moisture in the relaxation period has a direct influence on grain fracture.

In order to investigate the effects of municipal waste compost and benefit fungi of Trichoderma species on seedling emergence parameters, growth and some micronutrients uptake of garden cress a pot experiment was carried out in factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Treatments consisted of three levels of municipal waste compost (15, 30, 45 Mg ha-1 alone and plus 50% chemical fertilizer), recommended chemical fertilizer (100 kg ha-1 of urea, potassium sulfate and triple super phosphate) and a check (no compost or chemical fertilizer application) and three Trichoderma species (T. viridae, T. harzianum, T. hamatum). Analysis of data showed that application of 15 Mg ha-1 enriched compost and inoculation of soil with Trichoderma harzianum species have promoted final emergence percentage, field emergence rate and cumulative emergence rate. In the current experiment, the 30 and 45 Mg ha-1enrriched municipal waste compost increased fresh and dry weight of aerial part (up to 21%) and plant height as well as root length (up to 16%) compared to chemical fertilizer alone. Also, T. harzianum fungi increased fresh and length of plant root (20 and 5.30%, respectively) compared to T. viridae.

In low-input cropping systems، the natural roles of microorganisms in maintaining soil fertility may be more important than conventional system. In order to investigate the effects of plant growth promoting fungi on improvement of growth and development in soybean (cv: JK) an experiment was conducted at the research farm of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University during the 2011-2012 growing seasons. Treatments were arranged in a factorial experiment based a completely randomized block design with three replications. The first factor was six levels of fungi: inoculation T. harzianum and AMF genus Glumus: G. mosseae، G. intraradices، and co-inoculation of T. harzianum + G. mosseae، T. harzianum + G. intraradices and non-inoculation (control). The second factor was three levels of phosphorus (0، 70 and 140 kg. ha-1) from superphosphate trip. Results showed that inoculation of T. harzianum and G. mosseae significantly had maximum chlorophyll content up to 17% and 16% at reduced phosphorus dosage (70 kg. ha-1) and conventional phosphorus dosage as compared to the control respectively. The greatest effect was recorded at reduced phosphorus dosage (70 kg. ha-1) and conventional phosphorus dosage significant increase in terms of chlorophyll content. In addition، the dry weights and chlorophyll content of soybean plants in reduced phosphorous dosage (70 kg. ha-1) and co-inoculated with T. harzianum + G. mosseae as well as conventional phosphorous dosage were significantly higher than the non-inoculated plants. In this experiment، at reduce phosphate fertilizer (P0%: 0) treatment، not affected of plant growth promoting fungi compared to control. But، reduced phosphorous dosage (70 kg. ha-1) was more affected.

To study the effect of different levels of nitrogen and intercropping systems of basil (Ocimum basiilicum L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) on weed population structure، an experiment was carried out as a split-split plot a randomized complete blocks design with three replications during 2010-2011 at Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University. Treatments included weed control and weed infested as the main plots، levels of nitrogen (0، 50 and 100 kg/ha) as sub plots، Sole cropping of cowpea and basil، and additive planting ratios of 25، 50 and 75% basil as sub-sub plots. Under weed control conditions، the highest yield of cowpea (685 kg ha-1) and maximum dry matter yield of basil (430 kg ha-1) were obtained from 50% basil ratio with 50 and 100 kg ha-1N fertilizer application، respectively. The highest yield of basil (139 kg ha-1) was observed in weed infested plots of 25% basil planting ratio and 100 kg ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer with the highest invasive coefficient of 1. 66 and competition coefficient of 3. 42. The highest land equivalent ratio (1. 43) belonged to 50% additive ratio of basil in weed free and the lowest (0. 87) belonged to 75% ratio and without nitrogen fertilizer in weed infested condition. Generally، existence of cowpea in additive intercropping reduced the population and biomass of weeds compared to basil sole cropping. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer application caused faster closed canopy of plant species in intercropping which led to reduced weeds population and biomass.

In order to evaluate quality characteristics of 30 rice genotypes including improved، traditional and promising lines، a field experiment was undertaken at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University during 2009 cultivation season. Experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications and 13 quality characters were evaluated. Results showed significant difference among different genotypes for all evaluated traits. For all evaluated traits، cluster analysis between genotypes based on Ward،s method indicated that genotypes can be classified into five cluster so that cluster I had genotypes such as Tarom Mahalli، 8803 and 8802 promising lines، cluster II and Pi-1 and 8802 lines، cluster III and Ghaem cultivar and 8804 and 8223 promising lines. Cluster IV and 8811 and 64410 promising lines and Tarom Deilamani and cluster V had Bahar and 8209 and 8403 and 8228 promising lines. Mean camparison of clusters according to Duncan،s test showed that maximum yield performance (4. 9 ton. ha-1) was belonged to cluster V، then clusters I and IV had the best performance and the minimum head rice yield was recorded in cluster III. In terms of amylose content، the highest amount (26. 20%) was observed in cluster V. According to Iranian consumers which prefer 22 percent amylase content could be introduced genotypes in cluster I and II as a medium amylase and quality genotypes. Furthermore، genotypes of cluster III and cluster V showed the highest and lowest amount of gel consistency GC respectively. The optimum amount of GC (<60 nm) was recorded for genotypes in cluster II and III.