فهرست مطالب heshmat sepehri

Introduction:

 Emerging low cost animal feed stock, originating from bioprocessing and food production is increasing on a global scale. In particular, dried distillers’ grains soluble (DDGS) is a by-product of the ethanol industry created in the fermentation process of cereal grains starch in dry mill ethanol plants. DDGS is defined as the product obtained after removal of ethyl alcohol by distillation from the yeast fermentation of a grain or a grain mixture by condensing and drying at least 75% of the resultant whole stillage by methods employed in the grain distilling industry. DDGS present a high concentration of energy, protein. Especially with respect to the original grains. DDGS are mainly obtained from corn, wheat, barley, sorghum and rice, as well as from grain blends. DDGS could be considered a poultry feed stuff as an alternative source of protein in poultry ration with other protein source or after dietary supplementation with lysine. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different levels of DDDS on performance and histology of jejunum in broiler chicken in starter, grower and finisher and analyzed DDGS.

 Materials and Methods :

This experiment was done in 2 periods (first experiment was 1-21 days and second was 22-42 days). In first experiment 450 multiple Ross 308 broiler chicks were divided randomly into 5 experimental treatments and 6 replicates and second experiment had 5 treatment and 6 replicates and each replicate was assigned to a pen with 15 birds. Birds had given ad-libitum access to water drinking and diet. The experimental treatments received a basal diet that was supplemented as follows: control (without DDGS), 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% DDGS at first experiment and control (without DDGS), 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% DDGS at the second experiment. Prior to formulating the experimental diets, it was analyzed for dry matter, protein, amino acids, fat, crude fiber, ash. The amount of feed intake and body weight gain were measured weekly. At 21 and 45 days, 2 birds of each replicate were killed and intestinal segments removed. Samples (approximately 4 cm) were taken from the midpoint between the point of entry of the bile duct and Meckel's diverticulum (jejunum) for histology characteristics. Data were analyzed using GLM procedures of SAS software (SAS, 2006) in a completely randomized design. Differences between means were tested using Duncan’s test (1995). Differences were considered significant at P<0.05

Results and Discussion:

 The chemical composition of the DDGS samples was determined at the beginning period. Crude protein, crude fat crude fiber, lysine and methionine were 30.5, 2.5, 3, 0.31 and 0.15% respectively. The differences between DDGS in this experiment with the others are depended upon plant species, genotype, climate, and stage of growth, the kind of soil and storage conditions. The results of the first experiment have shown that body weight gain increased in broiler fed 3% DDGS and control (847.31, 846.74). Results showed that 3% levels of DDGS fed to broilers increased body weight gain significantly from 11-21 d (P<0.05). The least body weight gain and feed intake was belonged to 12% DDGS vs. broilers fed 0, 3 and 6% DDGS from 1-21d. The feed intake decreased in broilers fed to 12% of DDGS in comparison to control groups and the other treatments. Feed conversion ratio was not significantly affected by treatments from 1-21 d. There was not any significant difference between feed conversion ratios in 1-21 day between treatments. There was significant difference (P<0.05) between body weight gain in 30-37 days old. The lowest and highest body weight gain observed in birds fed 20% and 5% DDGS, respectively. There was not any significant difference between feed intake and feed conversion in 22-45 days. Villus height decreased to 881.01 μm in 12% containing diets in comparison to the other treatments. Crypt depth was lowest in control (156.79 μm). Effect of DDGS on the histology of jejunum broiler chickens in 21 and 42 days was not significant. There was a tendency for an increased in crypt depth and decreased in villi height as dietary DDGS increased from 0 to 20%, however it was not significant.‌

Conclusion:

 It can be concluded from this study, in first experiment (1-21 d) the dietary treatments containing 3% DDGS shows better performance in comparison to the other treatment. In second experiment (22-45%), 20% of DDGS was the best treatments for performance.

In this study, 400 fertile eggs of Ross 308 were used in the compeletly randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replicates (25 eggs in each replicate). Treatments were non-injected (control group), injected with 0.1 ml deionized water, injected with 0.1 ml crocin %20 and injected with 0.1 ml crocin %40 (in 11 days incubation). In ovo injection of crocin %40 increased hatchability percent and body weight of hatched chicks in comparison to the other treatmenrs. There was significant difference between plasma glutathione peroxidase enzyme in broilers injected by crocin and control group, and total antioxidant capacity significantly improved at 1 day old. There was no effect of crocin on lipid metabolism, however cholesterol significantly decreased.

Inhibition of angiogenesis is the main goal of cancer treatment and other diseases. Ferula assa-foetida is a medicinal plant with cytotoxic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-angiogenic effects of Ferula assa-foetida's resin. 40 Hy-line fertilized eggs were divided into 4 groups: control, sham, experimental 1 (treated with 100 μg/ml of extract), experimental 2 (treated with 200 μg/ml of extract). On the eighth day of incubation it was created a window in the bottom of the eggs and gelatin sponge was placed on chorioallantoic membrane. 10 microliters of Ferula assa-foetida's resin extract was injected to treated groups. 10 microliters of distilled water was injected to control group and 10 microliters of dimethyl sulfoxide was injected to sham-exposed group. All samples were photographed on the 12th day of incubation and the length and numbers of vessels were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc (p>0.05) The mean of number and length for vessels in the control group and mean of number and length in sham-exposed group was not significant. There was a significant decrease in mean number and length of vessels at concentration of 100 and 200 μg/ml of Ferula assa-foetida's resin extract compared with control group. According to this research, ethanolic extract of Ferula assa-foetida's resin has an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis in chick chorioalantoic membrane. It seems that compounds of Ferula assa-foetida's resin can be used to inhibit angiogenesis in cancer tissues.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that appears by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion and pancreatic function. Considering the properties of the Launaea acanthodes, this study aimed to examine the effects of this plant on serum level of insulin and blood glucose and histomorphological changes of pancreas in diabetic rats. In this study, 27 male rats were allocated into the equal groups of control, diabetic control and experimental diabetic. The diabetes in diabetic control and experimental diabetic groups was induced using an intraperitoneal injection of alloxan. The experimental diabetic group received the aqueous extract of L. acanthodes (300 mg/kg, ip) in alternate days for one month. Sterile distilled water was injected to the animals of control and diabetic control groups. The serum levels of insulin and blood glucose were measured on days 1, 15 and 30. Histological studies were performed to determine the number and diameter of the pancreatic islets. On days 15 and 30 of the experiment, injection of the L. acanthodes extract caused a significant decrease and increase in the serum level of glucose and insulin, respectively compared to the control group (P<0.05). Moreover, the mean number and diameter of pancreatic islets were significantly increased in the diabetic experimental compared to the diabetic control group (P<0.05). The extract of L. acanthodes can increase the serum insulin and the mean number and diameter of pancreatic islets and decrease the blood glucose in diabetic rats.