فهرست مطالب hojat vahdati

The purpose of the current research is to design and explain the political behavior model of managers in government organizations. The research method is applicable in terms of purpose, qualitative in terms of execution method, and inductive-deductive in terms of the logic of data collection. The statistical population includes 30 experts (professors and managers of government organizations), selected by purposeful sampling. Data collection tools include semi-structured interviews. In the data analysis, thematic analysis and the MICMAC software were used, and to prioritize the factors affecting political behavior, for the interpretative structural approach, the ism method was used. The results of the findings showed that 11 main categories were identified in 6 levels. Also, the findings showed that in the sixth level, social cultural gap and personality traits of people had the most effect compared to other factors, although cultural weakness was the most effective factor. Public belief is placed at the fifth level of the model. At the fourth level, there are political will of people and image management and organizational evaluation. At the third level, there is the individual power of people. Organizational processes and organizational elections and appointments are at the second level, and at the last level are the model of laws and regulations and the structure of government organizations.

The present study was conducted with the aim of designing a self-management model of the career path of higher education graduates, focusing on new perspectives on the career path and based on mixed research, which was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the qualitative and quantitative part of the research included all entrepreneurial graduates and professors who are members of the faculty of entrepreneurship faculties of universities of a country, and in the qualitative phase, 35 of them were selected based on the principle of theoretical adequacy and using the Purposive sampling method. The data collection tool in the qualitative part was a semi-structured interview, and in the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire based on the results of the qualitative phase of the research, whose validity was confirmed by using the CVR coefficient and its reliability was confirmed by calculating the inconsistency rate. Qualitative data analysis was done using thematic analysis method and Atlas.ti software, as a result of which 10 main effective factors in career self-management were identified. In the quantitative part, the model was designed in six levels using Matlab software and fuzzy interpretive structural modeling method, in which self-awareness and entrepreneurial self-confidence with the greatest power of guidance was placed as the main effective factor in self-management of the career path in the sixth level of the model.  Clarity of goals and expectations was another effective factor that was in the fifth level of the model, and physical dynamics and personal marketing were the variables that were in the fourth level of the model. In the continuation of leveling, the three variables of psychological skills, human skills and adaptation and environmental awareness were placed in the third level, academic knowledge in the second level, and cognitive and information skills in the first level of the model.

All people deal with numerous governmental agencies daily, to the extent that these governmental agencies have become part of people's lives. This reality is more evident in Iran due to the high volume of government activities and the so-called "big government." Governorates, headed by the governor, are responsible for implementing and overseeing government activities in each province separately. Therefore, given the high volume of public interaction with government agencies in Iranian society, the optimal performance of governorates in general and the governors themselves as the helmsmen of this governmental institution has become very important. Accordingly, the main issue that will lead to this study is the lack of existing awareness regarding the performance evaluation of governors. It is unclear on what basis governors' performance is evaluated and on what basis the rankings and results presented by statistical centers are based. Therefore, this study is conducted in two steps. In the first step, the performance evaluation model for governors is designed and modeled by identifying the components and indicators involved in it; in the second step, the extracted research model is validated.

Design/ methodology/ approach:  

The present research is based on the interpretive-positivist paradigm and a mixed approach, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Also, the strategy of this research is inductive. The qualitative study population in this research consists of all university professors in the field of public administration and strategic management, governors of the Islamic Republic of Iran government, and senior managers of the Ministry of Interior. To design the model for this research, interviews continued based on the snowball sampling method until theoretical saturation; therefore, the number of participants in this study has been 18 people. In this section, the statistical population consisted of experts knowledgeable about the subject, such as governors of the Islamic Republic of Iran government, deputies, and senior managers of governorates of the Islamic Republic of Iran government. Sampling was done using a non-probabilistic convenience method, and finally, 48 people from the target statistical population were determined as the research sample. In order to model the identified dimensions of performance evaluation, the opinions of experts who have had an active executive role were used, as these individuals have been closely involved in management activities at the macro-governmental level and have practical familiarity with performance evaluation processes. Another indicator in determining the sample size in this section was the accessibility to such experts, which ultimately led to 48 people being determined as the sample in this regard.

The analysis of data from the interviews ultimately led to the identification of 12 main categories as dimensions of governors' performance evaluation. In total, the dimensions of governors' performance evaluation were classified into five levels. Accordingly, geographical knowledge was considered the most influential factor, and stakeholder satisfaction, political participation, and productivity were considered the most affected factors. Given that significance levels less than 0.05 were obtained, consequently, non-parametric tests must be used. In this regard, structural equation modeling with a partial least squares approach is used. The average social capital shows that in the statistical population under study, this concept is not at a desirable level. Also, geographical knowledge and welfare development show above-average values, and the rest of the variables are at an average level.

Limitations & Consequences:

 Given the purpose of this study, access to experts who could help with the process of this study has been difficult.

Practical Consequences: 

The findings of this study provide the following suggestions for policymakers and country governorates to utilize:Periodic analysis of geographical areas of provinces using the SWOT matrix method to identify regional strengths and weaknesses as well as understand future opportunities and threats for targeting;Establishing a safety and health working group in governorates under the management of governors to identify health weaknesses at the provincial level and strive to solve these problems through planning and seeking advice from experts in this field at the provincial level;Government officials' efforts to use native governors in each province for better alignment with the region and better understanding of economic opportunities;

Innovation or value of the Article:

 The present study is the first study that presents a model for evaluating the performance of governors.

Realizing as much research-oriented approach as possible in AJA officer universities requires redesigning the existing education and training model and applying strategies that all human resources (teachers, students and managers/commanders) involved in the education and training process and implemented during training or work. This study aims to design the model of education and training of AJA officer universities, relying on research-oriented human capital strategy. In purpose, this research is applied, and in method, it is mixed that has been done with thematic analysis method. In the qualitative part, using library studies and in-depth interviews with experts, variables of model were determined; and in the quantitative part, the fuzzy Delphi approach was used to validate the model. Statistical population includes all professors of Khatam-al-Anbiya Air Defense University (faculty members, lecturers and visiting professors). Through purposeful sampling method, 15 in-depth interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was reached. To determine validity, the method of triangulation of data sources was used, and to determine reliability, the agreement between two evaluators was used. Based on the summation of opinions of academic experts and after implementing the concepts obtained from library studies and the text of interviews and removing similar and repetitive codes, 22 basic themes based on 6 main organizing themes (including human resources; support, administrative and executive; cultural and value; high level documents and research-oriented organizational needs) were identified

This research is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of research method and its main purpose is to explain the model of command and control human capital training with a research-oriented approach. The present research was carried out by thematic analysis method with a summarizing approach and using library studies and semi-structured in-depth (comprehensive) interviews with experts and led to the design of the model. The interview was conducted in a semi-structured individual and focal way (in two stages). The statistical population of this research includes the experts of A military education and training center, who are familiar with the basics of command and control and research-oriented trainings, using the purposeful selective sampling method, initially 12 people as a sample of experts. The beginning of the research was determined and then the necessary data was collected; During the interview, new experts were identified, and a total of 17 people were interviewed and theoretical saturation was achieved. To determine validity, triangulation (triangulation) of data sources was used, i.e. from the three sources of professors/faculty members, experts and assistants. The purpose of triangulation is to overcome the inherent biases that result from using a source, a method, an observer or a theory in studies. To determine the reliability, the agreement between two coders (evaluator) or intra-subject agreement was used, and the reliability rate was calculated using the formula, 79%, which is higher than 60%; So the reliability of coding was confirmed. Based on the summation of the opinions of academic experts and after implementing the concepts obtained from the library studies and the text of the interviews, thematic analysis was carried out, and in the first stage, 80 basic themes were counted; Then, in the next stage, by merging similar themes and removing duplicate themes, the basic themes reached the number of 36 themes, which were classified into 4 organizing themes. The results of this research showed that the command and control human capital training model with a research-oriented approach is based on 4 organizing themes, including educational factors with 10, support factors with 5, administrative and executive factors with 14 and cultural factors with 7 themes. The foundation is established.

the purpose of this study was to design and explain the performance evaluation model of the governors of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The qualitative population studied in the present study consisted of all university professors in the field of public administration and strategic management and governors of the Islamic Republic of Iran along with senior managers of the Ministry of Interior. In order to design the model of the present study, based on the purposeful and theoretical sampling method, the interviews were continued until the theoretical saturation, so the number of participants in this study was 18, because in the interview with the 17th person. No new code was extracted and the interview with the 18th person ended. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis method using Atlas T8 software. Finally, in order to model, level and establish a conceptual relationship between the performance evaluation dimensions of the governors was done using the interpretive structural modeling method. The findings of this study in the qualitative part lead to the identification of 12 main categories including geographical knowledge, cultural awareness, social maturity, political perception, economic growth, welfare development, stakeholder satisfaction, security level, social capital, political participation, interactions and productivity. As dimensions of performance appraisal of governors. Modeling using interpretive structural method, the dimensions of performance evaluation were classified into 5 levels in which geographical knowledge was considered as the most effective and stakeholder satisfaction, political participation and productivity as the most effective dimensions.

One of the most important challenges of public administration is the coordination of various institutions in order to achieve national and provincial goals. Development policies require the synchronization of efforts and effective interaction between economic institutions in the provinces. The purpose of this study is to provide a framework for coordinating economic policies at the provincial level. The research method is qualitative and based on the method of grounded theory. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data and data analysis was performed by Strauss and Corbin method and paradigm model. Sampling was done in a theoretical way using purposeful (judgmental) and snowball (chain) techniques, based on which 26 interviews were conducted with former and current deputy governors' economic affairs coordinators, and management and policy-making experts. The results of analyzing the data obtained from the interviews during the open, axial, and selective coding process led to the Providing a framework for coordinating economic policies at the provincial level based on grounded theory including 6 dimensions, 51 concepts, and 185 codes. By understanding and identifying the causal conditions of coordination of economic policies and institutions and improving the contextual conditions, the deputy governors of economic affairs of the governorates can adopt strategies such as persuasive power, council approvals, commitment to collective decisions, creating effective communication, political acuity, requiring feedback and continuous evaluation by considering the intervening conditions.

The administration of Iran’s provinces and the role the governors play to administer these provinces raises a question about the performance dimensions of Iranian governors. Practically, the governors act as the state representatives, whose optimal performance is accounted for the final performance of the government. The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the dimensions of performance appraisal of the governors of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This study is a mixed research and has used qualitative and quantitative approaches. In the qualitative part of the study, we distributed a questionnaire among eighteen Iranian public administration and strategic management professors, governors and senior administrators of the ministry of Interior. In order to identify the governors' performance evaluation dimensions we used triangular fuzzy technic. The statistical population of the quantitative part of the study consisted of senior managers of the Ministry of Interior and governors. Using purposive sampling method, forty five persons were selected as the research sample. We used thematic analysis method and analyzed daja with the help of Atlas T software that led to the identification of 12 dimensions of governors' performance evaluation:. geographical knowledge, cultural awareness, social maturity, political perception, economic growth, welfare development, stakeholder satisfaction, level of Security, social capital, political participation, interaction and productivity. Prioritization of these dimensions showed that cultural awareness is the most important and political perception as the least important dimension of governors' performance evaluation.

One of the most important challenges for public administration is the coordination of economic policies at the national and provincial levels. Development policies require the synchronization of efforts and effective interaction between economic institutions in the provinces. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to interpretive structural modeling the factors affecting the coordination of economic policies in the provinces. This research is one of the researched studies in terms of applied purpose and typology in terms of qualitative and quantitative approach in deductive-inductive paradigm. The factors affecting the coordination of economic policies were identified through semi-structured interviews based on theoretical saturation with 26 university professors and experts in the field of policy-making, public administration and former and current deputy coordinators of economic affairs in the provinces. The validity and reliability of the interviews were confirmed by the method of content validity and Kappa Cohen index, respectively. In the quantitative part, in order to model the coordination of economic policies, the opinions of 72 senior and middle managers of the governorates and economic institutions of the provinces were used by Convenience sampling method. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by content validity and test-post-test method, respectively. The coding of the interviews using Atlas ti software identified 13key factors in the coordination of economic policies in the provinces. Modeling the identified indicators by interpretive structural method and MICMAC analysis led to the formation of six levels that Coordination mechanisms, process re-engineering, comprehensive information system and systemic thinking were the most effective and counter-bias and prevention of sabotage were the most impressionable factors in coordinating economic policies in the provinces.

The production, distribution, and consumption of deceptive and non-deceptive fake products, of reputable brands is one of the global trends which is expanding alarmingly. Unfortunately, the fake products by reputable brands are known as an alternative for original products and encourage consumers to purchase such products. Since different variables affect the purchase intention of fake brands, this study investigated the effect of social media on the purchase intention of fake brands. This study was applied in terms of objective and descriptive-survey in terms of nature. The statistical population included all consumers (users) of fake products living in Khorramabad. Of this population, a sample of 384 subjects was selected using the Cochran formula to answer the questionnaire. In addition, the hypotheses were tested using the structural equation technique and PLS software Finally, it was approved that social media had no direct affect the purchase intention of fake brands but had a significant positive effect on purchase intention indirectly (through attitude and lifestyle).

The aim of this study was to design and explain the quality of life of the offshore employees of the oil industry. Based on the purpose, this research is applied and in terms of data collection method, exploratory mix based on interpretive structural approach. The statistical population in the qualitative section was 12 experts who were selected based on the principle of theoretical adequacy and purposeful sampling. Data collection tools are semi-structured interviews in the qualitative section and questionnaires consisting of standard and researcher-made questions in the quantitative section. In the qualitative section, the data obtained from the interview were analyzed using Atlas.ti software and coding method, and 9 components of the quality of working life of offshore employees were identified. In a small part, structural equation modeling was used using PLS software and by using the model power explanation test, the GOF value of model 0/516 was obtained, which is a high explanatory power. Using the Friedman test, the components were ranked, and the dimensions of each component were prioritized for applicability in the industry.

The present study aims to design proactive career behaviors model in oil industry using ISM approach.

This research is based on quantitative and qualitative cross-sectional research that is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of nature.The statistical population of the present study consists of Oil Contracting Companies of Iran of which 30 experts have been selected based on the principle of theoretical adequacy and using a targeted sampling method. The information gathering tool in the qualitative research section is semi-structured interview and in the quantitative section the questionnaire is also used. In the qualitative section, the data and information obtained from the interview were analyzed using Atlas-Ti software and the coding method and components and indicators of Proactive Career Behaviors were identified. Also in the quantitative part of the research, the final model of research has been developed and presented using Matlab software and interpretive structural modeling technique.

The research findings include indicators and components of Proactive Career Behaviors in oil contracting companies. Also, the research results included twenty-two indicators in five levels and described in the final model. Review of the literature and research background shows that there is no research that has attempted to present a model of proactive career behaviors and the present study has responded to this research gap by presenting a model of proactive career behaviors in the oil industry.

Applying proactive career behaviors enables employees to fully consciously and intelligently predict the needs and wants of the future labor market and increase their capabilities and abilities to make the best use of opportunities.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the impact of new handicrafts manufacturing capability on the impact of the development of target markets in Lorestan province. The present study will use descriptive, analytical research methods. This research is also applied-developmental in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study consisted of 620 experts, experts and researchers in handicrafts in Lorestan province. The sample size was selected by random sampling based on Cochran formula. The research instrument consisted of a researcher-made questionnaire on modern craftsmanship capabilities, production leap and target market development, with 32 questions. The validity of the questionnaire was formal, which was confirmed by experts and professors, and its reliability based on Cronbach's alpha was 0.82. Data analysis is based on structural equation analysis in AMOS software. The results indicate that the new handicraft production capability has been influenced by the mediating role of target markets in Lorestan province, and that the new handicraft capability has affected the production capability with a coefficient of impact. 0.16, new handicraft capabilities, affecting the development of target markets, with an impact factor of 0.13, the development of target markets, affecting the output jump with an impact factor of 0.36.

The present study was conducted to design a model of lean human resource excellence with a mixed approach and using the qualitative method of data theory and the quantitative method of Shannon entropy. The statistical population of the qualitative part of the study was all senior and middle managers of the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare, 19of whom were purposefully selected for interviews and interviews were conducted until the theoretical saturation of the data. To analyze the qualitative data, open, axial and selective coding was used, as a result of which 402 basic concepts in the form of 92 sub-categories and 17main categories and six dimensions of causal conditions (environmental and organizational), contextual conditions ( Organization strategy, culture, management insight, job content documentation, management stability and human resource system dynamics), interventionist conditions (personal characteristics of managers, quality of organizational inputs, efficiency of government management system), strategies (lean leadership, strengthening culture Lean and lean human resource management) and results (micro level, intermediate level and macro level) were included. Then, in order to turn the model designed into a basis for self-assessment of the lean degree of human resources, using the Shannon entrobial method, the weight and score of each dimension were identified, resulting in its application in the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare. Ascore of 376 out of 1000 was assigned to the organization under study, which due to its position in the second level of excellence, ie an organization with public awareness oflean human resources.

The purpose of this study was to identify and level the factors affecting employees' emotional fatigue using interpretive structural modeling. This study is a descriptive-analytical study based on its purpose, application and is based on how to collect data. Factors affecting employees' emotional fatigue were identified by reviewing the background of studies related to emotional fatigue as well as confirmatory opinions of experts in the fields of human resources, psychology and organizational behavior. For this purpose, questionnaire was used distributed among 6 professors of medical universities and 7 senior managers of hospitals in Khorramabad and the data were collected. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using the Q-method and its reliability was confirmed using the test-post-test method. The results of data analysis using interpretive structural modeling were classified into the following: Fourteen factors: high workload, conflicting thoughts, failure in goals, anxious personality, motivation, frustration, pessimism, dissatisfaction, inefficiency Occupation, family problems, static work environment, feelings of futility, decentralization and frustration in the workplace at three levels of influencing factors, linking factors and affective factors. Finally, based on Mick Mac analysis, these fourteen factors were categorized based on influence and dependence.

This study examines the effect of toxic leadership on the human resource turnover via the mediation of organizational obstruction. The study at hand is applied in terms of purpose and is a descriptive-survey research project in terms of method and nature. To measure the toxic leadership variable, human resource turnover, and organizational obstruction, questionnaires by Schmidt (2008), Vedadi (2013), and Gibney et al. (2009) were used, respectively. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were confirmed using face validity and Cronbach’s alpha (0.74). The statistical population of the study included all governmental organizations of Khorramabad city, out of which 214 office workers were selected as the study sample based on Cochran formula through convenience sampling. The data was analyzed using structural equation modeling within AMOS and SPSS software. The analyses showed that toxic leadership has a positive, significant effect on the human resource turnover at 95% confidence interval. In addition, the indirect path analysis revealed the mediating role of organizational obstruction in the effect of toxic leadership on the human resource turnover. Moreover, according to the output of AMOS software, personal characteristics are the most important features for toxic leadership in governmental organizations. Furthermore, the personal factors and misbehavior are the most important features that affect human resource turnover and organizational obstruction in governmental organizations.

Given that the health system is one of the most important areas for social development in all countries, special attention should be paid to policy making and monitoring in this area. This research aimed to diagnose achievement goals of government policies focusing on government medical universities in Iran, which are the mainstay of providing health care.

The present study is practical in terms of purpose and qualitative (content analysis) in terms of data collection. The barriers of achieving policy goals were reviewed and classified by reviewing the literature through content analysis. Later, the ideas of experts (45 senior managers of Iranian government medical sciences universities selected based on the study goals) were collected using a questionnaire. As a result, the barriers were determined and ranked by Shannon entropy technique.

The findings showed that the identified barriers in achieving government policy goals were related to policy makers (0/3320), policy nature (0/2810), policy implementers (0/1740), environmental (0/1330), and organizational factors (0/0780), respectively.

Based on the findings, the importance of client (recipients of health services) is not properly understood. In other words, personal and partisan interests take precedence over national and client interests in policy-making

Given the emergence of the concept of lean approach in the field of human resources, the purpose of the above research was to design a lean human resource supply chain model .

Relying on the philosophical foundations of the school of pragmatism, this research is a qualitative study based on grounded theory. The statistical population of the study consisted of senior managers, middle managers and experts of the Ministry of Cooperation, Labor and Social Welfare and academic experts who 15 individuals were selected by purposeful sampling as statistical sample members. Lean human resource supply chain model identifications were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Strauss and Corbinchr('39')s three-step coding method (252 key concepts, 43 subcategories, and 25 main categories).

Based on the findings of the study, lean human resource supply was selected as the pivotal phenomenon. Causal conditions were categorized into two categories of environmental and organizational factors, and the five main categories of preventive demand management planning, efficiency of search resources, efficiency of evaluation and screening, recruitment preparation and succession system efficiency. Selected strategy title. Intervening conditions were categorized as two reinforcing and weakening factors of strategies and degree of organizational culture, strategic role of HR unit, managerschr('39') flexibility and adaptability, management stability, career management and accessibility, and The organizationchr('39')s resource constraints were identified as lean human resource supply chain strategies. Finally, the implications of the lean human resource supply chain were divided into three levels: micro, middle and macro.

Due to the sensitive position of judicial managers in the country, the selection of qualified judges for this position is one of the basic requirements of the judiciary. The purpose of this study is to design a competency model for Iranian judicial managers.

The selected method of this research is a combination. In the qualitative section, among the deputies of the Judiciary and the judges of the Supreme Court, a purposeful, theoretical and snowball study was conducted, and finally, 21 experts of the Judiciary were interviewed. For the analysis of the interviews, the qualitative data-based method was used, and in the quantitative part, a multi-stage questionnaire and random sampling and analysis of structural equations were used.

The research findings show that commitment and justice in the judiciary is a central phenomenon. This factor shows that the establishment of justice is the most important element in the judiciary.

The research model of causal conditions (personality traits, moral factors, specialized knowledge and belief and spiritual factors), contextual factors (knowledge of work environment, step-by-step appointment in the organization, strategic thinking of the judiciary, having social capital, communication management) commitment and justice (intervening variables (political behaviors, environmental management), strategies (strategic planning, goal setting, leadership and control) and consequences (judicial health, meritocracy and excellence of the judiciary) are formed for the competence of judicial managers.

The purpose of this study was to design a good governance model in multilevel organizations based on the tricyclic model. Therefore, this research seeks to design a model based on the categorization and separation of factors related to good governance model in multilevel organizations based on trilogy model through interpretive-structural analysis (ISM). The research methodology is a combined research based on four questios try to  identifying the factors associated with good governance through theoretical foundations and thematic analysis with the participation of 15 experts as panel members and in the quantitative part through structural modeling matrix followed by structural modeling. In addition, there is an interpretation in this section of 15 senior executives of banks and financial and credit institutions in Khorramabad. The results show that the most important factors related to the explanation of good governance, policy formulation, transparency of rules, decentralized management structure, control capacity building, waste regulation, service quality measurement, market changes, CRM quality, value centering, culture, organizational climate, opportunity equalization, compensation system, facilitation of HRMS, internalization, organizational commitment.

In recent years, the use of modern technology has driven traditional learning towards e-learning and has made it a significant teaching device. This led the present study to focus on providing a strategic e-learning model for the students of the virtual education center at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.

This study is a qualitative research with content analysis approach. The population of the present research consists of all the students of the virtual education center at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The data were collected by semi-structured interviews using the snowball method. Sampling was continued until the categories reached theoretical saturation. Fifteen individuals participated in this study.

The model framework with four dimensions of e-learning environment features and three main categories (perceptual skill, emotions and self-regulation) were identified that illustrate student e-learning strategies. Its validity and reliability were also confirmed.

This strategic e-learning model provides a framework for the systematic analysis of the online learning strategies of students. It provides a general range for understanding and analyzing student online learning and learning strategies

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dark triad construct of personality on the job performance indicators of human resources, including task performance and contextual performance. In terms of method and purpose, this study is a descriptive-correlational and applied research, mainly based on linear regression. The statistical population includes the employees of Lorestan University, out of which a sample of 152 people were selected using simple random sampling. The data gathering tool was Jonasson and Webster's (2010) Dark Personality and Paterson's Career Performance Questionnaire (1989). The research hypotheses were tested using linear regression analysis through the Enter method. Results showed a negative and significant effect by the construct of the dark triad of personality on the task and contextual performance indicators.

 Today's organizations face widespread behavioral and ethical challenges among their members that addressing and addressing them is a major advantage for an organization. Toxic leaders as selfish individuals who do not care about subordinate comfort can influence other behavioral variables of employees and influence their willingness to express their opinions, beliefs, or moral courage. The poisoning on the organizational silence of employees has been investigated with regard to the mediating role of variable moral courage.

of this research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive content. The statistical population of this study is 400 employees of public universities of Hamadan province that 196 randomly were selected according to Morgan table. They were analyzed by structural equations and LISREL software. Research

 Toxic  leadership has a significant effect on organizational silence and moral courage. Also, moral courage has a significant effect on organizational silence as well as a mediating variable on the relationship between Toxic leadership and organizational silence.

Toxic  leadership reduces employees' moral courage. Increasing moral courage reduces organizational silence among employees. On the other hand, Toxic  leadership leads to increased organizational silence by reducing moral courage (the mediating variable).

Regarding the nature and purpose of governmental organizations, managers need to maintain their courage and ethics despite the various threats or even losing some their privileges. The purpose of this study was to provide a model for moral courage of senior managers in Iranian governmental organizations.  

In the present developmental-applied research, with a qualitative-quantitative approach, the most important indices and dimensions were first identified through existing knowledge and then by using fuzzy Delphi method, the modeling was conducted. To measure moral courage, the Blake and Moton leadership style model was adopted and the final model was fuzzy Delphi approved by 15 experts.

In this study, an interpretive structural model of factors, affecting senior managers 'moral courage, was provided, as well as a two-dimensional and five-part model of managers' moral courage classification based on scores obtained via the standard questionnaire designed in the study.

At the first level of the presented model are environmental factors; at the second level are organizational, managerial, individual factors; and at the third level are occupational factors. The final classification model based on the senior managers' questionnaire was also grouped into one of five groups (savior managers, lethal managers, fearless managers, obedient managers, and conservative managers).

In a changing environment, the strategic learning approach can enable knowledge-based companies to quickly identify market changes and focus on emerging opportunities. Therefore, this study purpose is providing a model for identifying the the concept, causes and consequences of strategic learning and then that quantitative analysis and validation. In this study, using of grounded theory qualitative method, 15 experts of knowledge based companies selected by Snowball sampling and semi-structured interviews held with them. Data were categorized into 52 concepts, 8 sub components and 4 main components, after analysis. The main constructs includes organizational factors, environmental factors, main phenomenon and outcomes. Then, based on the process model and propositions that obtained from the first stage, the research hypotheses formulated and tested quantitatively among these companies personnel. In the quantitative part of research, the results indicate that both the model validation and the organizational and environmental factors have a positive and significant effect on strategic learning. Moreover, strategic learning has a positive and significant effect on outcomes including strategic agility, development of dynamic capabilities, underlying cause of change, performance improvement and sales growth.