homa maleck khani

 Errors are a byproduct of human information processing or cognitive functioning. Although everyone is disposed to an error while performing various activities, individual differences in cognitive abilities can lead to various types and rates of errors committed in similar situations. Human errors are one of the most important challenges in work environments, including health care systems, wherein such errors are abundantly occurring. Errors in the delivery of correct medications due to the resemblance in appearance and name are thus one of the cognitive errors that come about in health care systems. The main purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate evidence and approaches recently practiced to reduce medication errors caused by the use of look-alike-sound-alike (LASA) medications.

 The study was conducted on August 30, 2018, through searches in the databases of PubMed and Embase, all available years, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) instructions. The searches were done in the titles or abstracts of the articles using the intended terms and the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) index in combination. These studies were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and then categorized based on the type of interventions and outputs. Finally, the data were analyzed descriptively.

 The research designs and methods varied widely among the studies. There were also discrepancies in the number of participants, number of tests, type of medications, and test conditions. The approaches examined in these studies were tall-man lettering, color-coding, label background variations, and use of signs and symbols. Accordingly, 11 studies had utilized tall-man lettering and the most important reported in all articles were “error rate” and “response times”. As well, a wide range of medication names had been tested. It should be noted that medication

 errors have different dimensions, but the errors caused by the look-alike-sound-alike (LASA) medications and the effect of tall-man lettering of medication name were only investigated in the present study. Laboratory studies in this respect have shown that tall-man lettering contributes to mitigating the rate of errors, which might be due to the better legibility of labels, but evaluations in real work environments are needed to reinforce this conclusion. There is also insufficient evidence to support color-coding, as well as several other approaches such as use of signs and symbols. Because of the novelty of the studies in this field, no uniform mechanism has been so far introduced.

Due to low concentration of melatonin and also the existence of other compounds in body fluids, measuring the amount of melatonin is a serious challenge for the analysts. Before measurement of melatonin amounts using chromatographic method, sample preparation is unavoidable. The aim of current study is develop a new sample preparation method that not only have high accuracy and validity, but also can using by conventional equipment available in the laboratory to determine trace levels of salivary melatonin. For this purpose, the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method, that has not been used so far to preparation of salivary melatonin samples, were optimized.
Optimization procedure involved evaluation of eight factors affecting DLLME method. From these factors, seven were examined in four levels, and just pH was done in five levels. Accuracy and precision of the optimized method was evaluated at three concentrations of 50, 100, 250 pg.ml-1 by achieving CV% for day-to-day and within-day reproducibility.
Optimum values were determined. Accuracy and precision of the optimized method was investigated at three concentrations of 50, 100, and 250 pg.ml-1 by achieving CV% of 6.29, 2.39, and 1.82 for the "day-to-day" and 4.49, 2.68, and 1.83 for "within-day" reproducibility.
Due to the results of this study for Coefficient of variations, the optimized method was provided with proper accuracy and precision. Although optimized extraction factors must be fit analyte, but these factors can be used for similar chemical compounds with a slight modification.

Spreading wood particles and attached colored materials in work places can cause many problems for woodwork industry workers. The aim of this study is to design and implement a local exhaust ventilation system to control wood dust and isocyanates simultaneously.
The study was conducted on 18 workers in the paint workroom of a wood door industry. At first, an overview of the workplace indoor air was done in 18 workstations. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) method was used to measure the concentration of wood dust and TDI(2,4-toluenediisocyanate). In order to control the worker exposure to the pollutants, a semi-downdraft spray chamber was chosen and implemented on the basis of American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) control air pollution method. Orifice scrubber was used to avoid entry of pollutants into the environment. Finally, after the establishment of a new ventilation system, the emissions were remeasured and the results were evaluated.
Before design and implementation of local exhaust ventilation system, the emissions in workstations were measured as 0.0015 ± 0.0074 ppm for TDI and 0.01 ± 0.42 mg/m3 for total dust. Then, the pollution concentrations were measured after implementing the local exhaust ventilation system. The concentration of TDI and total dust were measured respectively as 0.007 ± 0.003 ppm and0.07 ± 0.15 which had a significant (p˂0.05) lower concentration than before the implementation. Also, the measured concentrations after the implementation had met the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health limits: (TLVTWA = 0.005ppm for TDI and TLWTWA = 0.5 mg/m3 for total dust).
The result shows that the current ventilation system (before implementing and spray chamber) was suitable for dusts, but not for the TDI. So, the workers were exposed to non-standard levels of isocyanate. After design and implementation of the spray chamber, the pollutants were clearly decreased (P