hosein farahani

Wherever water and water resources have existed since time immemorial; It was the starting point for the gathering of human beings and the formation of settlements on the site. Zanjan province is no exception to this rule, people gathered and settled next to this life-giving substance. therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of water resources on the sustainability of villages in Zanjan province and to create criteria for reasonable use of this vital resource to maintain sustainability. this research is of practical type and the method of descriptive-analytical research and the method of data collection is documentary and field. the statistical population of the study is rural settlements of Zanjan province, but at the request of the supervisor of Zanjan region, including cities (Zanjan, Mahneshan, Ijroud, Tarom) were studied, using Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected as a statistical sample. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined using Cronbach's alpha of 0.75. which indicates the desirability of the research tool. research findings show that the greatest impact of water resources in different dimensions of rural sustainability had biodiversity with beta (0.366) and physical with (0.328) and economic dimension with beta (0.267), respectively. Also, all dimensions of stability (economic, social, environmental, physical diversity) with a significance level of 0.000 show that there is a significant, positive and direct relationship between water resources and the sustainability of rural settlements in Zanjan province with 0.99 reliability coefficient. therefore, due to climate change and declining groundwater levels in the study area, proposals such as a fundamental review of policies, serious monitoring of wells, control and prevention of surface water outflow from the region is essential for the development and sustainability rural settlements the province.

Climate change has emerged as a threat to natural life and livelihood systems. Livelihood diversification as an effective strategy to reduce the impact of climate change and natural crises plays a vital role in promoting economic growth and reducing rural poverty in developing countries. development plays. This is the process of combining agricultural and non-agricultural activities in order to create a sustainable livelihood, improve the standard of living and reduce the vulnerability of rural households. The current research aims to analyze and evaluate the role of the diversity of economic activities on building the capacity of villagers to cope with and reduce the effects of drought by using Amos' structural justice test. The results of the test show that there is a strong and significant relationship between the diversity of economic activities and the improvement of the capacities of the villagers in the study area. Examining the fitting status of the final model of the role of the diversity of economic activities on the capacities of rural areas with GFI=0.951, CFI=0.985, RMSEA=0.000 shows that the fitted model has the necessary validity and accuracy and has been able to establish this relationship. explain Among the dependent variables of the research, the role of the activities of the agricultural sector on the environmental and institutional index was not significant with a significance level of 0.128 and 0.154. It did not play a role. Contrary to the mentioned index, the results show that the effect of other variables on the existing indicators, such as economic, social and environmental capacity, was significant.

Natural disasters often disrupt people's livelihoods by destroying basic livelihoods and displacing people from the workplace. Drought, as the most costly and destructive natural hazards in most parts of the world, affects people's livelihoods. Among them, rural households are directly affected by the consequences due to the close dependence of the economy and livelihood of the inhabitants of these areas with their natural environment. Caused by this phenomenon and increase their vulnerability. In many rural areas, the survival or improvement of people's lives is not only possible through agriculture, but also the adoption of a wide range of livelihood strategies. The aim of this study was to analyze and rank the livelihood strategies of villagers in response to drought using Friedman ranking method, ORESTE ranking and Kruskal-Wallis test. The results of Friedman test indicate that there is a significant difference between livelihood strategies in rural areas of the study area. In the meantime, the solution for carrying out activities other than the agricultural sector with a rank (8.83) and the use of treated industrial wastewater to irrigate agricultural lands and gardens with a rank (5.81), to the highest and lowest average rank to Have dedicated themselves. The results of ORESTE model show that the villages of Chaypareh Pa'in, Ghani Bigloo and Qara Pashtloo with ranks (626.3), (871) and (889.4) respectively due to having unstable water sources such as aqueducts and springs also have The favorable situation of financial, natural and human assets in the application of livelihood strategies are in a higher rank than other rural areas.

Drought has caused great damage to agriculture and rural communities over the past years. In the last decade, the approach to dealing with natural conditions and events has given way to coping and living with them. One of the effective factors in reducing the effects of drought is building the capacity of villagers to deal with drought. The purpose of this study is to present scenarios affecting the capacity building of villagers to reduce the effects of drought. The type of research in this study is applied and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of the present study consists of two groups, the first group consists of 30 professors, specialists and experts related to the research topic and the second group consists of rural elites and villagers and members of the village Islamic council. The method of collecting library and field information (questionnaire, interview) was done, and structural analysis was used to analyze the data using Mick Mac software. Findings show, . Among the 36 indicators studied, the tendency to use the strategies of the past to reduce the effects of drought and the tendency to change the cultivation pattern to drought-resistant plants had the greatest impact on capacity building of villagers to reduce the effects of drought. According to the rankings obtained from the direct and indirect effects of variables, all 36 key influencing factors exist, both in direct and indirect effects. In other words, the study of indirect relationships between different factors shows that all factors in direct effects with a slight change in their rank are repeated exactly in indirect effects.

Much of Iran, due to its location in the arid geographical belt and desert strip of the world, has special climatic conditions that are among the least rainy regions in the world. Therefore, drought is one of the most important natural hazards in Iran. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of empowerment of villagers in dealing with drought and reducing its effects in rural areas of Sarpol-e Zahab city in the west of Kermanshah province. The present research is an applied research and the method used is descriptive-analytical based on collecting the required data through a questionnaire. Due to the geographical extent of the region and the large number of rural settlements, among the villages located in the political area of ​​Sarpol-e Zahab city that had 100 families and more, considering the natural location, 10 rural points were selected as a sample. At the household analysis level, out of 1966 rural households based on census data (2011), 321 items were selected as a sample using the Cochran's formula and a questionnaire was distributed randomly. One-sample t-test, factor analysis and path were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that from the perspective of local residents, empowerment in economic (3.84) and social (3.60) dimensions has a positive effect on reducing the effects of the accident. The results of path analysis show that access to financial resources, improvement of space and business and local social capital with 0.49, 0.53 and 0.34, respectively, have the greatest impact on economic and social empowerment in order to reduce the effects of the drought disaster.

The study of literature on rural development and planning shows that one of the most well-known rural development strategies is entrepreneurship. Hence, what is at stake here is the importance of the role of rural entrepreneurship and rural business. In this regard, this research aims to analyze the factors affecting entrepreneurship in the rural tourism sector, which is descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method and with regard to its intended purposes. The statistical population in this study was the population living in the villages of Zoeram Township. According to the modified version of Cochran, 131 questionnaires were prepared. The data and data were collected in 2017 using library and field studies (observation and completion of questionnaires). After collecting data from the questionnaire, using simple random sampling, data obtained after encoding were analyzed by descriptive and analytic statistical methods using the SPSS and AMOS software. The results showed that economic, social, natural - ecological and organizational factors are effective in creating rural tourism space. And the weakness of the individual situation with the least amount of evidence suggests that it has a negative effect on the creation of a tourism entrepreneurial environment, which can even be regarded as an effective barrier, in spite of a progressive barrier with creative intellectual enhancement and entrepreneurship can be transformed into an opportunity and improved conditions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of Dehyariha on quality of life in Karasf rural district in Khodabandeh city. In this regard, first the history of rural management in Iran and also Dehyariha and its duties as executives in the villages has been discussed and then the role of Dehyariha on villagers’ quality of life has been review and evaluation. This research is descriptive-analytical. Statistical society of this study is comprised of Karasf rural district in Khodabandeh city. The number of cases was selected according to proportion of households in each village. Reliability of research buoy was measured using Cronbach's alpha statistic that was equal to 0.875. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Mann Whitney U statistical test was used to compare the quality of life in rural areas. Also the eight indicators of educational, environmental, social support networks, economic, health and safety, residential environment, infrastructure and leisure has been reviewed and evaluated. Results showed significant differences between villages with and without Dhyariha in seven indexes of the compared eight indicators. From the buoys that reviewed in present study differences showed no significant only in the leisure index.

After occurring an earthquake, providing recovery and reconstruction programs and its quality and quantities very necessitate for returning to before disaster condition from point of providing habitats and infrastructures. In reconstruction after the earthquake, it must be considered in a manner of comprehensive, scientific and applied method. The dimensions of a successful reconstruction includes: considering the native architecture, supporting systems, extensive participation of all people, and finally satisfaction of the habitants. The objective of this study is to evaluate the process of reconstruction and the variables affecting the success of the reconstruction process in Shirvan County, in Borujerd Township. This study follows the method of measuring based on questionnaires. The were studied community includes the heads of the households, that used the proportional sampling method with sample volume of 190 people (Cochran). The method of this research is descriptive and analytic. For analyzing the variables, the statistic correlative method, regression, the T test, and the nonparametric statistic test have been used. The results of this research indicates that there has been a meaningful relation between successful reconstruction and using supportive systems in which the loans, by governments increased the chance of success for the reconstruction process. None of the variables- people participation and the native architecture- has been effective in this regard. Moreover, there is no relation between people participation and reconstruction and native architecture and their conformation with implemented reconstructions.