فهرست مطالب hosein hozhabrian

Leprosy was one of the oldest diseases and one of the issues that humans were involved in all societies including Iran. The present research, by raising the question, what effect did social security have on the health system and the status of lepers in the middle period of Iran? It examines the relationship between the social health system and social security with a case study of lepers. The result of the research, which was carried out with an interdisciplinary approach and a descriptive-analytical approach, confirms that the society and government of Iran in the middle period, like many societies of the pre-modern era, had social rejection of lepers on their agenda. "Hot disgrace" of the mentioned disease had imposed a distinct, independent, but inferior and deprived of existing facilities on the lepers. This shame used a negative approach in dealing with lepers by implicating the sufferers and accusing them of guilt in contracting the disease. This approach turned leprosy from a medical-biological issue into a cultural-social issue and inevitably forced the lepers to accept conditions that they themselves had no part in creating. Social security in the society's agenda covered only the non-leper majority and excluded lepers as those who threatened the existing health and security system from its safe inclusion; In a way that the lepers also accepted these conditions and suffered the suffering and consequences arising from it.

In order to visit the Kaaba, Muslims reach Arabia from different routes, which is surrounded by the sea on three sides. In the first to third centuries A.H., most of the pilgrims made this journey by land. From the end of the 3rd century A.H., some factors such as the weakness of the Abbasid Caliphs, the rivalry between the Fatimid and Abbasid caliphs, the attacks of Qaramata and bandits on the pilgrim caravans, caused the insecurity of land routes and some problems for the pilgrims. Almost simultaneously with such changes, the Jeddah port was experiencing increasing prosperity. The present research examines the possible relationship of these variables using historical analysis method. The results of the research show that the insecurity of the land routes and its coincidence with the boom in maritime trade led to the prosperity of the marine pilgrimage from Siraf and Sohar to Jeddah, which was influenced by the presence of Iranians and pilgrims' caravans, and then experienced several centuries of economic and commercial prosperity.

From the end of the Qajar dynasty, tax collection was given to the Ghavam-ol-Molk family in some parts of present-day Hormozgan, such as Rudan and Ahmadi, but in 1316, Bandar Abbas, Rudan, and Minab became part of the eighth province with Kerman as its center. From 1313 AH, disputes arose between Ibrahim Khan Qavam and the owners of Rudan over agricultural lands, which lasted for about twenty years. Qavam, based on the tax receipts of Habibullah Khan Qavam, registered all the good lands and even endowments in his name. The owners of Rudan also responded to this action to seek their rights. Thus the twenty-year conflict between the two sides began a. This article aims to answer the question of what factors contributed to the prolongation of the legal dispute between Ibrahim Qavam and the owners of Roudani and determine the final result. The data were collected mainly from the Islamic Council Documentation Center (Kamam) and the National Documentation Center (Sakma). Findings show that Ibrahim Ghavam tried to take ownership of the Rudan lands by relying on factors such as influencing the royal court, British support, using the guerrillas of the Fars region and the Taherzai tribe, as well as bribing local officials. But finally, factors such as the fall of the Qawam family's position in the Pahlavi court, the rise of Mossadegh, and the emergence of an anti-British atmosphere, as well as the continuous efforts of the Rhodan people, failed the Qawam family in achieving their goal.

Greater Khorasan in the first centuries AH had an effective role in the nature of historical events in the Islamic world; As far as the developments and effects related to it in this period can be called "Khorasan Resurrection". In addition to the intellectual-cultural aspect of these developments, it is important to study the political-military changes, including the uprisings in the form of comprehensive defense, using the existing intellectual contexts, and specifically seeking to defend the identity and revive Iran's economic and social heritage. Therefore, historical genealogy and explanation of common ground affecting the occurrence of these uprisings is an important issue that instead requires a study of the special position of Khorasan in terms of strategy, political-geographical power, intellectual-cultural support and socio-economic efficiency. The present article uses a descriptive-analytical approach and raises the question: What effect did the strategic position of Khorasan have on the nature of the uprisings in this region? It tries to examine the common ground and the nature of the uprisings in question. The results of the research indicate that the uprisings of the second century AH in Iran took place in Khorasan with their own nature of protest and were influenced by the special situation of the region and the dynamism of Iranian political thought there. These uprisings, with common features and a justice-seeking nature, were aimed at defending social identity and reviving the heritage of Iranian civilization.

After the victory of the Constitutional Revolution, southern Iran underwent many political changes, culminating in the World War I. The merchants of Bushehr, who had gained more economic power since the beginning of the nineteenth century and had gradually become interested in social and political activities, were opposed to Britain and an ally of the constitutional clergy, and as an influential social group, have the religious, national and economic interests. During the events of the southern movement, the merchants of Bushehr were always in conflict with these interests, and usually by ignoring the economic interests, they supported the positions of the constitutionalist clerics and acted in the national interest. As the movement continued to struggle and the growing economic losses inflicted on traders due to the insecurity of trade routes and the cessation of trade, they gradually became reluctant to continue supporting the movement and eventually withdrew. The present article tries to answer the question with the method of qualitative analysis: what effect did the economic approach of Bushehr businessmen have on their orientation to join or not to accompany the southern movement? The purpose of this study is how and why the dual positions of Bushehr businessmen and the result of the research shows that Bushehr businessmen, motivated by the establishment of order and security and enjoying its economic and political interests, converged and joined the southern movement, but after despair of achieving the goals, and the economic costs, They withdrew from the movement.

The period that began with fall of the Safavids and continued until the end of the Qajar dynasty has been described with many traits. But it may be argued that except for a brief period of this long period, the absence of a central government or its inability to provide security and stability is the best description of the character of government. There is ample evidence to support this claim, but increasing insecurity in different parts of the country is evidence that the central government is becoming weaker day by day. The northeast region of Iran was experiencing a phenomenon known as the Turkmen invasions during this period. These attacks started more or less with the weakness of the central government from the end of the Safavid period and fluctuated according to the weakness and strength of the central government until the end of the Nasseri era. Travel writers who have traveled through the northeastern regions of Iran during this period have commonly referred to this phenomenon, each pointing to evidence of economic instability there. The present study tries to answer the question of what was the cause of the instability of economic life in Northeast Iran during the period of the fall of the Safavids until the end of the Nasseri era, based on the writings of these travel writers, using qualitative analysis. The research hypothesis is that the growing weakness of the government in establishing security has led to increased attacks and economic instability in the region.