hosein moghaddam

Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is an herbaceous annual plant belongs to Cannabacea Family. (Ahmad et al., 2008). The resistance to water shortage, the ability to grow in different climatic conditions, and great genetic diversity are features of this plant (Amaducci et al., 2008). Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses limiting crop production worldwide and has adverse effects on plant growth, development, which may result in decreased chlorophyll a and b and increased proline content of leaf (Lum et al., 2014; Karimi et al., 2016). Plants generally adapt to drought stress by inducing a variety of physiological, biochemical, and morphological responses, and each of these factors can be effective in introducing drought tolerant cultivars. Among the physiological properties, leaf water condition, membrane stability, photosynthetic changes and related factors are of great importance (Farooq et al., 2009). Considering the pharmaceutical and industrial importance of cannabis, this study was conducted to identify the drought tolerant and sensitive ecotypes of cannabis based on physiological responses.

This study was done in research greenhouse of University of Tehran, Iran, from February to July 2017 on the base of factorial experiment in as a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The first factor consisted of three soil moisture levels [100% (normal irrigation), 75% (mild drought stress), and 50% (serve drought stress)] of field capacity (FC). Also, the 12 Iranian ecotypes of cannabis were the second factor where collected from different geographical regions of Iran including Urmia, Tabriz, Sanandaj, Dasht-e-Moghan, Rasht, Khomein, Daran, Qom, Shahrood, Kerman, Tabas, and Saravan. The seedlings thinning was done at 3-4 leaf pairs stage and four plants were maintained in each pot. At the time point of sex determination of plants, one female plant was kept for future study. The irrigation was done uniformly to all pots until the emergence of fifth pair of leaves and afterwards, irrigation treatments were applied. During applying irrigation treatments, the soil humidity of the pots was measured before each irrigation cycle. Relative water content, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content and carotenoid pigments, proline content, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes were measured at full flowering period - early fruiting. The analyses of variance of obtained data were down using SAS software (v.9.2) and Duncan's multiple ranges test was used for comparing the averages at the significance level of α = 0.05.

The results showed that the highest value of relative water content was obtained from the normal irrigation, which was 77.21% and was reduced to 16.70 and 31.13% under mild and serve drought stress, respectively. Interaction effect of Irrigation levels and ecotypes showed that Urmia ecotype had the highest value of relative water content in normal irrigation treatment, and Tabriz ecotype had lowest value of this parameter in severe drought stress. The electrolyte leakage Index was decreased by 10.54 and 24.11% at mild and severe drought stress, compared to normal irrigation, respectively. The highest value of electrolyte leakage was obtained from Tabriz ecotype in severe drought stress, and the lowest value of this parameter was obtained from Tabas and Saravan ecotypes in normal irrigation treatment. The highest values of chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content were obtained for Tabas and Urmia ecotypes with 0.61 and 2.25 (mg.g-1 fw), respectively, at normal irrigation treatment. The lowest values of this parameters were obtained for Tabriz and Dasht-e-Moghan ecotypes with 0.17 and 0.84 (mg.g-1 fw), respectively, in severe drought stress. Water deficit decreased 28.12% of carotenoid pigments at severe drought stress compared to normal irrigation, and it increased values of proline, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes with 47.06, 29.18 and 22.78 (%) respectively, at severe drought stress compared to normal condition. The highest values of carotenoid pigments, proline, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes were observed in the ecotypes of Tabas, Urmia, Qom and Urmia [0.79 (mg.g-1 fw), 1.27 (mg.g-1fw), 0.0820 and 0.5800(Mc.min-1 mg-1 pro), respectively], and the lowest values of them were obtained for Tabriz, Dasht-e-Moghan, Khomein and Rasht ecotypes [0.34 (mg.g-1fw),0.48 (mg.g-1 fw), 0.0396 and 0.2744 (Mc.min-1 mg-1 pro), respectively].

The results of this study showed that Tabas ecotype had a significant advantage in maintaining relative water content, maintaining chlorophyll content and maintaining membrane stability. The Tabriz Ecotype is the most sensitive ecotype for drought conditions. Because it lost the most values of the relative water content, chlorophyll content and membrane stability in stress condition compared to other ecotypes. Therefore, it can be concluded that the physiological parameters measured under drought stress conditions can be used as a criterion for the identification of tolerant and sensitive ecotypes.

Promoting productivity in education not only contributes to socio-economic development but also through the training of efficient and creative human resources can lead to the development of the country. The main purpose of this study was to identify and rank the productivity indicators of The managers of Khorasan Razavi offices.

The present research interms of purpose is in research area and classification development and interms of how data collection is in exploratory mixed research group and was done in two qualitative and quantitative phases. The statistical population of the study in qualitative stage were professors and experts familiar with the topic of productivity 13 educational mangement professors were selected by theoretical sampling method. In the quantitative phases of research the statistical population were academic professors of educational mangement that 13 people were selected by census sampling method. In order to collect data the researcher was used from interview and researcher made questionnaire.

The research questionnaire consisted of 20 items and 4 components. To answer the first question was used from interview and thematic analysis method and also has been identified 4 major indicators (individual ‘ managerial ‘ organisational‘ environmental )and 20 categories. From shannon entropy analysis was used to rank indicators. And the results showed that the managerial category with 0.252 Significance factor had the most importance and environmental category with 0.248 significance factor had the least importance among indicators.

According to the findings of the study these four presented indicators are able to evaluate the productivity of the managers of education offices and they can consider these indicators.

The present study has been conducted to investigate the duration of growth period of different cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) ecotypes and their responses to water stress based on a factorial completely randomized experiment design in the greenhouse condition at the University of Tehran in 2017. Irrigation levels include 50%, 75%, and 100% of field capacity, with the ecotypes being Urmia, Sanandaj, Tabriz, Dasht-e-Moghan, Rasht, Khomein, Daran, Qom, Shahroud, Kerman, Tabas, and Saravan. Results show that Rasht and Khomein ecotypes have had the highest and lowest duration of germination phase and growth degree-days (GDD1), respectively. The highest duration of vegetative, flowering and maturation phases belong to Dasht-e-Moghan, Rasht, and Dasht-e-Moghan ecotypes with 71.33, 30, and 46.66 (days), respectively, at 100% field capacity. The lowest durations of these phases could be seen in Tabas, Tabriz, and Saravan ecotypes with 42, 16, and 17 (days), respectively, at 50% field capacity. Also, the highest values of growth degree-days for vegetative (GDD2), flowering (GDD3), and maturation (GDD4) phases  for Dasht-e-Moghan, Kerman, and Dasht-e-Moghan ecotypes with 1788, 836, and 1169 (0C.d), respectively, at 100% field capacity, with their lowest values belonging to Tabas, Tabri,z and Saravan with 1039, 413, and 448 (0C.d), respectively, at 50% field capacity. Based on growth period duration and cumulative growth degree-days (total GDD), Tabas and Dasht-e-Moghan ecotypes are found as earliest and latest ecotypes, respectively.

The present research has been conducted to parameterize and evaluate the APSIM-Wheat model for winter wheat and to use the model for evaluation of climate change effects on grain yield. The model is used to simulate leaf area index, dry matter, and grain yield of Roshan cultivar winter wheat in Karaj and Khomein regions between 2014 and 2015, under four irrigation regimes and three levels of nitrogen fertilizers. The experiments have been conducted in both regions as split-plot in a randomized complete block design. Irrigation is considered as main plot and nitrogen as a sub-plot. Model parameterization is based on observational data from full irrigation and 200 kg/ha nitrogen treatment in both regions. Results from the model evaluation show that the simulated values closely predict the observed values so that the RMSE in both regions is less than 670 and 450 kg/ha for biomass and yield, respectively, being below 0.56 for leaf area index as well. Normalized RMSE in all treatments has been below 17.8%, with Wilmot's index being above 0.82. The evaluation of model shows high performance and its possible use in other studies. Results from climate change analysis show that increasing the temperature from 0 to 5 °C leads to a maximum reduction of 75% in grain yield and an increase in carbon dioxide concentration, resulting in a maximum increase of 24% and, if the temperature increase exceeds three degrees Celsius, the grain yield will decrease in all possible concentrations of carbon dioxide.

Different studies in semi-arid regions showed that application of phosphorus fertilizers under drought stress conditions increased the crop yield. Most agricultural soils contain larger amount of fixed form of Phosphorus (P) than available P, a considerable part of which has accumulated as a consequence of regular applications of P fertilizers. Certain microorganisms such as phosphate solubilizing bacteria fungi, actinomycetes mostly those associated with the plant rhizosphere are known to convert insoluble inorganic phosphorus into soluble form that could be utilized by the plants. Among them, some phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) are being used as phosphatic biofertilizers for crop production. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria can solubilize fixed form of P to available form by the secretion of various kinds of organic acids, phosphatase enzyme, growth hormones etc. and increase availability of P to the plants. In this point of view, phosphatic biofertilizer may be used as an alternate option of chemical P fertilizer for lentil cultivation. Therefore, the present study was under taken to evaluate the effects of biofertilizer, chemical phosphorus and integrated application of fertilizers on yield and physiologic characteristics of lentil under drought and normal condition in karaj climate. To evaluate the effect of drought stress on seed yield and physiological traits of lentil cultivar (Ziba) with chemical and bio phosphorus fertilizer, an experiment was conducted in split plot based on randomized complete blocks design CRBD design with four replications in research farm of University of Tehran (Karaj-Iran) during 2014-15. The main factor included three irrigation levels (irrigation after 70, 90 and 130 mm evaporation from open pan class A) and sub treatment were the kind of phosphorus fertilizers (100% super phosphate triple (P); bio-fertilizer; 50% P + bio-fertilizer; no p fertilizer and bio-fertilizer as a check) The bio-fertilizer contained co-inoculation of phosphobacterin (pseudomonas strains 93 & 187) and azotobactor. The characteristics recorded were no. of pods per plant, seed yield, seed protein content (%), relative water content (RWC), proline content and total leaf chlorophyll.
For statistical analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) were performed using SAS ver. 9.2 software. Interaction effect of irrigation and type of fertilizer had significant effect on pod number per plant, protein percentage, relative water content, free proline and chlorophyll content. The results indicated that normal irrigation (irrigation after 70 mm evaporation from open pan class A) × integrated phosphorus fertilizer (50% P + inoculation with bio-fertilizer) gave the highest seed yield. Similarly, P and bio-fertilizers application under severe drought stress condition produced higher seed yield compared to other treatments. This can be explained that PB inoculation enhanced the solubilization of phosphates in rhizosphere soil of lentil which stimulated the native Rhizobium and attributed to increase the nodule number and weight ultimately that showed positive effects on other growth and yield attributes of lentil.
However, for the RWC under normal irrigation × bio-fertilizer; for the total leaf chlorophyll under normal irrigation × 100% super phosphate triple; and for the proline content under severe drought stress × 100% super phosphate triple gave the highest values. With drought stress conditions, the leaf RWC and Proline contents reduced, which represented a relationship between these physiological traits and lentil seed yield. In general, from the view of reducing chemical fertilizer uses to manner the environment-friendly and cost-saving cultivation, application of 50% P + seed inoculation with bio-fertilizer based on the result of this study is recommended.

evaluate the effect of pre-planting cover crop and nitrogen application on some qualitative traits and yield of two forage maize varieties, an experiment was conducted at Tehran University to form of split plot in a randomized complete block design in three replications. Assessed factors included pre-planting vetch as main plots in three levels (fallow (or not Planting), planting of vetch as fodder and planting of vetch as green manure), nitrogen fertilizers as sub plots at three levels (zero, 50 and 100 percent of the recommended amount) and maize varieties as sub-sub plots at two levels (Simon and ZP677 var.), respectively. The studied traits consisted of percent of dry matter digestibility (DMD), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ash, NDF, ADF, protein yield (Kg/ha) and dry matter yield (Kg/ha) of forage maize. The results showed that the fallow treatment had significant effect on WSC% in comparison with green manure and fodder maize. The highest and lowest percent of ADF were observed in green manure and fallow respectively. Green manure and fallow had the highest and the lowest impact on NDF percent, respectively. NDF percent in 50% of recommended urea was the highest and zero percent of urea was the lowest. The highest and lowest percentage of CF was obtained in interaction ZP677 cv × pre-plant vetch as fodder and fallow × Simon cv respectively. In relation to the protein yield, interaction green manure × %100 urea and fallow × %0 urea had the highest and lowest amount respectively.