hoseyn ahmadi

The Caucasus region has been a special importance to Iran throughout history, and when the central government of Iran was weak, the first part that separated from Iran was the Caucasus region, and during the strong rule of central Iran, the first part that was annexed to Iran was the Caucasus region. The successors of Peter the Great wanted the north of Iran and the Ottomans wanted the west of Iran and over the years they have tried to infiltrate this region. During the Afghan occupation of Iran, the Ottomans occupied Azerbaijan and made the Russian Empire envy. Nader Shah (king of Iran) came to the Caucasus region in 1725-1726 AD and realized the political-military goals of Russia and the Ottomans, who had seized parts of the region by force. Nader was able to defeat the Ottoman forces and capture the Karabakh region. The reasons for the instability in dominating of the central government of Iran in this region have been partly related to the policies of the Iranian rulers and partly to the territorial expansion of the neighbors of this region throughout history. In this article, we will examine Nader Shah's policies in this region with an analytical and descriptive method. Findings show that Nader Shah's policy weakened the ties of the Karabakh region with the Iranian government and the tendency of the Khans to join the powerful governments.

Khorshid Banoo is one of the most important progressive and modernist women of the 13th century AH / 19th century AD in Qarabagh region. His family situation caused his life to be tied to politics, willingly or unwillingly. Khorshid Banoo's childhood and adolescence coincided with the political and military turmoil and tensions in the region, especially in Karabakh, which led to her tendencies towards modernity and modernism. The pursuit and understanding of modernity in various social, cultural and literary aspects of Qarabagh by a woman and a prince is significant and important, which will be addressed in this study. In this research, we try to answer the questions of how modernity ideas were created in Khorshid Banoo and what role did Khorshid Banoo play in the social, cultural and literary modernity of Karabakh? Findings show that acquaintance with different personalities in the idea of ​​modernity through his numerous trips to various cities in the Caucasus, especially Tbilisi, as well as his family situation has had a major impact on the modernization of the Karabakh region. Despite many problems, Khorshid Banoo's activities in creating civic institutions, civilizations and the flourishing of literature have had a major impact on increasing the cultural and social level of the Karabakh community.

The synthetic polymers are widely used as adhesives, consolidants and protective coatings in the conservation of historic relics. Although, compared to the natural polymers and adhesives, these materials present a better resistance against the microorganisms, most synthetic polymers remain appropriate sources of Carbon and energy for the growth of microorganism; in addition, the relics consolidated with these materials will still remain vulnerable to the microorganisms and fungi, leading to a sort of degradation whose progress will, nonetheless, be accelerated with the environmental factors and ultraviolet light. Therefore, preventing the microorganism from attacking the relics, as well as increasing their impact resistance against the environmental conditions are necessary. In this study, in order to maintain the antifungal properties in PolyVinyl Butyral (PVB), TiO2 nanoparticles were employed; anatase-type TiO2 nanoparticles were used in PVB to prepare the nanocomposites. Also, the Samples were made of Poplar wood (Populus spp.) in accord with the Bravery guidelines, treated by the Titanium Dioxide nanocomposite under vacuum conditions. Afterwards the samples were separately affected in the dark and under the daylight conditions by the wood white-rot fungi (Trametes versicolor) as a deterioration active, for the duration of seven weeks. The treated and untreated samples were placed under the accelerated aging condition (temperature, humidity and UV light). The results indicate that the wood samples treated with 1% of Nano-TiO2 (0.4g) in 5% PVB, placed in the dark, did not have any antifungal effect, while the amount of 2% (0.8g) could protect the wood against the white-rot fungus degradation in the darkness conditions. The inoculated samples with the amounts of 1%and 2% of Nano-Ti2O, in the light conditions, could also create antifungal properties in the treated samples with nanocomposite, and protected the wood against the white-rot fungus. The accelerated aging of the treated samples with consolidant without nanoparticles of Ti2O and the treated ones with nanocomposite under the heat, humidity and UV light conditions demonstrates that the treated samples were protected against the degradation, ultraviolet light and the environmental conditions.