hossein habibi

Smart materials are those materials that can understand the environment and conditions around them and react to it. Magnetic memory alloys are a subset of smart materials whose shape and other mechanical properties change in response to magnetic and mechanical fields. Memory alloys in recent years due to their unique features such as high corrosion resistance, relatively high specific electrical resistance, relatively good mechanical properties, long fatigue, high plasticity and ability to adapt to the body in a wide range of Industries have been taken into consideration. These alloys are smart materials that can remember their original shape after being deformed. The purpose of presenting this article is to familiarize, use and examine the properties of magnetic memory materials. In fact, by presenting several studied models, structural equations, properties, their application in different fields and diagrams, we have tried to investigate these materials and addressed their existing challenges. One of the most important quantitative results of these materials is the magnetic memory effect of up to 6% increase in length, frequency response of 1-2KHZ, power density of 2Mpa, magnetic field smaller than 0.8T and Curie temperature of about 95-105℃, which is the necessity of using this material. It describes materials in different industries.

The existence of a proper system for machine maintenance is an effective factor in the proper operation of the machine and reduction in maintenance costs. Condition-based maintenance, which is actually the most efficient method of maintenance, is done with different methods, the most important of which is the oil analysis method. In the oil analysis method, the properties and different materials resulting from the erosion and degradation of the oil of different parts of machines such as engine, gearbox, hydraulics, etc. are examined. The analysis of the results of different oil tests is based on the allowed amounts of erosion particles and other characteristics and components in the oil. The basis of the oil analysis is to represent the exact state of the active machine in a certain period of time. In this paper, with the approach of theoretical and field studies and using the information of more than 3000 construction machines, some ranges of functional indicators of the results of oil analysis are presented to reduce breakdowns and increase the efficiency of machines.</em>

The political and administrative structures of the Sasanian Empire have been the focus of numerous research. For the rather recent developments of the subject, though, Rika Gyselen’s studies have been crucial. Thirty years after her trailblazing 1989’s book in the field, the publication of La géographie administrative de l’empire sassanide. Les témoignages épigraphiques en moyen-perse have brought about these developments fulfilled and provided us with yet another monumental work of research on the dynamics of the administrative geography of the state. Therefore, the main focuses of this essay are concerned with the review of the latter book and the progress it achieved in the field, along with the academic background of the author. To that end, the content of each chapter is meticulously presented and its potentialities for authorities is noted. Then, some points that could have improved the work and helped it to meet further expectations of an even more comprehensive repertoire, together with suggestions for future research, are succinctly provided. The book delivers a factual account while founding the research design on the examination of Middle-Persian epigraphic primary sources. Therefore, a catalogue raisonné presents a state-of-the-art corpus of Sasanian scholarship according to a diachronic-comparative approach.

The successful organization is an organization that consisting of human resources with organizational culture, ideas and common goals that share their experiences and knowledge with the organization. Under these conditions, any process that enhances the capability of human resources is a capital-intensive process, the result of which is directly reflected in the quality and quantity of services. The purpose of this study is to find ways to increase the empowerment of employees with a spiritual approach to achieve organizational goals and to explain the scientific and practical framework for the development of employee empowerment based on spirituality. The present study that was done in one of the organizations affiliated with the Armed Forces, is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational research in terms of data collection. 70 questionnaires were collected and analyzed by integer method. Findings showed that Model inputs have a positive and significant effect on the process by 83%. The process has a 87% positive and significant effect on the outputs.Also, according to the results of determination coefficient (R2), processes predict 68% of inputs. Outputs also predict 75% of input and process. The results of research on spiritual empowerment indicate that the development of abilities has the greatest effect on spiritual empowerment and then on cognitive and intellectual empowerment.

Trace elements are the common pollutants of soils, sediments and street dust in the urban environment, which pose a potential threat to public health. Therefore, this study was conducted to potential ecological risk assessment of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn in street dust collected from industrial, commercial and residential areas of city of Hamedan in 2019 using ecotoxicological criteria.

In this descriptive study, a total of 378 street dust specimens were collected from 18 sampling sites. After acid digestion of dust specimens, the element contents were determined using ICP-OES. Also, potential ecological risk factor (Er), risk index (RI) and the ecotoxicological criteria were calculated. All statistical analyses were done by SPSS software.

Based on the results obtained, the mean contents of the examined elements in dust specimens (mg/kg) were 2.31, 0.225, 41.3, 48.8, 65.2, 79.2 and 211 for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn, respectively. The computed values of Er showed that, factor values were decreased in the order Cd > As > Pb > Ni > Cu > Zn > Cr. Also, the mean values of RI with 77 represented that, all the examined elements have the "low potential ecological risk". Moreover, the computed values of the ecotoxicological criteria showed that the street dust specimens of the study area were non-polluted with trace elements.

Although the examined elements have been shown the low potential ecological risk, Cd with 38.2% of the mean values of RI showed significant potential to occurrence the ecological risk, therefore, source identification and sources control of this element and also periodic monitoring of contaminated soils are recommended for maintenance of public health.

The separation zone in the entrance of intake channel has no effect on flow discharge but it reduces the effective cross-sectional area of the intake, as well as the bed load, which enters the intake due to low velocity flow deposits in this area. Therefore, knowing the dimension of the separation zone in the lateral intake is very important. One of the methods to control sediment transport to a lateral intake is to use submerged vanes in front of an intake mouth. Azizi et al. (2012) evaluated the effect of cuts on the leading edge of vanes on local scour and the performance of submerged vanes in lateral distribution of sediments. Abbasi and Maleknejad Yazdi (2014) carried out some researches about the impact of sill and submerged vanes on sediment laden flows at lateral intake in straight channels. According to the results, the dimension of the separation zone depends on intake ratio and intake angle, and the effectiveness of froud number in the main channel is negligible. In the present study, different shapes of submerged vanes used in Azizi et al.’s (2012) study were employed to measure the dimension of the separation zone in a bend-shaped flume and the obtained results were compared with the results of Abbasi and Maleknejad Yazdi’s (2014) studies.

In the present article, we have discussed the objections of critics raised by post-processualists from processual school and mentioned this point that their alternative, borrowing its basic ideas from the social sciences which have different theoretical nature, caused the present chaotic situation in the theoretical fields of archaeology. In spite of mentioning the problems of positively attitude of Processual Archaeology, it is argued that one by one refusal of this attitude’s ideas and acceptance of Post-Processual is not good solution. Post-processualist archaeology is seeking to change the archaeological research as a scientific practice to any type of a literature, story-telling with high-level potentiality of individual interpretation that one of its samples is shown at extremist culturalism of phenomenological viewpoint to the landscape archaeology. Archaeologists have access to neither the concepts behind the objects nor the mental values and social structures of the individuals created by them. To set our goals, the precondition is to recognize limitations. According to adopt normative and ideally principles, Post-processualists choose an ideological (anti-realistic) approach to study cultures and due to self-contradictory expression of this meta-induction that all scientific theories are individual and wrong, refuse the science as a reliable foundation for researches. It’s amazing that their alternative is a severely value-laden approach that is derived from human sciences along with biased interpretations and in this way, they are under an only obligation of contemporaneous ethical principles. The important problem of these notions is that they have no concern about the concept of progress in our knowledge of the past and they have nothing to do with new knowledge. Therefore, in the second part, it has been tried to design a new theoretical background beyond the positively difficulties of the processual approach that guarantees the progress towards the better interpretation of archaeological data. Based on the Popper’s account of science in philosophy of science, we took a compatible version of sophisticated falsificationism which suggested a new theoretical foundation with cohesive epistemological and methodological territories for Archaeology. According to this account of science, each new theory should be as a challenge for the earlier one by showing its flaws, trying to dismiss it, and at the same time having the ability to reach to its achievements. This new approach with adopting the principles of bold and novel hypotheses and predictions, testable and falsifiable propositions, deductive logics, clearly stated and precise theories and rejecting the ad hoc modifications in them have a high capability of providing an excellent framework for archaeologists. This statement is just practical and compatible with the scientific approach of this discipline and its limitation to the material world. Archaeological finds have some typical specifications like materiality, partiality, and being static. Consequently, the methods of extraction should be matchable to them. Given that the nature of archaeological materials is adaptable to the methodology which has been used later by processualists, but according to the suggested epistemology these methods would be used in a non-positivistic setting, and in the direction of falsifying the new theories. As a result, the schemes of researches can practically be shaped away from post-modern relativism and positivistic absolutism. Furthermore, this standpoint does not assume theories as the eternal laws of absolute single truth as positivistic approach does. Rather by considering the inventory character of the hypotheses against the background knowledge of its time, it attaches the significance of the confirmation broadly to the historical setting of the theories. Therefore, it presents a plural and far more moderate insight of science with a huge concern for the concept of progress in knowledge.

The outer bend of the river bank is one of the most suitable locations for water diversion intakes. During floods, sediments enter the lateral intakes with the diversion flow, causing such problems as sediment accumulation at the entrance, canal and downstream of the intake, reducing the water intake capacity from the river. An efficient and effective method in reducing the inflow of sediment is using submerged vanes. In the present study a laboratory flume with 180-degree bend was used. This bend behaves similar to most bends of the meandering rivers, such as Karun River in order to physically model the possibility of reducing the area and the scour hole of the submerged vanes, while maintaining their efficiency. The vanes consisted of four different shapes, including a simple rectangle, and three other rectangular shapes modified with 30, 45, and 60 degree cuts in their front edge. They were placed separately and in a two-row arrangement, at a 110 degree angle, in front of the water intake opening, which were connected to the main canal in a 45 degree angle; and were examined and evaluated under similar hydraulic conditions. The findings of this study show that with an increase in the cut angle in the front edge of the submerged vanes (θ), there is a decrease in the size of the scour hole around them. Fixed in a 30 degree angle, for 60 degrees θ vanes, and for relative diversion discharge with a unit width of up to 0.25, the efficiency and performance of submerged vanes were maintained despite an approximately 29% reduction in their areas. Moreover, the depth of scour holes around them were reduced approximately by 29.4%, compared to simple rectangular vanes.

Kerkenes Daq is one of the most important archaeological sites of Iron age in the Near East. It is situated at the northern edge of the Cappadocia plain in the Yozgat province of Turkey. Several seasons of archaeological surveys and excavations which has been conducted in this place, resulted in recognition of a city with an extraordinary size of 2.5 km2, surrounded by the long defensive stone wall of seven km. with seven gates. It included of sections with different purposes, such as military, residential, commercial, as well as various separate public and private structures as reservoir, stables, palatial complex with a monumental entrance, inscriptions, reliefs, and statues. Introducing the strategic situation, characteristics of the archaeological material of the site, we will try to recognize the original identity of Kerkenes, according to the material culture, and linguistic evidences, as well as written sources. Therefore, after a critical review of the earlier literature and hypotheses mentioned by different scholars on the under-study subject, it is proposed that this city with a royal scale, and as a regional center, probably is the Pteria, mentioned in the Herodotus’ Medikos Logos, and ruined in the 545 B.C., by the Lydians who craved for the revival of their rule after the Assyrian and Urartian powers’ fall. This event is attested through the excavations by traces of an extensively deliberate fire, destruction and looting the structures. At this time, around half of a century had just being passed since the time of foundation of the city. According to the linguistic, archaeological material, the late seventh century and the early sixth century B.C. is the most probable date for the short life of this site. Furthermore, in contrast to the Summers’ opinion which takes Median elites as the founders of the sites, we discuss that there is no data in favor of that assumption. Remains of Kerekenes, represent a mixed style of motifs, rules, and visual elements, adopted from diverse artistic traditions of different cultural zones and flourished in an era of complicated socio-political interaction between organized societies inside and around the Central Anatolia. However, one can see that these materials, display the western influence, rather than the eastern impact. Bearing in mind the fact that artistic and architectural remains of Kerkenes Daq either have parallels inside Anatolia or are unique, we have to recall that in this collection, there is no available sign of the direct influence of Media. On the other side, the context of the Kerkenes Daq’s material culture are closer to the Phrygian culture than any other one. Beside the parallels of the Phrygian samples of the Central Anatolia and Phrygian inscriptions which acquired from Kerekenes, the historical context of the Near East in the initial centuries of the first millennium B.C. verifies the Phrygian identity of the sites’ founders. In this context, Phrygian tribes got the chance to revive their rule and replace the former Gordion with the strong Kerkenes in such a strategic position. This site is situated in the southeast of Boğazkale and northwest of Alişar Hüyük, respectively with 50 and 20 km. distance from. Consequently, one can imagine that the Phrygian population of the Kerekenes were not isolated.

Furfural (F) and hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) are cyclic aldehydes, which are formed during the heat processing of foods. These chemical contaminants have received much attention due to their suspected health hazards and heat damage indicators. The aim of the present study was extraction and determination of F and HMF in baby-foods using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Several effective parameters including the type and volume of extracting and disperser solvents, pH and salt amount were studied and optimized to find the best way of detecting and analyzing F and HMF. The optimized method was applied to determine F and HMF in 33 samples of baby-foods (powdered, soups, fruit puree and juices).
According to the results of this study, the optimal experimental conditions were: 4.5 for pH, 60 µL for 1-octanol, 600 µL for ethanol and 2 g of salt (NaCl). The limit of detection (LOD) was 1.3 µg kg-1 for F and 2.1 µg kg-1 for HMF. F and HMF were found in all samples at levels ranging from 110 to 27510 µg kg-1 and from 200 to 25750 µg kg-1, respectively.
The proposed method can be considered as an effective, fast and reliable method for investigating F and HMF in baby-foods.

Functional food production that includes food, drinks and supplements is one of the areas which has been growing in recent years and various compounds have been utilized for improvement of functional foods. Coenzyme Q10 is a fat- soluble vitamin- like compound made in body. It is a natural antioxidant that plays important role in energy production in cells and has beneficial health effects in body. CoQ10 is exist naturally in many foods. Meat, fish, nuts and some vegetable oils are a rich sources of Q10 and lower amounts can be found in dairy products, fruits, vegetables and cereals. The level of Q10 in raw materials depends on geographical origin. The average daily intake of this compound is only 3-6 mg that can be enhanced via fortification of foods with Q10.

Shirin Su Wetland ecosystem, Hamedan Province, western Iran, has a great biodiversity and aesthetic. The distribution and accumulation of heavy metals: Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn in sediments were assessed from this wetland in February to May of 2013. The chemical speciation of elements was determined using mixed acid digestion. The results showed that the mean concentrations of metals (microgram per gram dry weight) in sediment samples were: 0.16 for Cd, 23.07 for Cr, 10.62 for Cu, 689.82 for Fe, 27.9 for Pb, 5.01 for Zn. Furthermore the mean concentrations of all metals except Fe in all sediment samples were lower than Threshold Effect Concentration and there are not adverse effects. According to I-geo values, in most stations the sediments quality was classified in unpolluted category. In addition, the sediment samples from station 2 and station 4 accumulated the minimum and maximum mean concentration of metals, respectively. Pearson correlation indicates that the anthropogenic sources of Zn, Fe and Cr are closely related in the sediment from Shirin Su Wetland.

Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) appears to be an osteoclast-activating factor, bearing an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. Some studies demonstrated that U-266 myeloma cell line and primary myeloma cells expressed RANK and RANKL. It had been reported that the expression of myeloid and monocytoid markers was increased by co-culturing myeloma cells with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). This study also attempted to show the molecular mechanism of RANK and RANKL on differentiation capability of human cord blood HSC to osteoclast, as well as expression of calcitonin receptor (CTR) on cord blood HSC surface.
In this experimental study, CD133 hematopoietic stem cells were isolated from umbilical cord blood and cultured in the presence of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and RANKL. Osteoclast differentiation was characterized by using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, giemsa staining, immunophenotyping, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for specific genes.
Hematopoietic stem cells expressed RANK before and after differentiation into osteoclast. Compared to control group, flow cytometric results showed an increased expression of RANK after differentiation. Expression of CTR mRNA showed TRAP reaction was positive in some differentiated cells, including osteoclast cells.
Presence of RANKL and M-CSF in bone marrow could induce HSCs differentiation into osteoclast.

Of the important purposes of Archaeology, is studying the interaction of communities with each other and the environment; the cultural processes of highlands with more than 2000 m. elevation above sea level is a considerable subject in the Iranian archaeology has not been followed yet. In the present research with environmental approach and using GIS software, on the basis of examining the geographical factors respect to the settlement pattern of Sassanid era, we came to study that why and how Sassanid settlements in the Farsan county, as a region with such intermountain valleys and plain, formed and goes on, and determined which all the geographical factors didn’t possess an equal importance as the most important factors in this process were water and adequate pasture accessibility. That’s it, locating in the close area with enough pasture for pastoral nomad communities, settling in the area with irrigation agriculture potential for the sedentary people, and communicating roads availability for both groups has a considerable role in the formation of settlement pattern of Sassanid Farsan.Compare to the Parthian, Sassanid settlement pattern of the region didn’t show a significant change, except the larger size of Sassanid sites. Respecting this, we have to note that more than half - 51.74 % - of the Sassanid sites of the region formed on Partian settlements; 31 % newly assessed and 17.24 % of them including sites which were occupied once over the prehistoric times.In the continuation process which have been started by the Elymais period, settlement pattern of the region in the Sassanid period; here, on the influence of the developed socio-political system control and probably shaped under Sassanid centralized power investment. Regard to the connection between settlement pattern and the roads, the sites are not necessarily next to the riverbeds. In the Sassanid Period as precedent eras, habitation in mountain slopes and on the hills beside the plain have continued; we apparently saw that the settlements concentration have moved to the center of the plains. In this Period, the size of the sites are greater than before, which is a sign of population growth by the Sassanid period. It seems that the population growth in this period is the consequence of vast exploitation of resources with habitation on the center of the plains and more resources accessibility, using strategic situation of Farsan region and communication roads, which long before identified by nomads. The interaction between this region and other cultural zones, i.e. Khuzestan and Fars in the Sassanid period reflected by the archaeological data, e.g. pottery form and decoration; this similarity is matched with migration roads of the Bakhtiyari tribes.To sum up, there is an important difference between Sassanid settlement pattern and modern patterns of population distribution and cities of Farsan County are consequence of different socio-economic and technologic situation. This case indicates that beside geographical variety, factors like socio-economic interactions and statistic characteristics plays an important role in the site distribution and settlement patterns.

Pottery is the most abundant and one of the most important archaeological materials, which can be used by Archaeologists for the purposes like dating, specifying the technological and socio-political complexity level of various human groups, artistic transitions and study of economic and cultural interactions between past societies. Therefore making acquaintance with this material culture and presenting more and more exact classifications is a basic, but of high importance work to be done in the archaeological recognition of past societies. Yet, unfortunately our archaeological knowledge of the Sasanian ceramics is negligible. Finding a large number of Sasanian shards from the archaeological survey of Farsan County in Chahar-mahal & Bakhtiari province, the present paper deals with description, typology and comparison of Sasanian ceramics from this county. Based on that, it has been specified that Sasanian Pottery of Farsan has the clear similarity with acquired samples from the neighboring cultural zones of Khuzestan and Fars which according to the dynastic character of Sasanian political system, geographic specifications of the region and the prevailing livelihood mode of nomadism of these societies make sense. The results of this research gave a new sight to the interaction between the under study region, which is lying at the crossroad of southwest, west and central plateau routs of Iran, and neighboring regions during Sasanian era.

The motif of hunting has always existed in the Iranian art from the primary wall paintings of Paleolithic caves to the modern artifacts and has raised different concepts over time and as the result of contributions by different cultures. As agriculture and animal domestication progressed، a decrease occurred in the primacy of hunting. Nevertheless، its religious aspects remained in the process of dedicating the hunted meat as an offering to the temples. Meanwhile، it is interesting to know that kings and princes throughout the Persian history have hunted with diverse intentions. In various historical eras، especially during the Sassanid period، this evolutionary process took different concept as hunting became the most common subject of the Sassanid reliefs and the Sassanid kings established special places named as “Shekar Gah” which means hunting place or hunting garden. Khosrow Parviz besides making a hunting place in Taq-e Bustan established two other hunting places near Ghasr-e Shirin. These places are so similar to the hunting place of Taq-e Bustan from the standpoint of climatic conditions and structural features. This article aims to investigate the concept of hunting in the Sassanid Period، specially the hunting places of the Khosrow II. Therefore، the hunting place of the Khosrow II at Taq-e Bustan and the wild boar and deer hunting motives in both sides of the Taq-e Bozorg or the great vault of Taq-e Bustan and their influence on the formation of hunting place of Fathali Shah in the Tang-e Vashi as well as his Relief over there has been investigated. The study of reliefs of the Taq-e Bustan has revealed their derived inspiration from the wall paintings of the late Parthian and Sassanid periods، as wall paintings with hunting motives of the Sassanid period is affected by the Parthian wall paintings. Taq-e Bustan hunting reliefs have influenced the Islamic hunting motives as are mainly observable in the Qajar Period’s reliefs. This influence is obviously visible in Fathali Shah-e Qatar’s hunting reliefs in Tang-e Vashi. The reason of this influence can be found in the social and political conditions of that period. Both areas (Taq- e Bustan and Tang-e Vashi)، are similar in the favorable climate and environmental conditions for making hunting place and hunt relief، but they are different in combined and shaping features. Moreover، the main difference remains in the purpose of making the reliefs. As in Taq-e Bustan with existence of Anahita goddess and sanctity of hunting in the Sassanid period، more religious intentions along with representing of king’s power are participated in its establishment، but it seems the main purpose of Tang-e Vashi relief in such arduous and out of sight area cannot be connected with the aspect of indicating the king’s power or to represent religious concepts. Rather، it was more intended to show the persistence of Qajar dynasty and Fathalishah’s descendants. Here the king uses the reliefs to portray the persistence of Qajar dynasty and the transfer of power to his own sons. His second purpose could be establishing a resemblance between ancient Iranian kings and his efforts to expand his kingdom and provide services to the public. Overall، the hunting places and the hunting relief in Taq-e Bustan comprise a banquet-religious complex، but in Tang-e Vashi more attention has been paid to banquet complex alongside representing of persistence of king’s dynasty. The method that has been used in the current research is based on the study of written resources، archeological field research and analysis of the achieved data. Various resources and written documents have referred to hunting and hunting place in the period of Sassanid dynasty، but so far no one has paid enough attention to the content of hunting as the important aspect of the Sassanid culture.