فهرست مطالب hossein hosseini

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has a variety of serotypes that cause many problems in the poultry industry. Two H120 and H120-D274 live vaccines were evaluated against strain IS/1494/06 (variant 2) infectious bronchitis virus challenge. The study aimed to determine whether it is possible to achieve success in controlling disease symptoms and pathological lesions and reducing virus shedding by combining two types of vaccines against different severities of the Poultry Infectious Bronchitis Virus. After random selection of 100 SPF chickens, four 25 chicks/group experimental groups were arranged in the H120 (IB-H120, Intervet®; Serial No: **** at 1st day + Booster 14th day + Challenged with IS/1494/06- 14 DPV), H120-D274 (Poulvac® IB Primer at 1st day + Booster 14th day + Challenged with IS/1494/06- 14 DPV), Control (No vaccine and No Challenge), and Challenged (No vaccine + Challenge). After euthanasia of the animals on the 42nd day of the research, serum neutralization (days 14, 28, and 42), ELISA (14 days after the booster vaccine and before challenged), Ciliostasis (7 days after the booster vaccine and seven days after challenged) and pathological lesion scores were evaluated on day 14 after being infected with IS/1494/06 type 2 strain (day 42). Also, the virus shedding was monitored by real-time RT-PCR. Infection with the IS/1494/06 variant2 strain showed high to moderate ciliostasis and pathologic scores. All groups that received the IB-H120-D274 vaccine had fewer lesions relatively. The IB-H120-D274 vaccinated groups showed the highest protection rates and high protection scores (70.3) compared to the IB-H120 vaccine groups (24.4). The virus shedding was significantly reduced in groups that received the H120-D274 vaccine compared to those that received the IB-H120 vaccine. In conclusion, the homologous IB-H120-D274 vaccine showed superior results compared to the IB-H120 vaccine.

The Purpose of this Research is to Investigate the Practical Effect of Artificial Intelligence in the Direction of Implementing an Agile Supply Chain. This Research is Applied and Descriptive, and the Statistical Population Includes Technology Experts of Private Companies in Isfahan, and the Sample size is Estimated to be 92 People Through the Karjesi-Morgan Table. Random Sampling Method is Simple and Data Collection is Done Through Questionnaire. Data Analysis was Done Through Structural Equation Modeling With Partial Least Squares Approach and Smart PLS and SPSS Software.The Research Findings Indicate that Efficient Artificial Intelligence Techniques Have a Positive and Significant Impact on the Implementation of Agile Supply Chain. Also, According to the Obtained Results, Learning and Extracting Patterns, Reasoning and Choosing Patterns, and Self-Correction and Setting Patterns Also have a Positive and Significant Effect on the Implementation of Agile Supply Chain. The Ability of Organizations to Respond to Competitive Challenges and to Maintain Competitive Advantages is a Key Success Factor in Today's Global Markets.

Graphs are data that describe complex relationships between different things in the real world, such as the Internet, social network, bibliographic network, and so on. One of the things that many people deal with today is online social networks. The graph display of online social networks such as Twitter, WeChat and Facebook is not possible today with less than billions of nodes, and for this reason, the study of large-scale network data has become a necessity for researchers. Regarding social networks, online users often have limited information; But for social media service providers, user node information such as interest, beliefs, or other characteristics are very important to customize their services for users in many applications such as recommendations and personalized search, making it a challenge for service providers. An effective way to deal with this challenge is to infer missing user information using pervasive network structures in social media. One of the most important inferences in data mining and network analysis is node classification, which aims to infer the missing labels of nodes based on labeled nodes and network structure. In this research, we have performed the task of node classification on the PubMedDiabetes, CiteSeer and Cora citation network datasets using GraphSAGE, GCN and GAT neural networks and we have generally concluded that the GraphSAGE neural network on the network datasets The cited reference works well for the node classification task.

The oil and gas industry in Iran's economy is plagued by chronic challenges and problems. It seems that the root solutions in facing these challenges are fundamental shifts and systems innovations, and not superficial and temporary fixes. However, most research on this industry lacks a transformative approach that will not result in anything other than consolidating and reinforcing the existing situation. In this research, the emerging field of transition studies, specifically the multi-level approach, has been adopted to investigate fundamental transformations in the oil and gas industry of Iran. Therefore, a case study is used as the research strategy, and data from the related articles and documents as well as the findings from the nineteen semi-structured interviews with experts in Iran's oil and gas industry are selected as the data sources. Accordingly, by examining the challenges and opportunities facing the oil and gas industry at different levels, this research seeks to explore the transition pathways of this industry in the horizon of 1450 (2072 in Georgian Calendar) with regard to the general policies on the economy of resistance. By analyzing the transition pathways drawing on the multi-level approach, it was found that the transformation and reconfiguration pathways are more likely to occur in the Iranian oil and gas industry. In this regard, the paper concludes with some related policies and actions under these two paths.

  The brain-computer interface system provides a communication path between the brain and the computer and has recently received increasing attention. One of the most common paradigms of brain-computer interface systems is motor imagery. The braincomputer interface system based on motor imagery using electroencephalogram signals uses a large number of channels when receiving signals. Channels not related to the intended task cause unwanted interference and increase the noise level. In this paper, we present two optimal channel selection methods to improve common spatial pattern (CSP)-related features for classification of motor imagery tasks. Since the brain activities of motor imagery are located in a specific area of the brain, how to choose the right channels is important to improve the performance of the brain-computer interface. In this paper, analysis of variance (ANOVA) feature selection and sequential forward feature selection (SFFS) combined with common spatial pattern (CSP) are used to select optimal electrode channels. The results show that the accuracy of KNN, SVM and LDA classifications when using ANOVA+CSP method is 74, 72 and 71% respectively, when using SFFS+CSP method is 74, 73 and 68% respectively, when using CSP alone, 65, 62 and 60%, respectively, when not using the methods of selecting optimal channels and common spatial pattern, it is 58, 64 and 57%, respectively; Therefore, the combination of optimal channel selection methods and common spatial pattern has increased the accuracy of the classifiers.

Quality is considered as one of the most significant hidden layers of financial performance disclosure at the level of the capital market, which can have a significant impact on the overall performance of the capital market depending on the disclosure capacities and analytical power of investors and shareholders. Therefore, since companies are an open system and communicate with their environment, in case of not disclosing news on time, even disclosing bad news, this communication is generally one-way and according to the CEO's wishes and needs, it is selectively disclosed and the field of facilitating resistance It is strengthened in the functions of managers. Every capital market is based on the flow of information, which increases the decision-making power of market investors. Firms CEOs play an important role in integrating information disclosure and improving its level of reliability, which depending on individual or social and cultural characteristics, the motivations for disclosing information, especially negative company information to the market, are different. In fact, CEOs may refuse to fully disclose information to market stakeholders because of perceptual errors rooted in the form of individual self-perceptions of market stakeholders. The purpose of this research is Presenting CEO's Inertial Self-Concept Model in Not Reflecting Negative News to The Capital Market. 

The methodology of this study was exploratory from the point of view of the developmental result and based on the type of objective and qualitative and quantitative basis was used to collect the data. The statistical population in the qualitative part was university experts and in the quantitative part financial managers of capital market companies. This research, which is developmental in terms of the methodological criteria of the result, and in terms of the qualitative data type criteria, is based on two thematic analyzes to identify the themes of the research in the qualitative part; Delphi analysis was used to determine the limit of theoretical consensus. 

In line with the nature of the research, thematic analysis has been used in the qualitative part. In order to determine the themes related to managers' resistance in disclosing bad news, theme analysis has been used in the qualitative part. Thematic analysis is considered as the executive process of content analysis, which analyzes the basics and concepts of the present topic through simultaneous content analysis in similar studies and conducting interviews to determine its dimensions. The basic idea of content analysis is to put the content components of past researches based on theme analysis. A theme is a pattern found in the data that at least describes and organizes observations and at most interprets aspects of the phenomenon. In this research, the typology of thematic analysis based on the style of Atrid-Sterling (2001) is used. The structure of this analysis includes three dimensions emphasized below as the basis of the analysis. It was also determined that the two themes of the CEO's external control source in disclosing bad news and the CEO's lack of self-confidence in disclosing bad news are the main drivers in the self-concept of resistance caused by psychological causes, which causes the message of the CEO's perceptual errors in disclosing bad news and its reflection on the capital market. 

Based on the statistical findings, it should be stated that the pattern of systemic representation shows that the negative insight of the fear of losing the position of the CEO in the disclosure of bad news is considered as a motivating and influencing theme for not reflecting negative news to the capital market, which is an important consequence of the inability of the CEO to recognize The information needs of the stakeholders. In the analysis of the obtained result, it should be stated that the negative insight of the fear of losing the position of the CEO in the disclosure of bad news is considered as the main driver in not reflecting the negative news of the companies to the capital market, which can be the result of the inability of the CEO to recognize the information needs along with have In fact, as it was determined in this research in the analysis of system representation, the existence of personal vision schemas of the CEO is a stimulus to create the fear of losing the position. In other words, managers with this insight try to avoid all the events that may damage the position of the CEO. This avoidance is actually the protection of opportunistic interests, which has always been emphasized in agency cost theories and rational choice theory. The presence of this insight in the CEO makes him avoid any change and response to the information needs of the stakeholders, which means disturbing the balance and stability of his position by maintaining the existing conditions.

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a member of the genus Gamma coronavirus under the Coronaviridae family, is one of the leading causes of persistent economic and financial burdens poultry industry of Iran. This family of viruses possesses a ~27 kb positive-sense RNA genome that produces a nested set of subgenomic mRNAs during replication.

This study investigated tissue tropism of virulent IBV variant 2, GI-23, by comparing viral gene expression differences between kidney and trachea tissue samples of 20 intranasal infected SPF chickens. At 2 and 6 days post-infection, extracted genomic RNA was subjected to RNAseq, and high-throughput analyses studied the obtained data.

Among the genomic UTRs of IBV, the highest expression was obtained for the 3'UTR (7.15E+05) in the renal samples. Nucleoprotein (N) had the 2nd highest gene expression in both tissues (4.52E+05 in the trachea and 4.13E+05 in the kidney). The lowest expression (2.34E+03 in the trachea and 2.69E+02 in the kidney) belonged to the polymerase genes. 5'UTR expression was not detected in any of the tissue samples.Furthermore, six non-structural genes (NSP4, 7, 8, 9, 11, and 15) had no detectable expression in the kidney samples. NSP11 was shared in both tissues in this case, while NSP16 had the highest expression at 1.62E+05 in tracheal samples and NSP13 at 2.88E+5 in renal samples.

We concluded that except for the 3’ UTR, a slightly higher expression was observed in tracheal samples.

We detected a novel strain of picornavirus from dead backyard ducks from Gilan province, In Iran. This new isolated was demonstrated a genome like picornavirus design, specifically Aalivirus (Avihepatovirus/Avisivirus-like virus). Usually, Aalivirus were observed in domestic ducks, turkey and chickens. Ten pooled feces samples were collected from samples. We implemented partial genome sequencing of VP1 gene. We nominated the new strain as duck Aalivirus isolate UT-Ebrahimi. Based on our investigation with phylogenetic tree, we considered this strain is a member of the Aalivirus genus of picornavirus. In this study, we demonstrated that the UT-Ebrahimi is 96.23 % similar to Pacific_black_duck_megrivirus_(MK204391.1).

Computational social science is an emerging interdisciplinary approach to the study of social systems. Here we examine why testing the behavior of individuals and groups in social systems from an algorithmic point of view provides new and surprising analytical opportunities for the intelligence society and for the improvement of intelligence analysis methods. By using artificial communities, which are generally called factor-based models, intelligence analysts can improve their intelligence evaluations through the benefits of scientific principles of computer computing. The findings of the research show that factor-based modeling has been significantly used in the security- intelligence literature in such a way that the modeling of socialunrest, crisis, intelligence deception, and war are getting richer day by day

Among all occupational pollutants, noises have the highest levels of emissions, and there are almost every industry. Noise interferes with conversations and prevents hearing loss as one of the most common stresses and causes the occurrence of cardiovascular problems and, more importantly, reduces hearing in exposed individuals. In the City Gas Station(CGS), gas pressure is reduced from 700 psi to 250 psi, and at Town Board stations(TBS), the gas pressure is reduced from 230psi-250psi to 60psi.In gas pressure reduction stations, due to the equipment installed and the geographic location of the station, in order to maintain the safety and health of the station, appropriate measures are needed to measure noise and reduce noise. Due to the high noise pollution, the CGS and TBS gas pressure reduction stations are compared. Therefore, in this research, an appropriate modeling with Matlab and a mathematical program to analyze the intensity level of sound at different intervals from the source of sound and various frequencies and different sound power in a non-insulated state and in insulated mode, by changing the surface density of the insulator, it examines the effect of reducing the level of sound intensity. The most important results are:

1. Reduces the intensity of the sound by increasing the distance from the sound source. However, under operating conditions, the size of the valve=6 " , Frequency = 500HZ, Sound pressure = 2Watt, Insulation density=100kg/m2 , the existence of an insulator with a surface density of 100 kg/m2 would reduce the 12db level of sound level at a level between 66db to 106db became.

2-Voice intensity increases with increasing sound power at identical intervals from the sound source. However, for operating conditions, the Size of valve=6", Frequency=500HZ, Distance=25m, Insulation density=100kg /m2 with sound power change from watt1 to 20watt Sound level levels from 6db to 11db for safe and no Insulation changes.

3. As the distance from the sound source increases, the intensity of the sound decreases with decreasing frequency. However, under operating conditions, the size of the valve=6 ", Frequency= 400HZ, Sound pressure=2Watt, Insulation density = 100kg/m 2. Sound intensity level An insulator with a surface density of 100kg/m2 at a level between 66db and 106db reduces from about 20db to 26 db, respectively.

4. With increasing insulating surface density, the level of sound balance decreases at identical intervals. However, under operating conditions, the size of the valve=6", Frequency=500HZ, Sound pressure = 2Watt, Distance of source=25m. Insulation with a surface density of 1kg/m2 reduces about 7db. Sound and sound level levels with a surface density of 100kg/m2 will reduce the sound power level by about 20db.

The purpose of this research is Presenting CEO's Inertial Self-Concept Model in Not Reflecting Negative News to The Capital Market. This study, which was developmental in terms of result methodology and a combination of data type criteria, consisted of three Meta-synthesis to identify components and themes; Delphi analysis was used to determine the theoretical adequacy in the qualitative part and systematic representation analysis was used to present the CEO's inertial self-concept model in reflecting negative news to the capital market in the quantitative part. The results in the qualitative section showed that the approval of 17 themes in the form of three main components of the inertial self-concept of the CEO's vision; Inertial self-concept of CEO performance; The CEO's psychological inertial self-concept. The results in the quantitative section separately identify the most important stimulus and consequence in the component of inertial self-concept of the CEO's insight. On the other hand, an important stimulus and consequence of the inertial self-concept of the CEO's performance was the existence of poor accounting standards in disclosing bad news and the incompatibility of stakeholder information needs with the culture of information desirability in disclosing bad news. Finally, it was found that the two themes of the CEO's external control in disclosing bad news and the CEO's lack of self-confidence in disclosing bad news are the main drivers of psychological inertial self-concept.

Despite the widespread use of vaccination against Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the virus is still circulating in poultry farms. The present study was conducted to measure different histopathological effects and protective antibody levels in experimentally infected chickens with VII.2 and VII.1.1 NDV virulent strains. In this study, commercial layers and SPF(Specific Pathogen-Free) chickens were challenged with NDV genotypes VII.1.1 and VII.2 via oculo-nasal route.  Tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected from all chickens on the fourth day after challenge, then chicks were euthanized in order to collect tissue samples. Tissue specimens were chosen from trachea, proventriculus, heart, kidney, lung, spleen, brain, intestine and liver for evaluation and histopathological grading. All SPF chicks were died within the first 48h of experiment. The HI results of a day before challenge revealed the antibody titer of 6.46 in commercial layers and 0 in SPF chicks. The histopathological results did not show any severe damage in tissues of proventriculus and heart. Both SPF groups showed hemorrhages in tracheal tissues. The most lesions were observed in lung and kidney tissues with more severity in SPF chickens and also more severe in VII.2 infected groups rather than the two VII.1.1 infected groups. In conclusion, according to higher antibody titers and lower histopathological lesions in commercial layers, it can be concluded that antibodies in commercial flocks can prohibit viral replication to a great extent.

Although the lack of data is one of the important challenges for research in the field of natural language processing, but this challenge is more acute in the Persian language, so finding a high-quality and comprehensive dataset in the Persian language is a difficult task. In addition to that, having some problems such as the ability to categorize and not complying with the storage standard are among the problems of the existing datasets, each of which can affect the learning rate of the model, the results, and the error rate in the experiments. For this reason, all these reasons made us seek to collect and prepare a dataset that covers all such problems and reduces the amount of error when using data in different models. In this research, we have designed and used a crawler to collect textual data. By crawling on one of the news bases, it has been able to collect data sets in five columns: title, summary, text, tag, and publication date. The textual data has been normalized with the help of one of the Persian language libraries in the Python programming language and stored in csv and xml formats and made available to fellow researchers. The tags in this dataset include 13 main tags of sports, art and media, culture, science and progress, political, foreign policy, life, family, society, education and training, international, economic and provinces. Among the tasks that can be done on this data set are text classification, text extraction, text summarization and title recognition. Also, one of the prominent features of this data set is its comprehensiveness, the amount of suitable data, the existence of useful features, having unique features, as well as storage in a standard format. This dataset is a product of the Language Processing Department of Imam Hossein Comprehensive University and can be downloaded and used through the link mentioned in the footnote of the next page and with respect to copyright.

One of the most widely used anticancer agents is microbial L-ASNase. Herein, we assessed the biochemical and biological properties of an isolated L-ASNase from a Gram-negative bacteria strain, Escherichia coli MF-107.

Using garden asparagus, we obtained several bacterial isolates. These strains were further screened for L-ASNase activity. A promising bacterial isolate was selected for L-ASNase production and subsequent purification. The molecular weight of purified L-ASNase was determined.  The MTT assay was applied to assess the cytotoxic effect of the purified enzyme. Also, for caspase activity determination and the apoptotic effect of purified enzyme on in cells, we conducted a real-time PCR method.

The molecular weight of the enzyme was approximately 37 kDa. In the pH range of 7.5 to 8, the enzyme had considerable stability. At 35 °C, the purified L-ASNase optimum activity was recorded. The cytotoxic effect of the enzyme on treated cells was dose-dependent with an IC50 value of 5.7 IU/ml. The Bax gene expression considerably raised by 5.75-fold (p < 0.001) upon L-ASNase treatment. On the other hand, the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene expression showed a 2.63-fold increase compared to the control (p < 0.05). It was detected that the mRNA levels of caspase-3 and p53 were considerably upregulated (5.93 and 1.85-fold, respectively). We did not find any alternation in the caspase-8 activity of the treated cells compared to untreated cells.

In this research, the proliferation of the breast cancer cells remarkably inhibited via the cytotoxic effect of isolated L-ASNase from microbial sources.

European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) a semi-parasitic plant that often grows on forest trees and shrubs, is used in the treatment of various diseases such as cancer due to its valuable active ingredients. The quantity and quality of active ingredients in parasitic and semi-parasitic plants in addition to genetic and environmental factors, are also affected by the host tree. This study was conducted in a completely randomized design with the aim of investigating the phytochemical diversity of 20 populations of mistletoe on different hosts by collecting samples from different regions of Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, and Alborz provinces in the summer of 2017. The extracts were obtained by reflux method with 70% ethanol. The content of syringic acid, total flavonoids, phenolic compounds, protein, and antioxidant activity were measured by a spectrophotometer and HPLC methods in the leaves of plants in different populations. The results showed that the amount of chemical composition of mistletoe populations was affected by environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and altitude, and the type of host tree. These populations were classified into 3 distinct groups. The mistletoe collected from Gilan and Alborz provinces did not have much phytochemical diversity. Populations of Guilan province had the highest mean of total flavonoids, protein, and antioxidant activity. The mistletoe collected from Mazandaran and Golestan provinces had more phytochemical diversity. It seems that in addition to environmental conditions, the host tree type was also responsible for creating the phytochemical diversity of European mistletoe in these provinces.

Avian pox infection is a widespread disease with cyclical occurrence in endemic areas, especially in areas with dense poultry production. An unusual fowl pox outbreak has been diagnosed in 18 weeks old vaccinated Silkie herd during autumn 2021 in Qom province, Iran. The most characteristic observation of this outbreak was that the pox signs and lesions were observed on the feathered parts of the body. No Classical pox lesions were observed in the mouth, eyelids, and shank. The objective of this study was to report the occurrence of fowlpox in Silkie for the first time and describe clinical and molecular features of a case of atypical fowl pox, and to realize if a new isolate has been emerged and, if so, what the difference is and how it has appeared. The sample was collected from cutaneous lesions for molecular virus detection. Detected viruses were genetically similar to previous FP viruses.

although wild aquatic birds are known to be a significant reservoir for avian influenza viruses (AIV), Live bird markets can become polluted with and become an origin of transmission for avian influenza viruses including the high and low pathogenic strains of avian Influenza (HPAI and LPAI). Many countries affected by the Avian Influenza virus have restricted resources for plans in environmental health, disinfection, and infection control in live bird markets. There are few recently published reports of surveillance directed at this group.  Active surveillance for avian influenza (AI) viruses in wild migratory aquatic birds sold at live bird markets (LBMs) was conducted in Iran from October 2019 to February 2020.

molecular diagnostic tools were employed for high-throughput surveillance of migratory birds that were sold in the live bird markets of Iran. This study included 400 both cloacal (CL) and nasopharyngeal (OP) samples from two bird species belonging to the two ordersCoot (Fulica arta) (100 CL & 100 OP) and Eurasian teal (Anas crecca) (100 CL & 100 OP). The samples were mainly obtained from captured or hunted birds. Every 5 samples were pooled together.

1 CL and 3 OP samples of Coots and 2 CL samples of Eurasian teals were positive for the influenza A virus.

These data are useful for designing new surveillance programs and are particularly relevant due to increased interest in avian influenza in wild aquatic birds, and efforts should be made to promote practices that could limit the maintenance and transmission of avian Influenza viruses in Live Bird market.

Infectious Bronchitis Virus is a Gammacoronavirus responsible for huge economic loss to poultry industry worldwide. Poultry (Gallus gallus) is the major host of the virus, but IBV-like coronaviruses can infect different species of birds. To determine the role of different bird species in infectious bronchitis virus epidemiology, this work was conducted to detect Gammacoronaviruses in Tehran live bird market. Cloacal swabs were collected from three bird species including poultry, duck and turkey; the RNA was extracted by CinnaPure isolation kit; subsequently the complementary DNA was synthetized by RevertAid First strand kit. Polymerase chain reactions targeting two genes of the nucleocapsid and the spike were run on complementary DNAs synthetized in the previous step. Polymerase chain reactions successfully detected the spike and the nucleocapsid genes in 40% of poultry and 66.6% of turkeys, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that gammacoronaviruses detected in this work were closely related to infectious bronchitis virus type 4/91. This work also introduced the circulation of gammacoronaviruses in different bird species from a bird market, this issue could be significant in the future epidemiologic studies. The findings also described that the nucleocapsid gene detection is much more effective than the spike gene detection in terms of gammacoronavirus monitoring.

During the last decades, the country has faced unrest and the system has managed them with continuous and multilateral efforts. Unfortunately, these activities in the form of security governance have been neglected and have not been identified and counted, which is the subject of this study. The purpose of this article is to identify the activities carried out in the form of security governance to deal with unrest in the I.R. of Iran. In this article, the author has tried to identify and count the total activities carried out to deal with the unrest during the last 40 years, by using the available documents and resources, in addition to reviewing the statements of the Supreme Leader and conducting interviews with 25 related experts. Therefore, the research method was descriptive, the type of research was applied and the method of data collection was library and field with interview tools (in-depth and semi-structured interviews). The author has analyzed the collected information using the content analysis method and MAXQDA software The findings of this study show that a lack of attention to the structures and policies of coordination within and between the regulatory organizations, has led to a lack of synergy and reduced productivity. Another finding of this article is that except for some organizational activities such as the establishment of committees, the IRGC and the Basij in the period 1978-1989, in other periods, "approach" activities have been more in line with the "doctrine of democratization of security."

The purpose of this paper is to design a hierarchical and distinctive model of social marketing principles, concepts, and techniques based on existing lists of unequal and indistinguishable basis criteria (and perhaps as an alternative).

This is a concept paper that presents a hierarchical model of the principles, concepts, and techniques of social marketing. This new description of the principles of social marketing, its four main concepts, and its five techniques, shows us a new way to imagine and identify the various elements that make up social marketing. This new model helps us to build and develop the basis of social marketing theory, based on a definition study by the International Social Marketing Association (iSMA), the Australian Social Marketing Association (AASM) and the Social Marketing Association Europe (ESMA). This model provides a basic proposition for future research. We suggest that future research experimentally test this proposed model. This article seeks to develop the basis of social marketing theory by creating a logical case for the need to distinguish between principles, concepts and techniques when describing social marketing.

Covid-19 or severe acute respiratory syndrome is a novel beta coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 has a putative animal origin. As SARS-CoV-2 started outspreading in the whole world, potential spill overexposure was considered in companion and pet animals, similarly because of their strict social relationship with humans. As the novel coronavirus prevalence spreads in the world with devastating impacts on human health, pets and companion animals are also becoming unessential sacrifices among the pandemic panic and concern amid the public that companion animals might play a role in spreading COVID-19 pets being obsolete or even killed. These facts led to a KAP survey design to evaluate knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 and pets among pet owners referring to veterinary clinics. This study was conducted as a cross-sectional paper-based survey. The questionnaire comprised 56 items, of which nine were on socio-demographic profiles, 41 were on KAP of COVID-19 and pets, and the other six items were on the source of individual information about this subject. The questionnaire was answered by 462 participants anonymously in October 2020. All the statistical analyses were performed by using a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 26.0. Based on the results, most general population (62.7%) had moderate knowledge about the Covid-19, and 22.1% had insufficient knowledge about this subject. The present study indicated that a higher knowledge score concerning COVID-19 was notably related to a higher likelihood of having a positive tendency and good practice when the COVID-19 outbreak. Also, our findings presented that the majority of participants (62.3%) obtained their information from social media.

The removal of heavy hydrocarbons and biological wastewater is generally difficult. Finding a suitable way to eliminate or reduce these factors is one of the goals of this research. Materials and

Although there are special processes for removing or reducing the hydrocarbon and biological load of water, but in industrial wastewater containing hydrocarbon, the evaluation of advanced oxidation processes can reduce not only the burden of the wastewater but also reduce the Biological bad effects. Therefore, in the present study, an experimental study of COD, BOD and O & G reduction using Fenton reaction with ultra-violet irridiation has been investigated.

A sample of industrial waste from one of the refineries was prepared. According to the results, the optimal conditions for COD removal was observed as follow: irradiation time 30 minutes, pH=3, temperature=35°C, water content=85 ml of oxygen dissolved in water than 250 ml of wastewater and COD removal was observed up to 45.44%. The optimal conditions for removing O&G were: 23 min, pH=3, temperature 35°C, dissolved oxygen content of 85 ml, compared to 250 ml of wastewater. Also O&G was eliminated to 89.8%. The optimal conditions for removing BOD were: the irradiation time is 20 minutes, pH=4, the temperature is 25°C, the soluble oxygen content is 65 ml, compared to 250 ml of the wastewater and the removal of BOD was observed to be 49.82%. Discussion and

Laboratory study of COD, BOD and O&G reduction in wastewater was investigated by using Fenton reaction with ultraviolet irridiation. It was found that the Fenton method with ultraviolet irridiation is a suitable method for the removal or reduction of COD, BOD and O&G in refinery wastewater.

Avian respiratory disease complex (RDC) is one of the most detrimental economic diseases that affected different parts of the world. Various pathogens cause the disease, but the most significant viral pathogens include avian influenza virus (AIV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are the most prevalent. To detect these pathogens, various methods have been discovered in the last decades. Detection and characterization of viruses by metagenomics methods have improved our knowledge about the role of virome in the avian complex respiratory disease.

This research investigates the viral pathogen populations that mostly participate in emerging these diseases using the NGS method RNA-sequencing. In surveillance of ten broiler farms from different cities with respiratory symptoms, trachea samples were collected to determine the pathogenic virome causing the disease.

In this metagenomics analysis, nine viral families were identified, comprising 72.82% of RNA viruses, 24.32% of RT viruses, and 2.86% of DNA viruses. RNA viruses had the highest contribution to the respiratory disease complex instead of disease, including paramyxoviridae, orthomyxoviridae, coronaviridae, and picornaviridae viruses. Other viruses from the RNA viruses and DNA virus families were also identified in addition to these results.

This research suggests that studies of pathogenic viromes in different diseases can help monitor different diseases and predict their future occurrence.

Enteric diseases have had detrimental impacts on commercial poultry through depressing growth rates and caused considerable economic losses to poultry producers. Chicken astrovirus (CAstV) is one of the most common viruses related to enteric diseases in chickens, especially in young chicks.

Chicken astroviruses were detected by reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in intestinal contents collected from commercial chickens. RT-PCR test amplified a fragment of 601 base pairs located in conserved regions within the ORF 1b (RNA polymerase) gene.

Astroviruses were detected in birds from 36 poorly performing flocks with signs of enteric disease or retarded growth. In total, chicken astroviruses were discovered in pooled intestinal contents of 16 (44.4%) affected broiler flocks, while twenty flocks were negative (55.6%). Phylogenetic analysis based on a 601-bp segment of the ORF1b gene revealed two subgroups of Iranian astroviruses.

Thus, this study discloses the presence of chicken astroviruses in broiler chickens in Iran with enteric problems and stunting syndrome for the first time.

Avian influenza (AI) is an acute infectious disease of poultry, waterfowl, wild birds, and animals, zoonotically transmitted to humans. Some incidents of HPAI are reported in Iran: H5N1 and H5N8. Iranian Veterinary Organization decides on vaccination (H5) of layer and breeder flocks in high-risk provinces following the outbreak in Iran. This study aimed to evaluate the serum response of the vaccine in the layer flocks of high-risk provinces.

Ten laying farms (Size: 30000-50000) were selected from Qazvin (no: 2) and Isfahan (no: 8) provinces that received the H5 vaccine (Four farms: 1 time; 6 farms: 2 times of vaccine shots). Twenty-five blood samples were taken from each flock. The HI test was carried out in a U-bottomed microtiter plate and 4 HA units of homologous antigen.

The mean titers of antibodies in the poultry farms that received the vaccine once were 1.87, while those that received the immunization twice were 4.90 (significant difference; p<0.05). Also, if we consider protection baseline 4, 4 out of 6 flocks (~67%) could make it above it. Injection of the vaccine twice also improved CV.

In combination with other control measures such as good biosecurity and monitoring programs, vaccination is considered a suitable and powerful tool to support AI eradication or control programs in endemically infected countries if the Iranian Veterinary Organization (IVO) did regular post-vaccination surveillance and evaluated the flocks for silent infections.