فهرست مطالب hossein tofighian

Damavand is one of the most important historical regions of Iran in the southern margin of Central Alborz, which according to historical documents and archaeological data in the historical period has played an important role in political, cultural, social and economic developments of pre-Islamic Iran. Historical texts and rarely archaeological data have provided scattered information about the Damavand region during the Median, Achaemenid, and Seleucid period. The present study tries to use historical texts and archaeological evidence such as inscriptions, coins, seals and other cultural materials discovered from archaeological excavations and researches in archeological sites, the place of Damavand in the history of Iran in the pre-period Islam should be explained and evaluated. In the present research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to achieve the set goal. Field and library studies and comparative analysis are the most important methods of data collection in the present study. Combined archaeological and historical evidence shows that Damavand, due to its strategic location, has played an important and pivotal role in the history of Iran from the historical period, especially from the first years of Parthian and Sassanid empire to the last years of the Sassanid Empire and even early Islam.In the present research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to achieve the set goal. Field and library studies and comparative analysis are the most important methods of data collection in the present study. Combined archaeological and historical evidence shows that Damavand, due to its strategic location, has played an important and pivotal role in the history of Iran from the historical period, especially from the first years of Parthian and Sassanid empire to the last years of the Sassanid Empire and even early Islam

Damavand is one of the most important historical regions of Iran in the southern margin of Central Alborz, which according to historical documents and archaeological data in the historical period has played an important role in political, cultural, social and economic developments of pre-Islamic Iran. Historical texts and rarely archaeological data have provided scattered information about the Damavand region during the Median, Achaemenid, and Seleucid period. The present study tries to use historical texts and archaeological evidence such as inscriptions, coins, seals and other cultural materials discovered from archaeological excavations and researches in archeological sites, the place of Damavand in the history of Iran in the pre-period Islam should be explained and evaluated. In the present research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to achieve the set goal. Field and library studies and comparative analysis are the most important methods of data collection in the present study. Combined archaeological and historical evidence shows that Damavand, due to its strategic location, has played an important and pivotal role in the history of Iran from the historical period, especially from the first years of Parthian and Sassanid empire to the last years of the Sassanid Empire and even early Islam.In the present research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to achieve the set goal. Field and library studies and comparative analysis are the most important methods of data collection in the present study. Combined archaeological and historical evidence shows that Damavand, due to its strategic location, has played an important and pivotal role in the history of Iran from the historical period, especially from the first years of Parthian and Sassanid empire to the last years of the Sassanid Empire and even early Islam

The purpose of this research is preliminary studies and speculation on a shipwrecked ship off the coast of Talesh city in Gilan province related to the Qajar period. In this regard, field studies and sampling of various parts of the hull (wood, metals, water and soil inside and outside the hull) as well as microorganisms such as fungi and moss on the hull have been done. It is noteworthy that the samples were taken from both the open parts and the buried parts of the hull and the surrounding area. After that, the necessary analyzes were performed. The purpose of collecting and interpreting the data resulting from the analysis in this study is to provide a suitable solution for the protection, restoration and maintenance of this valuable historical monument to be considered at the national level and its location as a special tourist museum site. A region should be given priority and the heritage and cultural value of this work should be heard by foreign and domestic tourists. Therefore, the first step of this research has been field studies, speculations and necessary analyzes in the field of protection and restoration, which in the next stages should be considered by considering the appropriate conditions of maintenance and application of reconstruction processes with special protection instructions. And restoration, this ship should be formed in its original form and the lost parts should be restored. In this study, water samples inside and outside the ship were measured with a pH meter. After performing relevant analyzes, including spectroscopy of samples of wood textures of the hull, the presence of hydrocarbon compounds and petroleum derivatives (bitumen) has been determined from FTIR analysis. Other essential analyzes in this study are microbial tests taken from samples. Analyzing the results obtained from the cross section of the samples, this ship was Russian, which was used to transport petroleum products with a wooden structure made of Russian pine (coniferous leaf). In terms of antiquity and time, during the Qajar period and before that, for unknown reasons, it has blossomed on the shore of Ghorogh in the Talesh section of Gilan province.

Shipping and navigation in the Caspian Sea have not had a long history and is limited to recent centuries. In the historical geography of the Caspian Sea resources, news of sailing and navigation in the sea close to the Safavid period can not be seen. The Qajar era merchant ships traveling between ports and trade goods between ports of Russian Tezar and Iran through the Iranian port of Anzali the Volga River, Sar Mashhad and was trading Ashuradeh. Except for slight hints of tourists and historians of this period, little information is available about the structure of these ships. Identification of timber several ships off the coast of effort, city, complete and valuable information about the structure of historic ships Gorgan Gulf and the Caspian Sea will offer shipping .In this paper, based on field research and study library is provided, Historic ship discovered off the coast of the Caspian Sea and the lack of older introduced in the Monsoon Sea was closed due to the irregular waves, the absence of target markets, advance and retreat of sea water periodically and will be studied.

According to the report of the Center for Marine Medical Studies affiliated to Bushehr University of Medical Sciences about the discovery of pottery fragments from the seafloor in the coastal waters of Bushehr Port, Department of Underwater Archeology, Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) undertook to study and identify these cultural remains during August 2016. With the participation of professional divers, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences began scientific diving in the Persian Gulf. During the underwater archaeological survey, an area containing clay fragments in the seafloor was identified. The site is located 500 meters from the shores of Bushehr Port and at a depth of three to six meters. Underwater archeological studies of the coasts of Bushehr port in the Persian Gulf, cultural materials including Torpedo jars, small and large glazed crabs and fragments of pottery in the seafloor were identified. Among the cultural findings, a small number of Torpedo jars and more broken pieces of this pottery and several glazed potteries were collected. Torpedo jars and Turquoise glaze pottery are among the most prominent Sassanid pottery in the Persian Gulf that were shipped from Iranian ports to destination ports in the maritime trade. Determining the true nature of this historic site and its dating was one of the major impetus for underwater archaeological diving operations on these beaches, which led to the discovery of cargo from a historic ship from the Sassanid era. In this article, while explaining the underwater archaeology research program of Bushehr port, the discovered pottery of this study, including turquoise and glazed pottery as the most prominent Sassanid and early Islamic pottery in the Persian Gulf, will be discussed. The Sassanid position in the Persian Gulf maritime trade and the importance of trade in this historic period from Iranian ports to destination ports in the Indian subcontinent, the southern coasts of the Persian Gulf and East Africa are carefully considered.

The Caspian Sea surface has undergone many changes and fluctuations. As the sea level has changed, many postal land has fallen underwater or parts of shallow coastal waters have left the water. In the past ten years, due to changes in the surface water of the Caspian Sea and the drop in water, a number of historic ships have been revealed. Identifying several wooden logs on the banks of Talesh, Rudsar, Neka and the Gulf of Gorgan will provide valuable information on the structure of the Caspian Sea historical ships and shipping. In this paper, which is based on field research and library study, Introducing historic ships that have emerged due to sea-level changes, the lack of older prototypes in this closed sea-due to the absence of monsoon winds, irregular wave movements, the absence of neighboring civilizations, And, consequently, the absence of maritime business routes, the progressive and sequential return of seawater and other factors will be studied. This wood is an imported product and now it comes from Russia to Iran. The oil found in the wood chips seems to have the stability of wood in the presence of water. The drilling of the lower parts of the ship showed that the body of the ship was saturated with water and its texture was sponge-shaped. The enclosure of the Neka coastal shores is made from wood-framed wood of the needle leaf trees, and puts outer-wall nails to vertical beams and internal walls.

The sixth chapter of the archaeological excavations of the Patapeh Site (Gonespan Hill), was the last effort to save this hill, before the full dive of the dam was completed. Patapeh contains works from the Bronze Age (Yanigh) to the Safavid period. During the sixth season, in addition to exploring the remnants of the architecture of the Islamic period and the Parthian period left behind by previous excavations, Remains of a huge architecture also appeared.
This architecture belongs to the remnants of a castle from the Iron III or Median period, parts of which were explored in the fourth and fifth chapters. The most important reasons for assigning this castle to the Medes are the similarities in the architectural style and the cultural foundations in it with other structures related to Median such as Noshijan, Babajan and Godin. The works of this period include wavy walls that have created rectangular halls. From the Parthian period, there were also works of brick and stone walls. The walls and floor of some of the spaces related to this period were plastered. The works of the Islamic period also included remains of stone walls and wells of water and sewage.
The history of the archeological activities of the Patapeh Hill dates back to 1381; When during the Malayer archaeological surveys, the hill was identified and introduced and The beginning of the construction of the Kalan Dam has brought a new season for Patapeh's archeological activities. For the first time in 2002, Ali Khaksar supervised the first chapter of the archaeological excavations of Patapeh, The excavation that led to the identification of the establishment of the Safavid period and the effects of an earlier settlement that probably belonged to the Seljuk period. The second chapter of the Patapeh archaeological excavations continued under the supervision of Hasan Rezvani in 2007; Exploring the layers of the Islamic era and finding remnants of a Parthian fortress with stone walls and buried bricks under the Islamic layer was the achievement of this chapter of exploration.
In the direction of the excavations of the previous seasons, signs of the presence of older cultures, especially the Iron Age, became apparent, the most important goal of the third chapter of the archaeological excavation of this hill. In this chapter, the exploration of Patapeh under the supervision of Mehrdad Malekzadeh in 2008 revealed evidence of an architectural structure that dates back to the Iron Age III. The fourth and fifth chapters of the archaeological exploration of Patapeh were conducted by Reza Naseri in 2009 to liberate the remains of median architecture.
The exploration results of these two seasons led to the liberation of several architectural spaces from the median fortress. Identifying part of an architecture of the Iron Age III era in the fourth and fifth seasons of patapeh exploration and its similarity to the well-known buildings of the Iron Age III, known as median fortresses, increased the importance of continuing to explore the site.
Hence the search for rescue on a large scale, in order to remove the remains of the architecture, especially the structure, before the waterfall of the dam and the burial ground in the lake water, was the first and most important target of this chapter.

Some researchers believe that because of the severe earthquake and tsunami in the fourth century H.، a large part of Siraf submerged by the Persian Gulf water fluctuations. Based on the available evidence and also by the archaeological survey of the Siraf coastal surrounding areas، the author argues that despite the devastating earthquake occurred to destroy much of the coastal architectural structures of the city the main destruction has been made by the steady sea water waves striking the coastal wall through time. The earthquake، however، has caused erosion in the historic port but the gentle slopes and shallow beach of city shows that there has been no possible reversal of the port structures into the deep water. This result is obtained by the observation made by the study of intact pottery kiln and the beach wall found through the excavations and by the underwater archaeology carried out in the sea sides of the ancient Siraf city.