فهرست مطالب hosseinali mohammadi

Sinkholes pose significant risks to infrastructure, requiring detailed investigation and effective repair strategies. This paper details a case study of a persistent sinkhole along a driveway in Nashville, Tennessee, which has caused repeated pavement subsidence despite multiple repairs. The investigation included site visits, drilling operations, soil and rock analysis, and groundwater assessment. Three mitigation approaches were evaluated including conventional inverted rock filter repair, constructing a land bridge, and compaction grouting. After considering technical, situational, and cost factors, compaction grouting was chosen as the optimal solution. The paper outlines the compaction grouting repair strategy, including methodology, materials, and construction specifications. The findings aim to enhance design standards and construction practices for sinkhole repairs in Tennessee and similar geotechnical regions.

Dynamic environments provide sports organizations with various threats and opportunities for optimization and development. This study aims to examine the effect of dynamic capabilities on organizational performance with the mediating role of ambidexterity and digital platforms in the Tehran Municipality Sports Organization. This practical, developmental, and quantitative study was conducted at the Tehran Municipal Sports Organization in Iran. A total of 213 questionnaires were obtained through Google Forms and the data analysis was conducted using SPSS26 and Smart PLS version 4. This study highlights the importance of digital platforms and ambidexterity mediators in the relationship between dynamic capabilities and organizational performance. It also addresses the lack of an effect of technological and market turbulence on the relationship between ambidextrous capabilities and performance. Finally, suggestions for future research are presented.

The purpose of this research was to identify the effective factors in the lifestyle of rural women to participate in sports activities. The research method is exploratory in terms of goal and qualitative in terms of method. The statistical population included experts in rural sports departments, rural women active in sports, trainers and rural women athletes of Ardel Chaharmahal Bakhtiari city. For sampling, the snowball method was used in a targeted manner. The data was collected in the field and based on semi-structured interviews, and theoretical saturation was reached after conducting 17 interviews. The validity of the questions was confirmed by expert professors in the field of sports management, and the within-subject agreement method was used to calculate reliability. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics and foundational data theory methods were used according to Strauss and Corbin. Based on the results, a total of 112 open codes and 18 central codes were identified and finally, 6 main categories were created. The findings showed that individual, cultural and economic factors, while paying attention to intervening and background factors, can ultimately lead to health and well-being and the development of rural women's communication. Therefore, it is suggested to pay attention to the mentioned variables and removing obstacles; To provide the necessary platforms and fields for the participation of rural women in sports activities.

The purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize the performance evaluation indicators of Shiraz health sports clubs from the viewpoint of club managers using the AHP method. The research method was descriptive-analytical and field-based. The statistical population was all managers of health sports clubs in Shiraz (425 people), 60 of whom were selected as samples. To identify performance evaluation indicators by reviewing the literature and the background of the research, a list of indicators was developed and provided to 10 sports management specialists. After summing up the comments, the final framework of the indicators was compiled in the form of 5 general indicators and 28 sub-indicators, and their relative weight and rank were calculated. The findings showed that the most important indicators of performance evaluation of Shiraz  health sport clubs were, respectively, human resources facilities and equipment (0/29), services and access (0/20), legal and insurance (0/19), safety And health (0/156) and ethics and excellence (0/152). Therefore, it is recommended that health sports club managers pay special attention to human resources, facilities and equipment and to use their resources and capital in order to strengthen this factor in order to be able to rank in higher grades of performance.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the Health Time Bank project based on sports-related issues in the elderly. The research method has a qualitative nature with the data strategy of the foundation and based on the systematic analysis approach and its statistical population included faculty members, experts and specialists in sports sciences and finally 14 people were interviewed by purposive sampling method. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview whose validity was assessed using qualitative validation methods and its reliability was 79%. The obtained data were analyzed by the approach of Strauss and Corbin (1998). After coding the data, 135 initial codes, 21 sub-categories and finally 6 main categories were extracted from a total of 14 interviews. 6 main categories including the central phenomenon (special attitude to the elderly health time bank), causal conditions (individual factors, cultural factors and economic factors), underlying factors (planning, support and legal), intervening conditions (legal factors, socio-cultural factors, Hardware factors, technology factors, environmental factors and welfare and health factors), strategies (human, staff, introductory, educational and financial) and consequences (health development, scientific-research development and communication development). According to the results of this research, the Health Time Bank is a new design and Practical in increasing the quality of life and the health of the elderly.

Organizations, especially sports clubs, are in an endeavor to promote their reputation to be able to reach the peak of success. Despite the existence of research that has been done on organizational reputation, there is still no comprehensive and complete scale in this regard. Therefore, the present study aims to identify the factors affecting the reputation of Iranian football clubs from experts’ viewpoints by using the Fuzzy Delphi method and also confirm the found factors based on fans’ opinions.

This research follows a purpose-oriented approach and was carried out in two independent and consecutive stages to achieve the desired goals. In the first stage, according to the opinion of 25 sports experts and using the two-stage fuzzy Delphi method, research indicators were identified, and in the second stage, these indicators were given to 384 selected fans of the Premier Football League teams in the season (96-97) in the form of a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire.  The sampling method in this research was available and the second-stage questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS.v19 and AMOS software.

The results of the confirmatory factor analysis in the second stage of the study showed that nine components of public relations (media and social relations), the identity and image of the club brand, team performance, team tradition, team social responsibility, team orientation, team management quality, and the financial health of the team, theoretically and practically, are confirmed as components of the club's reputation.

Based on the nine factors affecting club reputation, the results of this research suggest that multiple and multilateral indicators should be considered in the evaluation of the organizational reputation of the Premier Football League teams and a comprehensive approach should be used for this purpose.

This study presents an investigation into the failure of a Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) retaining wall in Tennessee, USA. The wall was constructed to support an embankment development, but it failed catastrophically, causing damage to the road and posing a significant safety risk to the public. The investigation involved a comprehensive site visit, field data collection, laboratory testing, and numerical modeling. Our investigation revealed that the failure of the retaining wall was caused by inadequate construction practices. Specifically, the wall was not constructed in accordance with design specifications, and the backfill material used was not properly compacted. The construction issues resulted in the differential settlement of the wall, which ultimately caused it to fail. Based on our findings, we propose a set of recommendations for the design and construction of future retaining walls in similar geotechnical conditions. The recommendations include the proper selection and use of backfill material, proper compaction of backfill, and adherence to design specifications. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the development of improved design standards and construction practices for MSE retaining walls in Tennessee and other regions with similar geotechnical conditions. © 2017 Journals-Researchers. All rights reserved.

The purpose of the present study is to review the effect of self-management on the quality of life with the intervention variable of sport participation of male high school students. The purpose of this research was practical and it had causal methodology conducted through field method. The research population under study consisted of all male high school students in Mobarakeh (5000 members) among whom 357 students were chosen by Cochran formula and stratified random sampling. Data collection instruments were standard questionnaires including Parental Monitoring Scale (1991) and World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (1996) as well as sport participation variables. Data analysis was conducted in both descriptive and inferential sections by SPSS (version 26) and SmartPLS 3. The results showed that there is a significantly positive correlation between parental monitoring and quality of life (p=0.000) and sport participation and quality of life (p=0.001); however, no relation was observed between parental monitoring and sport participation (p=0.907). Furthermore, the research conceptual model indicated the direct effect of parental monitoring on the students’ quality of life although the intervening role of sport participation was not confirmed in this model.

Identifying barriers to sports participation during corona outbreaks is essential to enhance student participation in sports activities. The present study examined the barriers to participation in sports activities during the home quarantine of the Covid_19 virus (second semester 98-99 students of Qom University).

This research is a descriptive-analytical and survey type and has been done as an online call. The statistical population included all students in the second semester of 98-99. Finally, 200 people participated in this study as a sample and answered the questionnaire. The questionnaire was a five-point Likert scale whose face and content validity was confirmed by 12 professors of sports management and its reliability was calculated in a pilot study using Cronbach's alpha (0.82) from heuristic orthogonal rotation factor analysis to identify factors. Used in the exploratory factor analysis, out of 21 questions in the barrier questionnaire, 21 questions with appropriate factor loading were divided into four factors: environmental, psychological, intrapersonal and time constraints.

Environmental factor with an average of 26.90 was the most important factor and time limit with an average of 9.87 was the least important factor. The factors obtained in this study were determined based on the following criteria: a) Initial knowledge of the number of factors based on article review, b) Selection of factors based on specific values greater than 1, c) Using the criterion to describe variance e) Ability to understand adapted factors.

Paying attention to the factors (obstacles) identified in this research and removing them can provide the ground for more students to participate in sports activities during the home quarantine of the Covid_19 virus or other similar conditions.

The purpose of this study is to provide a model of loyalty to new customers with a history of sports and entertainment complexes in Isfahan. The method of conducting this research was causal-comparative and in the classification of research according to the purpose, this research is placed in the category of applied research. The statistical population included customers using the services of sports and recreation complexes in Isfahan. According to Morgan's table, the maximum sample size of 384 people was selected. The questionnaire used in this study had 5 sections including personal information, service quality questionnaire, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and return questionnaire. In this study, descriptive statistical methods including central tendency indices and dispersion indices and inferential statistical methods including Pearson correlation and structural equations at the alpha level of 0.05 were used. SPSS22 software was used for data analysis and AMOS22 software was used for structural equation modeling. The results showed that there is a significant causal relationship between perceived service quality with satisfaction and willingness to return in both groups of new and experienced customers. Loyalty also plays a more effective role in the tendency of new customers to return. Finally, the communication model of perceived quality of sports services, satisfaction, willingness to return and loyalty of new and experienced customers of Isfahan sports entertainment complexes has a good fit. It seems that all groups of customers, both new and experienced, should be considered by club owners, and improving the quality of service and satisfaction are the main goals of club managers. Also, due to the greater impact of loyalty on the repurchase of clubs in new customers than experienced customers, special attention should be paid to creating satisfaction by improving the quality of service to new customers.

The expend of social media has significantly changed marketing practices. Organizations are investing in technology to increase their presence on social media. Social media marketing, customer communication, collaboration, and interaction, and encourages their participation. The purpose of this study was to validation and Reliability of social media marketing scale in sports. This study was descriptive and correlational studies. The statistical population of the present study was the customers of sports and entertainment complexes in Hamadan. According to the minimum sample size criterion required for data collection in factor analysis, 260 customers were selected as a statistical sample. Questionnaires were randomly distributed among the samples. A researcher-made questionnaire was developed from the literature review of the research subject into five components: information, comfort, social interaction, well-being and entertainment. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was determined with the help of 10 sports marketing experts. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis to identify components and confirmatory factor analysis to determine the validity of the structure. The results showed that the reliability of the components of the questionnaire was acceptable. Regarding the relationship between agents and social media marketing, the results showed that all factors could be a good explanation for the concept of social media marketing; The Ratio indicators 2/df=1.88, RMSEA=0.058, NNFI=.98, NFI=.97, CFI=0.99, IFI=0.99, RFI=0.99, GFI=.92 confirmed the suitability of the model. As a result, the internal and external validity of the social media marketing model was confirmed. With the approval of the tools mentioned in this study, future researchers can use the current tools to determine social media marketing in sports.

The aim of the present study was to identify the factors affecting the public relations of physical education managers in terms of experts using fuzzy Delphi method and approval. It was done based on the opinion of sports managers. This research is applied in terms of purpose, which was done to achieve the desired goals in two independent and consecutive stages. In the first stage, according to the opinion of 20 experts in sports management and the use of two-stage fuzzy Delphi method, the research indicators were identified and in the second stage, these indicators were given to 95 university physical education managers in the form of a 5-choice Likert questionnaire. Were placed. The sampling method was available in this study and the second stage questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS.v22 and AMOS software. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis in the second stage of the research showed that 7 components of public relations of managers: media relations, social relations, financial support, cultural events and events, internal and external relations, research affairs and consulting affairs from Theoretically and practically, they are approved as components of public relations by managers. The results of this study, based on seven factors affecting public relations, suggest that in evaluating the public relations of physical education managers, multiple and multifaceted indicators should be considered and a comprehensive approach should be used for this purpose

The present study was designed to present a model of intellectual development in Iranian sport. The present study was a mixed type study that was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively. The statistical population consisted of the elite of sport management and intellectual property elite in the country. Twelve individuals were identified as the research sample using snowball sampling. In the quantitative section, the statistical population included researchers and inventors in the field of sport, 210 of whom were selected using available sampling method and according to Morgan table, 132 individuals were selected as the sample. The research instrument consisted of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Coding according to the Strauss and Corbin paradigm model was used to evaluate the qualitative data and the structural equation method was used in the quantitative part. Data analysis was performed in SPSS 20 and Smart PLS 2 software. The results of the present study showed that there are some causal, contextual, interventional conditions, consequences, and strategies for developing intellectual governance in sport. The results of this study also showed that the research model has a good fit. In general, the development of intellectual sovereignty needs to address certain issues related to government, the media, and profitable individuals, while considering laws, structural, cultural and social conditions. In the meantime, the present study has shown that improving social responsibility, central justice and controlling theft plays an important role in the development of intellectual governance in sport.

As nausea is one of the most common annoying symptoms in isolated head trauma (IHT) and needs timely management to prevent further adverse outcomes, this study was performed to compare ondansetron and metoclopramide as therapeutic agents in nauseous IHT. 

This study was a double-blind clinical trial. Participants were patients visiting the ED with the chief complaint of nauseous IHT event. Group A received 10mg/2ml of metoclopramide and group B 4mg/2ml of ondansetron through slow intravenous (IV) injection. The primary outcome was the severity of nausea 20 minutes after the intervention based on the visual analogue scale (VAS) score. 

A total of 130 patients participated in the study (65 in each group). The mean age was 30.5±20.5 years, and 73.1% of the participants were male. The decrease in the mean nausea severity scores was statistically significant in both group A (78.3±9.7 before vs. 29.8±16.8 mm after the intervention; P < 0.001) and group B (78.5±11.1 vs. 27.8±13.9 mm; P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the mean nausea severity scores of groups A and B before the intervention (P = 0.93) or after it (P = 0.65). The decrease in the severity score of nausea was 48.5 mm in group A and 50.6 mm in group B, with no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.63). 

Both Ondansetron and metoclopramide significantly reduced the severity of nausea in patients with mild IHT visiting ED but no treatment arm was superior. Both drugs showed good safety profiles.

Higher education is not uniform. There are significant differences between higher education systems among different countries and even among institutions in a similar education or system; therefore, identifying the various types of entrepreneurial activities helps the mission of fourth-generation universities.

The purpose of this study was to introduce the most important educational strategies to move towards fourth-generation universities.

We systematically searched the international databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ISC, SID, and Google Scholar, until 2021 using some relevant keywords. Then, screening and selecting eligible articles according to inclusion criteria were done by two researchers independently.

Soft skills training, sustainable development training, training business law, reviewing the continuous training of professors, promoting ideation and creativity to solve problems, development of interdisciplinary training, decentralization of government accelerators and deployment of private accelerators, privatization of higher education, and internationalization are the most important educational strategies to move towards fourth-generation universities. One of the critical aspects and perspectives of the fourth-generation university is the development of job skills, professions, and competencies and empowerment of students and professors in line with the process of national development and solving society's problems scientifically.

This research's analytical results help the universities design and implement their strategies to reach the fourth-generation universities according to the standard implementation models of the fourth-generation universities.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency and success rate in training air duct piping using laryngoscope video, considering the importance of air duct piping and claiming more success of direct laryngoscope video method with direct laryngoscope.

In the current interventional study, we enrolled 157 medical interns without any intubation experience in the Emergency Department of Imam Hussein Hospital during 2016. Individuals were divided into two groups: the first group, worked with the direct laryngoscopy, and the second group learned to work with the video laryngoscope. To evaluate and to compare the data in two training modalities, the performance of the individuals including seeing vocal cord, proper positioning, correct posture to the moulage, handling and correct insertion of the laryngoscope, and the successful intubation were recorded. All analyses were performed using SPSS, version 19.

Time of intubation and observing vocal cord in the group trained with video laryngoscope was lower than those in the direct laryngoscopy group (23.3±6.8 vs. 28.8±6.4 and 21.9±5.2 vs. 26.9±5.6 sec, respectively; P-value for both=0.001). Furthermore, failure in observing the vocal cords in the direct laryngoscopy group was higher than those in the video laryngoscope group (23.5 vs. 14.5%, P-value=0.217). The percentages of standing in the correct position in the video laryngoscope and direct laryngoscopy group were 85.5 and 66.7%, respectively (P=0.014).

It seems that given the time spent on intubation and the time of observing vocal cord in the group trained with video laryngoscope in comparison with the group who was prepared with a direct laryngoscope, applying video laryngoscope may have better effects in educating medical interns.

The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the credibility of consumers of non-sport products based on the role of sports celebrity endorsers with trust, re-purchasing and loyalty.

This study was conducted as a survey of applied research. The research sample consisted of 400 consumers of non-sport products in shopping centers and stores in Isfahan which were selected as available. The measuring instrument consisted of Kurdlo et al. (2015) questionnaire for trustworthiness of advertising, questionnaire on product trust and re-purchase and customer loyalty questionnaire.The face and content validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by a survey of several sports management experts and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha. (Cronbach's alpha is ./91,  ./70, ./75 , ./88). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (central tendency and dispersion indices) and inferential (structural equation test) and analyzed by SPSS and Lisrel software.

The findings showed that the product information had the most impact on the non-sports product advertising and the advertising of non-sport products by sports endorsers from the point of view of customers affects the trust in products.

Based on the findings, non-sport product producers can be used to advertise their products in order to attract more consumer confidence from sports endorsers.

The present study was an applied and correlational study that was conducted in the field. To collect the data of the present study, two researcher-made social media marketing questionnaires with 15 questions including 5 components and customer satisfaction with 3 questions were used. For this purpose, using random sampling method, 393 questionnaires were collected online and physically among the customers of Hamedan sports and recreation complexes to collect data. In this study, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics including Pearson correlation and multiple regression at the alpha level of 0.05 were used. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The findings of the present study indicate that all components of social media marketing were significant predictors of customer satisfaction. Among the components of social media marketing, the entertainment component explained the highest (0.26) and the social interaction (0.16) the lowest predictor for customer satisfaction. According to the findings of this study, it is necessary to place more emphasis on the components that attract customers when using social media as a marketing platform. Meanwhile, by using the social media marketing model, customers can be attracted more attention to be satisfied with the marketing done.

Bacterial antibiotic resistance is becoming a global health crisis. The aim of this descriptive, cross-sectional study was to investigate the prevalence of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in Ardabil.

During 9 months, between July 2019 and March 2020, 50 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected from different clinical specimens in four hospitals of Ardabil and the prevalence of MDR, XDR and PDR strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were evaluated. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was assessed using the disk diffusion method.

In the present study, the prevalence of MDR, XDR and PDR strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 52%, 40% and 14%, respectively.

Due to high prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Ardabil, continuous monitoring of the antibiotic resistance trend in clinical isolates in order to select the best medication is necessary.

The main goal of health system reform plan, was to provide financial support for health costs of citizens, organize hospital services and improve their quality, and provide fair access to health care. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate patients’ satisfaction in emergency department (ED) of Imam Hossein Hospital, Tehran, after health system reform plan implementation in Iran.

The study was performed in Imam Hossein Hospital, affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Satisfaction of 2000 patients or their relatives was evaluated using a questionnaire designed based on topics announced by the Ministry of Health for evaluating patient satisfaction.

The highest rate of satisfaction from emergency services in the ED belonged to medical and ethical principles. Other studied topics were ranked in the following order: support during and after providing services, overall perception, products and services, and loyalty. In the treatment processes carried out in ED, services provided and preparations made for treatment can be evaluated from physical and emotional aspects, and the satisfaction in the physical aspect is significantly higher than the emotional aspect. Taking this into account can be of great help in improvement of the conditions.

Overall, after the implementation of health system reform plan, patients have been less satisfied with emotional aspect of treatment, which could be due to lack of personnel, lack of proper training, ED overcrowding, and sometimes human errors or negligence of staff. Price indices and rapid reduction of pain were among the most important items that increased overall satisfaction.

Attracting and retaining customers is the best way to increase profitability based on rapid changes in competitive markets. The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between relationship marketing and shopping behavior and customer loyalty in swimming pools. The statistical population consisted of all customers of pools in Birjand  and  253 completed questionnaires from a total of 260 respondents were analyzed. Marketing and Shopping Behavior Questionnaire (Kim, 2008) and Customer Loyalty Inventory (Liu, 2008) were used to collect data. Reliability of the questionnaires was 0.93, 0.90 and 0.76 based on Cronbach's alpha test for relationship marketing questionnaire, shopping behavior and customer loyalty respectively. Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data of this research. The results showed there is a significant relationship between relationship marketing, shopping behavior and customer loyalty. Also the results of the pathway analysis confirmed the conceptual model of the research. Based on the findings, it is suggested that relationship marketing should be considered as one of the effective factors in attracting and retaining sports customers

Complaints against physicians have increased in recent years and one of the specialties facing a relatively high rate of complaints is emergency medicine. Therefore, the present study was designed with the aim of evaluating the frequency and causes of complaints against emergency medicine specialists in forensic medicine cases. In the present cross-sectional study, all the existing files in two forensic medicine centers, Tehran, Iran, from 2012 to 2015, in which complaints were filed against emergency medicine specialists, either alone or along with other physicians, were evaluated via census sampling method and their required data were extracted and recorded via a pre-designed checklist. 151 cases of medical complaints were filed against emergency medicine specialists during the study period. 85 (53.6%) complaints were filed following death of the patients and 66 (43.7%) were filed following an injury or disability. Multiple trauma, stomach ache, and altered level of consciousness were the most common chief complaints among young and old patients upon their ED visit. In 104 (68.9%) cases, the emergency medicine specialists were finally proved innocent. No significant correlation was found between the probability of proving innocent and the physician’s experience (p = 0.92), physician’s sex (p = 0.27), age range of the patient (p = 0.193), or the shift in which the patient had visited the ED (p = 0.32). The rate of proving innocent was significantly higher in complaints against governmental hospitals compared to non-governmental ones (73.6% vs. 61.9%; p= 0.004) and teaching hospitals compared to non-teaching ones (75.8% vs. 54.9%; p = 0.26). In about 70% of medical complaint cases against emergency medicine specialists, the in charge physician was proved innocent. No significant correlation was found between the probability of proving innocent and physician’s experience, the physician’s sex, the patient’s age range, or the shift in which the patient had presented to the ED.

Today, all the fields, including science, business, industry, and sports, are influenced by the profound and sustained changes. New rules arise every day; organizations, especially sports clubs, are in an endless struggle to gain competitive advantage in the battle for survival and power stealth. The main function of competitive advantage is to guarantee the survival of organizations, so that they can succeed in their path to developments.

This study is a field research aimed to model the competitive advantage of Iranian Soccer Clubs based on the team reputation considering the satisfaction level of fans.

The statistical population of the study included the fans of the teams of Iranian Premier League (2017-2018), among which 384 fans were selected as the sample. The measurement tool included the questionnaires of the public relations, brand image and identity, satisfaction, team reputation, and competitive advantage. Validity and reliability of the questionnaires were confirmed by experts using the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha test. The descriptive statistical tests including the central tendency, dispersion, and inferential statistics (the structural equation test) were used for data analysis. SPSS software version 19 was used for the descriptive analysis and LISREL software for the analysis of the structural equation modeling.

The variables of public relations, brand identity, and brand image have a positive and significant effect on the team reputation. Also, satisfaction level of fans has a positive and significant effect on the competitive advantage of soccer clubs.

The findings confirmed the significance of the conceptual model of the research. However, more studies should be conducted to identify other dimensions influencing the competitive advantage of teams.

Due to the stressful nature of emergency Department (ED), residents in ED are at risk of violence from patients or their associates. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of workplace violence against ED residents and the reasons for not reporting them. This cross-sectional study was conducted on ED residents of three educational hospitals, Tehran, Iran, during 2015. The national questionnaire about workplace violence was used for data gathering. In addition, prevalence of reporting the violence and the reasons for not reporting them were determined. 280 questionnaires were analyzed. The mean age of residents was 32.2 ± 4.6 years (58.4% female). 224 (80%) residents stated that they had not passed any educational courses on violence management. The most prevalent type of violence was verbal (90.7%) and patients’ associates (85.4%) were the most common source of aggression. The frequency of physical violence was higher in male aggressors (p = 0.001), resident age > 30 years (p = 0.044), aggressor age > 30 years (p = 0.001), and night shift (p = 0.001). The same trend was observed regarding verbal and racial-ethnic violence. There was no significant relationship between residents’ sex, resident's specialty, and presence of security and police with frequency of violence. 214 (76.4%) residents did not report the violence, and the main reasons for not reporting from their viewpoint were uselessness of reporting (37.4%) and insignificance of the violence (36.9%). Based on the findings of the present study more than 90% of ED residents had experienced at least one type of verbal, physical, or racial-ethnic violence during their shifts. It is necessary for residents in EDs to be trained about violence control and also report and follow these issues through legal channels.